{"author":null,"canonical_references":[],"database_sha256":"8cfbe7284c6936871d57c02dc6aa63ebbdfd4722422d539dd9f716e46e91112e","date_end":null,"date_start":null,"edition_year":null,"id":"sermonindex-ecf-5407","native_reference":{"book_number":550,"chapter_from":1,"chapter_to":1,"system":"MyBible module coordinates (mapping unverified)","verse_from":8,"verse_to":8},"public_import_allowed":false,"record_kind":"verse-keyed-module-record","review_required":["English edition and exact text","author/work attribution","dating","verse mapping and citation kind","reuse and attribution","split author quotations and deduplicate"],"review_status":"unreviewed","source_html":"<p><b>Alexander of Alexandria</b>: These are the apostolic doctrines of the Church, for which also we die, esteeming those but little who would compel us to forswear them, even if they would force us by tortures, and not casting away our hope in them. To these Arius and Achilles opposing themselves, and those who with them are the enemies of the truth, have been expelled from the Church, as being aliens from our holy doctrine, according to the blessed Paul, who says, \"If any man preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have received, let him be accursed; even though he feign himself an angel from heaven.\"<br/><i>— Epistles on the Arian Heresy - To Alexander, Bishop of the City of Constantinople</i></p><p><b>Ambrosiaster</b>: Let no one be surprised that the apostle, when quieting ferocious characters, was so annoyed. He is indignant, for the sake of the Galatians' salvation, with the enemies of the Christian way of life. For this indignation shows that it is no light sin to transfer allegiance to the law after receiving faith.<br/><i>— EPISTLE TO THE Galatians 1.9.1</i></p><p><b>Jerome</b>: This could be understood as a hyperbolic statement, not meaning that an apostle or an angel could preach otherwise than they had spoken.… [Yet] angels are also mutable if they have not held fast to their ground.… Lucifer, who rose in the morning, also fell. He who dispensed deceit to all nations is to be trampled on the earth.<br/><i>— EPISTLE TO THE Galatians 1.1.8</i></p><p><b>Jerome</b>: (Verse 8) But even if we or an angel from heaven should preach to you a gospel contrary to the one we preached to you, let him be accursed. As we have said before, so now I say again: If anyone is preaching to you a gospel contrary to the one you received, let him be accursed. This statement can also be understood hyperbolically, not that either an apostle or an angel could preach differently than they had once said: but even if it were possible for both apostles and angels to be changed, one must not deviate from what had once been accepted, especially since the apostle himself demonstrates the steadfastness of his faith elsewhere, saying: I know that neither death nor life, nor angels nor rulers, nor things present nor things to come, nor powers, nor height nor depth, nor anything else in all creation, will be able to separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our Lord (Rom. 8:38). I speak the truth, I do not lie, with my conscience bearing witness (Rom. IX, 1). Indeed, these words are not those of one who can ever depart from the Christian faith and love. However, those who do not want this to be understood hypothetically, but truly: that is, that even apostles and angels can be turned to worse things, they oppose it with what even Paul himself knew, that he could stumble if he acted too lazily, saying: But I discipline my body and bring it into subjection, lest, when preaching to others, I myself should become disqualified (I Cor. IX, 27). Angels also are mutable, who have not preserved their principality; but leaving their own habitation, are reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the great day (Jude, VI). ||The nature of God alone is immutable, of whom it is written: But thou art always the selfsame (Psalm 101: 28). And of himself: For I am the Lord your God, and I change not (Malachi 3: 6). Lucifer has fallen, who once shone brightly; and the one who was once sent to all nations has been crushed on the earth. In this place, the very learned man Tertullian elegantly writes against Apelles and his virgin Philumena, whom a certain angel, possessed by a diabolical and perverse spirit, claimed to be. This angel, according to the prophecy of the Holy Spirit foretold by the Apostle, was cursed long before the birth of Apelles. Furthermore, ἀνάθεμα, a word proper to the Jews, is used both in the book of Joshua (Joshua 6:7) and in the book of Numbers (Numbers 21), when the Lord commanded that everything in Jericho and the detestable Midianites be devoted to destruction and to anathema. Let us question those who assert that Christ and the Apostle Paul, the beloved of God and hitherto unknown, are either the son or the servant who knows not how to curse and does not know how to condemn anyone: how does their Apostle now, in the language of the Jews, that is, of the Creator, use it, and wish to destroy either an angel or an apostle, when he himself is not accustomed to avenge? Moreover, what he added, as we have foretold, and now I say again, shows that he, being careful of this very thing from the beginning, had denounced anathema to those who would preach otherwise, and now that it has been preached, he enforces the anathema which he had foretold before. Therefore, they accused him of doing one thing in Judea and teaching another, and they pronounced a curse on the angel, whom it was even known to be greater than his predecessors, the apostles, so that the authority of Peter and John would not be considered great, since it was not allowed for him who had taught them before, nor for the angel to preach differently than they had learned once. Therefore, he mentioned himself and the angel by name, but the others without a name. If anyone, he said, were to proclaim the gospel to you without doing harm to your predecessors; and yet, he would secretly reveal their names.<br/><i>— Commentary on Galatians</i></p><p><b>John Chrysostom</b>: \"But though we, or an angel from heaven, should preach unto you any Gospel other than that which we preached unto you, let him be anathema.\"</p><p>See the Apostle's wisdom; to obviate the objection that he was prompted by vainglory to applaud his own doctrine, he includes himself also in his anathema; and as they betook themselves to authority, that of James and John, he mentions angels also saying, \"Tell me not of James and John; if one of the most exalted angels of heaven corrupt the Gospel, let him be anathema.\" The phrase \"of heaven\" is purposely added, because priests are also called angels. \"For the priest's lips should keep knowledge, and they should seek the law at his mouth: for he is the messenger [angel] of the Lord of hosts.\" Lest therefore it should be thought that priests are here meant, by the term \"angels,\" he points out the celestial intelligences by the addition, \"from heaven.\" And he says not, if they preach a contrary Gospel, or subvert the whole of the true one, let them be anathema; but, if they even slightly vary, or incidentally disturb, my doctrine. \"As we have said before, so say I now again.\" That his words might not seem to be spoken in anger, or with exaggeration, or with recklessness he now repeats them. Sentiments may perhaps change, when an expression has been called forth by anger, but to repeat it a second time proves that it is spoken advisedly, and was previously approved by the judgment.<br/><i>— Homily on Galatians 1</i></p><p><b>John Chrysostom</b>: When Abraham was requested to send Lazarus, he replied, \"They have Moses and the Prophets; let them hear them: if they hear them not, neither will they be persuaded, if one rise from the dead.\" And Christ introduces Abraham thus speaking, to show that He would have the Scriptures accounted more worthy of credence, even than one raised from the dead: Paul too, (and when I say Paul, I mean Christ, who directed his mind,) prefers them before an angel come down from heaven. And justly, for the angels, though mighty, are but servants and ministers, but the Scriptures were all written and sent, not by servants, but by God the Lord of all. He says, if \"any man\" preach another Gospel to you than that which we have preached,-not \"if this or that man:\" and herein appears his prudence, and care of giving offence, for what needed there still any mention of names, when he had used such extensive terms as to embrace all, both in heaven and earth? In that he anathemized evangelists and angels, he included every dignity, and his mention of himself included every intimacy and affinity. \"Tell me not,\" he exclaims, \"that my fellow-apostles and colleagues have so spoken; I spare not myself if I preach such doctrine.\" And he says this not as condemning the Apostles for swerving from the message they were commissioned to deliver; far from it, (for he says, whether we or they thus preach;) but to show, that in the discussion of truth the dignity of persons is not to be considered.<br/><i>— Homily on Galatians 1</i></p><p><b>John Damascene</b>: See the apostolic prudence! He includes himself in the anathema, so that no one might say that he constructs his own dogmas on account of vainglory; and he mentioned the angels because they took refuge in authorities, i.e. James and John. Do not tell me, he says, about James and John, for even one of the angels, who are first, should be anathema in corrupting the Gospel.</p><p><b>Oecumenius</b>: \"But even if we or.\" So that no one may say that he composes his own preaching out of vainglory, he first accurses himself, if indeed he were willing to alter anything in the Gospel.</p><p>\"an angel from heaven.\" Do not say to me, he says, Peter and John and James, but even if the powers above were to pervert the Gospel, let them be accursed. And these things, he says, not as if something different from what others proclaim about Peter (for neither are the powers above) but wishing to stop the mouths of the deceivers who, by means of the office surrounding Peter, were deceiving them.</p><p>\"contrary to what we preached.\" The phrase \"to what\" indicates the extent, however small, of the preaching.<br/><i>— Commentary on Galatians</i></p><p><b>Tertullian</b>: If, therefore, even \"an angel from heaven should preach any other gospel\" (than theirs), he would be called accursed by us.<br/><i>— The Prescription Against Heretics</i></p><p><b>Tertullian</b>: To be sure, an amender of that Gospel, which had been all topsy-turvy from the days of Tiberius to those of Antoninus, first presented himself in Marcion alone-so long looked for by Christ, who was all along regretting that he had been in so great a hurry to send out his apostles without the support of Marcion! But for all that, heresy, which is for ever mending the Gospels, and corrupting them in the act, is an affair of man's audacity, not of God's authority; and if Marcion be even a disciple, he is yet not \"above his master; \" if Marcion be an apostle, still as Paul says, \"Whether it be I or they, so we preach; \" if Marcion be a prophet, even \"the spirits of the prophets will be subject to the prophets,\" for they are not the authors of confusion, but of peace; or if Marcion be actually an angel, he must rather be designated \"as anathema than as a preacher of the gospel,\" because it is a strange gospel which he has preached.<br/><i>— Against Marcion Book IV</i></p><p><b>Tertullian</b>: But perhaps, to avoid this difficulty, you will say that he therefore added just afterwards, \"Though an angel from heaven preach any other gospel, let him be accursed,\" because he was aware that the Creator was going to introduce a gospel! But you thus entangle yourself still more.<br/><i>— Against Marcion Book V</i></p><p><b>Tertullian</b>: His meaning, however, is clear, for he has mentioned himself first (in the anathema): \"But though we or an angel from heaven preach any other gospel.\" It is by way of an example that he has expressed himself.<br/><i>— Against Marcion Book V</i></p><p><b>Tertullian</b>: To this angel, indeed, of Philumene, the apostle will reply in tones like those in which he even then predicted him, saying, \"Although an angel from heaven preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed.\" To the arguments, however, which have been indicated just above, we have now to show our resistance.<br/><i>— On the Flesh of Christ</i></p><p><b>Tertullian</b>: In like manner, in the passage, \"If even an angel of heaven preach unto you any other gospel than that which we have preached unto you, let him be anathema,\" he calls attention to the artful influence of Philumene, the virgin friend of Apelles.<br/><i>— On the Flesh of Christ</i></p><p><b>Theodoret of Cyrus</b>: He mentioned the angels, not speculating that any of the holy angels would say something contrary to the divine gospel, for he knew this to be impossible. But through this he reprehended every novelty of humanity.<br/><i>— EPISTLE TO THE Galatians 1.8</i></p>","source_html_sha256":"009dc95058c3737caf74a69bb37db548c043eace5d94fd9a761ba3ea9a4df274","source_module":"ECF","source_row_id":5407,"source_url":"https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/ecf/","text_sha256":"2bd22eae7f9221b3953287b585a597644f8536f9ee579e923e5933a434361c3e","translator":null,"work":null}