But why did the waters receive the command to bring forth the moving creature that hath life and the earth to bring forth the living creature?  We conclude that, by their nature, swimming creatures appear only to have an imperfect life, because they live in the thick element of water.  They are hard of hearing, and their sight is dull because they see through the water; they have no memory, no imagination, no idea of social intercourse.  Thus divine language appears to indicate that, in aquatic animals, the carnal life originates their psychic movements, whilst in terrestrial animals, gifted with a more perfect life, ζωή. the soul ψυχή. enjoys supreme authority.  In fact the greater part of quadrupeds have more power of penetration in their senses; their apprehension of present objects is keen, and they keep all exact remembrance of the past.  It seems therefore, that God, after the command given to the waters to bring forth moving creatures that have life, created simply living bodies for aquatic animals, whilst for terrestrial animals He commanded the soul to exist and to direct the body, showing thus that the inhabitants of the earth are gifted with greater vital force.  Without doubt terrestrial animals are devoid of reason.  At the same time how many affections of the soul each one of them expresses by the voice of nature!  They express by cries their joy and sadness, recognition of what is familiar to them, the need of food, regret at being separated from their companions, and numberless emotions.  Aquatic animals, on the contrary, are not only dumb; it is impossible to tame them, to teach them, to train them for man’s society. See note on p. 90.  “The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master’s crib.” Isa. i. 3.  But the fish does not know who feeds him.  The ass knows a familiar voice, he knows the road which he has often trodden, and even, if man loses his way, he sometimes serves him as a guide.  His hearing is more acute than that of any other terrestrial animal.  What animal of the sea can show so much rancour and resentment as the camel?  The camel conceals its resentment for a long time after it has been struck, until it finds an opportunity, and then repays the wrong.  Listen, you whose heart does not pardon, you who practise vengeance as a virtue; see what you resemble when you keep your anger for so long against your neighbour like a spark, hidden in the ashes, and only waiting for fuel to set your heart ablaze!