1. Title of the book, Revelation 1:1-3.1. The—In modern style the first three verses would have been printed on a first title-page, with Revelation 1:3 for the author’s motto, and with names of publishers at bottom. Revelation 1:4-8 are the dedication, namely, to the seven Churches. At Revelation 1:9 begins the Apocalypse proper. Like most title-pages, this was apparently written after the book was finished, and it informs us how the writer came by its contents.Revelation, or Apocalypse, means, literally, an unveiling or uncovering, namely, of some hitherto hidden or unseen object. The conception is, that St. John’s perceptions were so super-naturalized that the hidden things of God’s administration could be made bare before his eyes, as in a moving panoramic representation. It was a revelation of, that is, by, Jesus Christ as its immediate bestower. And that not only from his self-revelation in the Christophany of 9-20, but also from his conquering, (v, 5, where see note,) as Mediator, to open the seven seals, without which no disclosure could be made. God gave—The theophany of chaps, iv and v explains this gave by showing God upon the throne, with the whole apparatus of revelation, yet not allowing the seals to be opened except to the adored and all-meriting Lamb. God, therefore, gave this revelation unto him as part of his winnings through his death and mediation. To show—To exhibit; for as John saw the unveiling, (Revelation 1:3,) so it was Christ’s purpose through him to have it exhibited to all. His servants—The seven Churches and the universal Church by them represented. For as Christ gave through John, so John gives through his apostolic seven the unveiling to the ecumenical Church. So this revelation comes from God, through Christ, through the angel, through John, through the seven, down even to us. Shortly come to pass—Shortly, by the arithmetic of eternity. See note on 2 Peter 3:8. The same note of immediateness at close of Rev 1:3, and in Revelation 22:20. Dusterdieck decides that “the evasion that the shortly should be reckoned the divine mode of computation, according to St. Peter’s words, is contrary to the context,” but gives no reason. Hengstenberg gives for the same decision the reason that when God speaks to man, he must speak in a human manner. Therein he contradicts St. Peter, who, on this very point, declares that God does speak to man according to a divine arithmetic.Alford here fairly breaks down. Through his whole commentary he stiffly maintains that all such expressions mean that the New Testament writers thought and said that the second advent would be in their own day. With this view we have taken issue at passage after passage. At last, when he comes to the Apocalypse, he happily turns about and takes precisely our own grounds. Pity he could not have sponged out his previous notes. By his angel—Doubtless the interpreting angel of Rev 17:1; Revelation 17:7; Revelation 17:15, who appears also at Revelation 19:9; Revelation 21:9; Revelation 22:1; Revelation 22:6. This last text nearly repeats the words here, and adequately explains them. The idea of some commentators that there was an attendant exhibiting angel from the beginning to end is not implied in the words. 2. Bare record—An obsolete phrase used elsewhere in translating John for testified. Word of God… testimony of Jesus—The Apocalypse (as affirmed by the first words of Rev 1:1) comes first from God as his revealing word; it is then the testimony of Christ, as to the character and final results (eschatology) of his Messianic age. All things—Literally, whatsoever things. Saw—The unveiling and exhibition of the predictive moving panorama was what John saw. And hence repeatedly verbs of seeing are used in regard to it both by John and the earliest Christian writers. 3. Blessed—A beautiful and solemn warning to his readers, both of his own and subsequent ages. At the same time, it expresses his own solemn reverence for his own work. Blessing and woe are dependent on the spirit in which the truths of this book are read and reduced to practice. [See malediction at Revelation 22:18, with note.] Similar benedictions, with a blessed, recur in our Apocalypse, Revelation 19:9; Revelation 20:6; Revelation 22:14. The nature of that blessedness to the apocalyptic conqueror appears by anticipation in Revelation 2:7; Revelation 2:11; Revelation 2:17; Revelation 3:5; Revelation 3:12; Revelation 3:21. He that readeth… they that hear—One public reader and a congregation of hearers. See our vol. iii, p. 5. For beyond question our John expected that his apocalypsis would be received as a divine authority by his sevenfold circle of Churches, would be publicly read in the public congregation, would be deposited in their archives, and would be a thing of perpetuity until the great white throne of chap. 20 should appear. And so these seven Churches did receive it. They received it as the work of no other John in existence would be received. Keep those things—Square their lives according to their requirements. Awful is the weight with which our Seer presses his work upon the spirit and heart of his audience. No woe is, indeed, here announced; but the blessed is pronounced with a solemn implication that acceptance before the white throne is fearfully conditioned upon a deep obedience to the requisitions of the book that predicts its future appearance. 2. The dedication to the Seven Churches, Revelation 1:4-8.4. John—Adverse, and we may add, perverse criticism asks, If this were truly St. John, why does he nowhere style himself apostle? We reply that he does not write himself apostle just because he was St. John. There may have been, in the seven Churches, many Johns, but everybody knew that to the Churches there was but one John in Asia. Had any other John than he attempted thus to address, admonish, rebuke, command, and threaten these seven Churches, he would have gained no audience. Seven—The best treatise in English on the apocalyptic numbers is in Stuart’s first volume, largely taken, with due credit, from Bahr, a condensation of which we have given at the end of our notes on Luke 6.It has been argued that the Apocalypse was written at an early date, because this address shows that there were as yet but seven Churches in Asia. It might as well be assumed that but “seven trumpets” were sounded because but seven were within reach. Seven Churches, like numerous other apocalyptic sevens, are selected under the symbolic seven-form law that rules in the book. Says Stuart: “Whether the Churches of that day, in Asia, were limited to that number is a question easily solved; for in Colossians 4:13 the Church at Hierapolis is mentioned in connexion with that at Laodicea, and the former is in the neighbourhood of the latter. Colosse also was in the immediate neighbourhood of Laodicea. So, in a few years later than when the Apocalypse was written, we know there were large and flourishing Churches in Tralles, where Ignatius lived, and at Magnesia in its neighbourhood, both in Lydia, and but a moderate distance from Ephesus.” Stuart, be it remembered, maintained the Neronian date of the Apocalypse, but he here fully refutes those who maintain that early date on the ground that there were as yet but seven Churches in Asia when the book was written. Asia—Proconsular Asia, so called because ruled by a Roman proconsul at Ephesus. Matthew Arnold, in a note to one of his poems, says: “The name Europe (Ευρωπη, the wide prospect) probably describes the appearance of the European coast to the Greeks on the coast of Asia Minor, opposite. The name of Asia, derived from (ασιος, fatal, again comes, it has been thought, from the muddy fens of the rivers of Asia Minor, such as the Cayster or Maeander, which struck the imagination of the Greeks living near them.” Proconsular Asia, as may be seen upon our map, embraces the three provinces of Mysia, Lydia, and Caria, bordering upon the Hellespont. The seven Churches were mostly in Lydia. The different extensions of territory covered by the term Asia are thus well defined by Elliott: “The word Asia was used by the Romans in four senses:1. For the whole Asiatic continent, as opposed to Europe and Africa; 2. For Asia Minor in its largest sense, including Cilicia and other districts beyond the Taurus; 3. For the same in its smaller sense, embracing only the provinces within the Taurus; 4. For Lydian Asia, or, as it was called towards the end of the first century, Proconsular Asia, extending along the coast from Pergamos to Caria, and inland to the Phrygian frontier, or a little beyond it. Grace… peace—This Pauline form of benediction was familiar both to Ephesus and the other Asiatic Churches from the epistles of that great apostle, and John’s adoption of it clearly indicates that there was no antagonism between the two apostles and their friends, as was imagined by such writers as Baur and Renan. Is… was… to come—The threefold divisions under which our minds are obliged to think all time, and so used to express the eternity of Him. The threefold phrase expresses the import of the word JEHOVAH. The elevation of the prophetic style induces the seer to refer to this name for God; and from the reverence with which the utterance of the divine name was avoided by the Jews, he gives the import, and not the name itself. The phrase, though dependent on the preposition from, is sacredly preserved by John as a nominative, thus attaining an expressive emphasis above the ordinary rules of grammar. The seven spirits—Stuart and others maintain that these are “the seven presence angels,” in regard to which see our note on Revelation 8:2. But it seems inadmissible to make grace and peace proceed from mere creatures, and that in position between two of the persons of the Trinity.As seven is the number of completeness, the one spirit is styled seven in allusion to the perfect manifoldness of his operations. The one Spirit is the seven spirits, as the one atmosphere is “the four winds.” These spirits do not “stand” before Him, like serving waiters or watchers, as Revelation 8:2 : they are before his throne, as also is the Lamb. 5. The faithful witness—Through whom, and attested by whom, all revelation comes from God to man, especially this apocalypse, whose seals are opened by his conquering power. This witness is faithful to give us truth alone. The word witness is a favourite term both in the Apocalypse and John’s Gospel and Epistles. It implies, not merely revelation, narrative, but—as in a permanent contrast with unbelief—a testimony, a strong, sure, reliable attestation. First begotten of the dead—As the firstborn was the chief among his brethren, so this might mean that Christ was chief of all risen from the dead, and leader of the resurrection. So Romans 8:29, “firstborn” or chief “among many brethren.” It implies, also, priority of time; for though Lazarus was raised from the dead, yet he died again, and his rising was no part of the one great organic resurrection to immortal life. So that he was truly “the firstfruits of them that slept,” in order of time.The conception that the grave is the earth’s womb, (as Alford,) from which the dead are born into life, is in the very dim background, as in all such expressions as used by the Hebrews. Note on Ephesians 2:2-3. On the difference between the phrases “from the dead,” and of the dead, see note on Luke 20:35. Prince—Leader or ruler. Of the kings—Lord of the resurrection in the world to come; Lord of all authority in the present world. Unto him—To this double Lord of both worlds, who, supremely King himself, has made us to be a kingdom. That loved us—True reading, and more expressive, that loveth us; for his love is an ever present and perpetual thing; whereas the washed was a past and transient deed. For λουσαντι, washed, another reading is λυσαντι, released, redeemed. The former is both the better supported and the more expressive term; and corresponds most strikingly with blood. The powerful image of washing the soul in blood, gives a vivid idea of the power of the atonement as working both our justification immediately, and our sanctification mediately, by the Spirit purchased for us at the price of the blood. 6. Kings—True reading, a kingdom. We are already a kingdom in this world, by an unseen realm, to become a fuller kingdom in the revelation of a future and more real world. So Exodus 19:6, “Ye shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation.” And by the present passage, the saints are a kingdom by being priests unto God. Their rule is the supremacy of holiness. Their priesthood consists in their direct access to God by the sacrifice of the heart. They need no human mediator, no other offering than the affections of the soul. To him—This ascription of glory and dominion for ever presupposes true deity. Be—Implying both affirmation of the attributes, that they are, and consent and will, that they shall belong to him, both ratified by a solemn Amen, signifying both so it is, and so be it. 7. Behold—Even while he speaks the advent is for a moment visible to his raptured eye. He cometh—The immediate present; he comes this moment. In prophetic conception our seer brings the coming before his own eyes, and depicts its circumstantials. For a moment the far-distant event, so often spoken of as nigh at hand, is visibly present. Compare Matthew 24:30. With clouds—In clouds would simply describe his high locality; with clouds implies that the clouds are part of his attendant pomp. Every eye— Carries the visible fact to every single individual of the human race. Shall see—Declares the visibility of his real living person. And—Rather, even. Even the very men whose thorns, nails, and spear, pierced him on the cross, shall now behold him on the throne. The nature of this striking climax, that objectively the worst sinners of the race—his crucifiers—must now face him, requires a literal interpretation. His physical crucifiers, and not only those who spiritually crucify him by their sins, (which would include all sinners,) must be meant. John watched the piercing of the Saviour’s side by the soldier, and recognised the piercing of Jehovah in Zechariah 12:10 as finding a fulfilment in this piercing of Jehovah-Jesus. It would be such a fulfilment as could be used as illustration for a believer, but not as evidence to convince a sceptic. See our notes of Joh 19:34-37. Zechariah makes the Jews look in penitence upon him they have pierced; John gives the severe weeping, equally true, of the impenitent meeting the Judge when penitence is too late. The passage is a clear proof that the Gospel and Apocalypse are by the same John. In confirmation of this, Alford notes, that the Greek word for pierced is the same in both Gospel and here, though not in the Septuagint. Dusterdieck replies that other translations into the Greek than the Septuagint, as those of Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, use John’s word. But neither of these was, like the Septuagint, in common use; and the plain fact that this passage amplifies the passage in the Gospel with marked peculiarities, still remains. Kindreds (tribes) of the earth—Of the earth, is usually an adverse phrase in this book, and doubtless here means the tribes of the earthy. Dusterdieck refers they which pierced him to the Jews, and these kindreds to the Gentiles. Even so, Amen—Yes, so be it. The even so translates the Greek, and Amen transfers the Hebrew form of the same word. Solemn assent is given by both even to the tears and terrors of the guilty. 8. I… the Lord—God should be added as the true reading. The Almighty—Who speaks here, God or Christ? The words seem to mean the former, the close connexion with the preceding verse suggests the latter. Most certainly there is no other utterer than he that cometh, in Revelation 1:7. We must, therefore, find that it is Christ who speaks: yet Christ reinforced by, identified with, and speaking for, the whole Trinity. This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ PART FIRST.THE , Revelation 1:9 to Revelation 3:22.The Christophany, and first prophetic commission, Revelation 1:9-20.The Apocalypse proper now commences. St. John gives a narrative of the first Christophany, or appearance of Christ to him, 9-11, describes his person, 12-18; and recites his own commission, from the Saviour received, 19, 20. This is the first of John’s three commissions; the second is at chapters 4, 5; the third at chapter x; forming the threefold Apocalypse.9. 1 John—After the “I Daniel,” of Daniel 7:28; Daniel 9:2; Daniel 10:2. So the Apocalypse is a carrying out and completion of the prophecies of Ezekiel, Daniel, and Zechariah. And thus he equalizes himself to the prophets of the Old Testament, assuming that his book is to take a parallel canonical stand; an assumption impossible to be successful for any one but an apostle. This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 10. Was—Became, again; the word designates his transition. In the Spirit—Spirit-wrapt. Compare Revelation 4:2; Revelation 21:10. If the man’s own spirit were meant, we might suppose the thought to be that the consciousness had ascended from the lower ground of sense, and so mounted into the spirit as to be in communication with the spirit world.But the divine Spirit is doubtless meant; and the thought is, that the human spirit is in the divine Spirit as in a divine atmosphere, in which things of the spirit world are seen, known, and uttered. So, “How then does David in spirit call him Lord?” Matthew 22:43. “No man speaking by (Greek in) the Spirit of God, calleth Jesus accursed.” 1 Corinthians 12:3. In that supernatural state a mental production is put forth impossible to the same man’s natural powers alone. This Apocalypse is, indeed, the product of John’s mind, yet of his mind raised into a higher spiritual atmosphere. As in a divinely inspired waking dream, he thinks through a series of divine conceptions with an immediate spontaneity. The conceptions are divinely suggested to his mind, and so are, by him, thought and recorded. Under divine stimulation the language of his narrative, save where reciting the words of others, is his own. The Lord’s day—A phrase parallel to “the Lord’s supper,” 1 Corinthians 11:20, (where see note,) and similarly indicating that the institution was established by our Lord. See our notes on Mark 2:27; John 20:26; Acts 20:7; 1 Corinthians 16:2.The early Christian writers applied the word sabbath to the Jewish Saturday-sabbath, and called the Christian sabbath “the Lord’s day,” yet without thereby admitting that the Lord’s day was not the decalogue sabbath. It was of the heretical sect of Ebionites that Theodoret said, “They keep the sabbath according to Jewish law, and sanctify the Lord’s day in like manner as we do.” Says Stuart: “A party in the Christian Church adhered to this usage so long and so tenaciously that finally the Council of Laodicea (about A.D. 350) made a decree that “Christians should no longer keep the seventh day by refraining from labour.” The Church historian, Eusebius, who had all the Christian literature on the subject at command, is quoted by Stuart as saying, in his commentary on Psalm xcii: “The Word,” (that is, Christ,) “by the new covenant, translated and transferred the feast of the sabbath to the morning light, and gave as the symbol of true rest—namely, the Lord’s day—the first day of the light in which the Saviour… obtained the victory over death, etc. On this day… we assemble, after an interval of six days, and celebrate the holy spiritual sabbath; even all nations redeemed by him throughout the world, and do those things according to the spiritual laws which were decreed for the priests to do on the sabbath.… All things whatever that it was their duty to do on the sabbath, these we have transferred to the Lord’s day, as more appropriate to it, because it has a precedence, and is first in rank; and more honourable than the Jewish sabbath. It is traditionally handed down to us, that we should meet together on this day; and it is ordered that we should do these things announced in the Psalm.” And heard behind me—This sublime Christophany must dawn upon St. This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 11. The words I… and inclusive, are here a spurious reading. The voice does not as yet announce who is the speaker. St. John hears his commission, but is not yet told who commissions him. What thou seest— This Christophanic commission includes only the revelations of the first three chapters. Write in a book—A volumen, or parchment or papyrus roll. Seven Churches… in Asia—When the sons of Japhet, our Aryan ancestors, first emigrated westward from the fertile regions of the Euphrates, they found no fairer clime than in this land of Ionia. Here settled the sons of Javan, the fourth son of Japheth, and in the beautiful language formed by their genius—the Greek—Ionia is but a varied form of Javan, just as Hellas, the name of European Greece, is but a form of Elisha, the oldest son of Javan. This was the land of Homer and Herodotus. The soft clime rendered the Ionians gentle, refined, and brilliant, but too effeminate. So when, five centuries before Christ, the great Cyrus led his conquering legions westward, all Ionia submitted for centuries to the Persian sway. But when, three centuries before Christ, Alexander the Great, from European Greece, marched to the conquest of Persia and settled forever the superiority of Europe over Asia, Ionia easily accorded with this new Greek supremacy. And when, in the first two centuries before Christ, the Roman arms from still farther west spread their power over the known world, Ionia readily accepted their government. When Christ came, and Paul came proclaiming the Gospel of Christ, and when Timothy came, and an apostle John came, flourishing Churches, among which were these seven, were, in spite of persecution, established. When Rome, under Constantine, became nominally Christian, and Constantinople was by him built, paganism gradually disappeared, and Ionia became Christian. A Christian literature sprung up, and great Christian councils were here held. But in A.D. 1453 the followers of Mohammed took Constantinople. The Turks became masters, and from that time the Christianity, the civilization, the prosperity of the land perished. It is now, with few exceptions, a scene of semi-barbarism, stagnation, and decay. A glance at our little map will show reason for the order of the names of the seven Churches. From the metropolitan Ephesus, northward some fifty miles, is Smyrna, and more than fifty miles farther northward is Pergamos, or, according to the most authorized form of the name, Pergamum. This is the northernmost point. Thence south-eastwardly in succession are the other four Churches. This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 12. See the voice—An expressive solecism: not, as Hengstenberg, that the word see is used in a “larger sense;” but the voice being all he as yet knows, he turns to see into what embodiment it will shape itself. Being turned—In position to receive the Apocalypse that summons him. Candlesticks—Why does he see the candlesticks before he sees even the sun-bright face (Revelation 1:16) of the divine Person? We think the Person, at first unseen, grew gradually visible, and is traced by St. John’s words as he gleams successively into view; the radiant clearness of the countenance (Revelation 1:16) being the last fully recognised. The Son of man comes first in his trumpet-like voice, next in his visible tokens, last in his glorious Person. Happy those to whom he comes with a fear not! Revelation 1:17. Golden—Says Cocceius, (quoted in Latin by Trench,) “Gold in figures and symbolical expression signifies that which is most precious of all things; which perfects all to which it belongs, but can be perfected by nothing; which is most pure and liable to no change, and experiences no harm from time, or fire, the consumer of all things.” Hence these golden candlesticks, as well as, throughout this book, “the golden girdle,” Revelation 1:13; golden crowns,” Revelation 4:5; “golden vials,” Revelation 5:8; “golden censer,” Revelation 8:3; “golden altar,” Revelation 8:3; “golden reed,” Revelation 21:15; “city of pure gold,” Revelation 21:18; the street… “pure gold,” Revelation 21:21. This symbolism, Trench notes, rested not upon the mere costliness of that material. “Throughout all the ancient East there was a sense of sacredness attached to this metal.” Thus “golden,” in the Zend-Avesta, is throughout synonymous with heavenly and divine. So also in many Eastern lands, while silver might be degraded to profane and every-day uses, it was not permitted to employ gold in any services except only royal and divine. Candlesticks—These so-called candlesticks were lamps, with oil and a wick inserted. The candelabra of the temple had three lamps on each side and one at the centre, making seven. A lamp-vessel represents a Church, the oil the grace of God, and the blaze the light with which the Church illuminates the world. The temple candelabra represented the Jewish Church in its organic unity; but these seven separate candlesticks represent the individuality of the Churches; yet the number seven suggests completeness, uniformity, and oneness. And this accordance of the seven Churches with the sevenfold candelabra demonstrates that the number is selected for symbolical reasons, and not because there were but seven Churches in Asia. 13. In the midst—The candlesticks were so arranged that this One could be, and (Revelation 2:1) could walk, in their midst. That would seem to imply that they stood in two rows, of three and of four, as the seven cities somewhat irregularly did, as seen upon our map. Like… man—So Daniel 7:13, with which compare John 5:27. John recognises, even in this his glorification, his identity with the man of his humiliation. So our own resurrection bodies, in all their glorified changes, will manifest their identity with our present selves. See note, 1 Corinthians 15:44. In the sublime description of the Christophanic person that follows, Hengstenberg, and still more Trench, are extreme in finding out symbols of wrath and destruction. Their points we shall notice in the progress of our notes. But surely there was no reason why the Lord, in his interview with the beloved apostle and visitation of his circle of Churches, should put on the tokens of vengeance. Nor is such St. John’s idea. His description presents the intense dazzling glory of the Lord’s celestial body, too transcendent for mortal eye to bear; but that glory, though dread, is serene and merciful.Trench, also, acutely draws a contrast between the Grecian representations and the Oriental; to the latter of which this and other of St. John’s pictures belong. The former is predominantly aesthetic; presenting beautiful models for the artist. The latter are deeply significant, often a collection of expressive but crudely adjusted symbols, incapable of being wrought into agreeable picture. The many-breasted Diana was a personation made of symbols, and so, disagreeable to sight. And so this present figure, wrought into painting, would be unsightly. There is great truth in Trench’s distinction; but not, we think, in its application to the present description. The personation could not be painted, for the very object is to image forth a supernatural splendour and glory. The splendour consists largely of an intensity of colouring to which the materials of art are inadequate. An artist could form a distinct and splendid conception of the figure, but would at once say that it was beyond and above reducing to picture. But we hold that, viewed as a work of descriptive art, this piece is congruous and aesthetically magnificent. Clothed… to the foot—John first discerns the main person, almost completely enveloped in a priestly-royal robe flowing to the feet. A golden girdle—Again implying highest nobility, binding— not the loins, as if engaged in a task of labour—but the breasts, uniting the robe in a composed dignity, as he walked or stood. 14. As (Revelation 1:16) his face was like the sun, so this sun bore a “corona” of hairs of dazzling whiteness. White like wool—But that is not quite white enough, and so as snow. The whiteness is not indicative of age, but, like the whiteness of the priest’s robe, of purity, and of that celestial lustre characterizing the whole figure. See note, Revelation 1:16. Eyes… fire—Fire, we are told, denotes wrath, and so these eyes denote flaming wrath—for which there is no demand. How often does love find fire in the eyes of its object, and admiration find fire in the eye of genius. These are celestial eyes, beaming, burning, blazing with divine brilliancy; clairvoyant to look with omniscience into and through all visible things. In reality, however, the intensity and power of the eyes are simply in keeping with the supernatural splendour of the whole figure, stature, hair, and voice. 15. Passing down his priestly-royal robe from his head to his feet, we are again dazzled with the splendour. They are like unto fine brass melted into a white heat in a furnace. How uncouth is Hengstenberg’s quotation from Bengel! “This has respect to his great power, with which he brings all under him, as with a bar of metal burning hot,” etc. But his feet are not said to be brass, but only like brass; and that not in solidity, being melted, but in their intensity of colouring and splendour. The apparent fusion of the brass negatives the “bar;” and may represent that molecular mobility by which the resurrection body is in every element at once indestructible and yet flexible and transformable at will. See note, 1 Corinthians 15:44. They once were flesh; they are now transfigured into an immortal nature, of which the blazing furnace can alone suggest the radiance. The Greek compound word for fine brass, used here and at Revelation 2:18, χαλκολιβανον, is thought to be a term originated by John. Of what term affixed to brass the compound consists, scholars are doubtful. Salmasius and Ewald find the compound to be furnace brass; Bochart, white brass, alluding to the white heat; but most probable of all seems Lebanon brass or fine brass, first brought from Mount Lebanon, and thence generalized in meaning to mountain brass; an explanation furnished by the old Greek commentator Arethas, and sustained by the Syriac and Ethiopic Versions. Voice… many waters—Symbol of majesty and power, referring, rather, to the flow of torrents than to the waves of the ocean. The entire imagery suggests superhuman grandeur of size, and requires a correspondent power of voice. 16. In his right hand—In Revelation 1:20 it reads επι, upon his right hand. The in suggests the idea of retention, the upon, of support. Both together suggest the hand outspread, with the stars, of course of small diamond-like size, resting upon the palm. Seven stars—Stars are an ordinary symbol for rulers. Mouth… two-edged sword—Some commentators seem to entertain the crude conception that this sword was seen as a stiff, steel fixture projected from the Lord’s mouth! We view it as his divine and powerful breath, making itself, as it were, visible, often darting forth and brandishing in sword-like motion and form. Its active motion is described as εκπορευομενος, going forth—emanating in incessant flashes. So Hebrews 4:12 : “The word of God is… sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart.” The contents of the seven epistles display this powerful searching operation of this discriminating and sword-like word. See our note on 2 Thessalonians 2:8. So in Hosea 6:5, for Ephraim’s transient goodness Jehovah says: “Therefore have I hewed them by the prophets; I have slain them by the words of my mouth.” And so in Isaiah 49:2 : “He hath made my mouth like a sharp sword.” It is remarkable that the word for twoedged is repeatedly in the New Testament, twomouthed. This, Mr. Glasgow says, refers to its “power of cutting every way.” Perhaps it refers to its double power of destroying, either spiritually the old man, or corporeally the physical man. As a word of truth this spiritual sword corrects and converts the souls of men; as a word of retribution it destroys the bodies of the incorrigible. Note, Revelation 2:16. See Stuart’s excellent note on the passage. His countenance—As John gradually takes a full view of the glorious face, he is overwhelmed by its power. It is as the sun; not the sun beclouded and dim, but in its full strength. Compare this whole description with the scene of the transfiguration, beheld by our seer, Matthew 17:2, “His face did shine as the sun, and his raiment was white as the light,” which was intended, like this, to form our conceptions of the glorified body of Christ, and subordinately of the glorified saints. We have not the gentle touches of beauty, such as would picture an Apollo, but dashes of glory, in comparison with which mere beauty is forgotten. So Daniel 12:2, “They that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament; and they that turn many to righteousness, as the stars forever.” Such language is above all material picture. And this same John also wrote, “It doth not yet appear what we shall be: but we know that, when he shall appear, we shall be like him; for we shall see him as he is.” 1 John 3:2; where, see note.Let us form a mental picture of the personality described. Before the eyes of the seer stands a colossal figure, robed entirely in white, his face and feet alone bare; the former of sun-like splendour, the latter of a white-heat brilliancy. Locks of snowy whiteness crown his head. He speaks, and his words flash like a double-edged sword from his mouth, and his voice resounds through the space like many waters. He extends his arm, and on his palm is resting a circle of seven stars, and he walks majestically between two rows of lamps blazing upon their stands. 17. Saw him—Instantly as his sight takes in the whole person and the sun-like countenance, our seer falls as dead; just as he and his fellows fell into a stupor at the transfiguration; and just as Daniel fell into lethargy, Daniel 10:9. We all know with what tremor often the bravest man thinks of encountering even an apparition from the spirit world. The blood curdles at the idea of meeting the shade of even the dearest departed friend. Such are the dread relations in which we stand to that world into which we soon must enter. Still more dread seem to be the sensations of meeting a being in its resurrection power. Laid his right hand upon me—By gentle touch and voice the seer is wakened and brought into sympathy and communion with his heavenly visitant.The divine person now (Revelation 1:17-20) identifies himself as Jehovah-Jesus, the ever-living, who by his death and resurrection has attained dominion over the domains of death and hades. He thereupon commissions the seer for his work, symbolized by the significance of the stars and candlesticks. This self-annunciation we translate thus: Fear not! I am the first and the last and the living one; and I became dead; and lo! living am I unto ages of ages, and I have the keys of death and of hades. Write, therefore, etc.Fear not—Same consoling address as to Isaiah, Isaiah 6:7; to Daniel 10:12; and at the transfiguration, Matthew 17:7. I am the first and the last— Jehovah’s own self-assertion in Isaiah 48:12. “Hearken unto me, O Jacob and Israel, my called; I am he; I am the first, I also am the last.” Also Isaiah 41:4; Isaiah 44:6. He is first, as originating all things; he is the last, as eternal and enduring, even though all created and contingent things should fail. “First,” says St. Victor, “because no God existed before me; last, because no other shall be after me.” 18. He that liveth—With an underived essential life, the fountain of life, from which all finite life is a stream. Was dead—Became dead. A contradiction in terms, harmonized in the real history. Alive for evermore—Death shall never come into his future history. Through death he has attained a dominion over human destiny. Keys—The symbols of possession or authority over treasures, or cities, or kingdoms. Of hell… death—This reading, which is spurious, reverses the true order, which is, death and hell, or hades, the invisible region of departed spirits. See our note on 1 Thessalonians 4:17. The words death and hades are not personifications, but designations of two realms. The realm of death includes “the pale nations of the dead,” the kingdom of material graves and corpses. To hold the keys of this realm is to be lord of life and death.Hades is the realm of departed spirits, who wait the resurrection and judgment day. Of both these realms the dying and ever-living Christ has attained the right of lordship. Hengstenberg wishes to understand by hades, hell or gehenna; since Christ is lord of the destiny of the finally damned.But that is included in his lordship over hades, inasmuch as he is lord of the destiny of the dwellers in hades. 19. Write—This command naturally appears to presuppose immediate writing; precluding the notion of John’s penning the Apocalypse after leaving Patmos. He is to be a recorder of speeches made. Doubtless the authority that could command the dead was competent to enable his hand to write, if need be, with all the rapidity and accuracy of a modern stenographic reporter. Ïõí—therefore—is found in the Greek, in all the MSS., and in all the Versions except our English. It is an important, a hinging, word. It was for this write that the Christophany takes place. Because of my personal presentation in glorious form, and my authenticating self-annunciation, therefore write. Things… seen—The Christophany, the annunciation, and the symbols of stars and candlesticks.Things which are—The present facts and conditions of the seven Churches as symbolic of the normal condition of all Churches. Which shall be—The future destinies of the Churches as dependent on their present conduct. We might, indeed, suppose from the comprehensive terms of this threefold range of topics, that the whole book is here included in the commission. But the symbols of stars and angels indicate that the things of the seven Churches, and the constituency they represent, are alone embraced. 20. The mystery—The symbolical import; which is its hidden meaning, and is a mystery until made clear. The word is an independent nominative, having no verb; and the sentence reads like a heading over the explanations of the next sentence. Are… angels—Without the article in the Greek. What the angels are, is the problem of this verse. But, 1) We may exclude their symbolizing symbolical angels, (such as the angel over fire, Revelation 14:18; of the waters, Revelation 16:5,) for the stars would then be a symbol of a symbol. As the candlesticks symbolize concrete, literal, and living Churches, so the stars must symbolize concrete, literal, and living rulers of those Churches.2) The uniform use of the second person singular, both of pronoun and verb, as applied to the angel, strongly negatives its being a collective body of rulers of each Church, (as Hengstenberg.)3) The notion that the angels were seven “messengers” sent from the Churches, and present with John, is inadmissible. No such messengers are otherwise hinted at; and the writing to them an epistle, each, implies their being at a distance.4) The legatus ecclesiae, or delegate of the Church, (held to be symbolized by Vitringa,) was the overseer of the services of the congregation, little above our sexton, but was not responsible for the piety, faith, or morality of the Church, and was too humble an officer to be represented by a star.5) More probable than any of these is the view of Alford, that real, and not symbolical, angels of the Churches are meant. There are the child’s angel, Matthew 18:10; “it is his angel,” Acts 12:15; and the national angel-princes of Dan 10:21. The strict responsibility to which these seven angels are held for the excellence of their Churches, each, accords with the established idea of a strong connexion between the guardian angel and his ward. But it may be doubted whether any patron or guardian angel is ever in Scripture more than either a symbol or a popular imagination, as in Acts 12:15.6) As the candlestick is the symbol of the corporate human body of the Church, the analogy is strong for a human ruler or teacher of the Church. Thus in Malachi 2:2, the priest is “the messenger (angel) of the Lord of Hosts.” Malachi 3:1 : “Behold, I send my messenger,” (angel;) the prediction of John the Baptist. Galatians 4:14 : “Ye… received me as an angel of God.” That there were president-presbyters or bishops in Asia at this time, ordained by John himself, is as certain as any thing in primitive Church history. About this time Polycarp was bishop in Smyrna, and Ignatius in Antioch. Bishops were appointed, from a need of the times, as a stronghold against heresies, and as authentic preservers of the apostolic doctrines and of the sacred New Testament canon. This was specially important before the canon was completely established. And this gave, at that period, a special importance to a true succession of the bishops as a reliable chain of apostolic tradition. A successional ordination authenticated the officer to those who acknowledged the ordaining authority. But such facts fall far short of making an unbroken succession through centuries the authenticating test of a true Church. The bishop was very much “the successor of the apostles,” not by a continuation of the same line of office, but as a substitute, serving some of the same purposes. While episcopacy is thus sanctioned by apostolic authority as permissible, and perhaps always best, it is not made obligatory. 2. Epistles successively to the seven Churches, Revelation 2:1 to Revelation 3:22. The seven epistles to the Churches of Asia have been interpreted by a few commentators as a symbolical representation of the varying conditions of the Church through a chronological succession of periods. Thus Vitringa made them typify the history of the Church from its first founding down to his own time. But the failure to make out a due correspondence between the supposed representation and its fulfilments has been so evident, that even Elliott rejects that mode of interpretation. Nevertheless, that these Churches are typical of the varying spiritual conditions of the Churches of the world is evident from the symbolic seven, and from the variety of pictures presented, in which every Church may find its own traits, with its proper warnings and promises. These epistles are a permanent book for the Church. That this was a very early opinion in the Church is clearly indicated by these remarkable words in the Muratorian fragment, a document of the second century: “For although John in the Apocalypse writes to the seven Churches, nevertheless he speaks to all.” Hence Bengel, in his later days, earnestly commended these epistles to the solemn study of ministers and people; and Alford and Wordsworth notice, with profound regret, that the Anglican Church has placed no lessons from the Apocalypse in her ritual for the congregation.The seven epistles are constructed on a striking and remarkably uniform type. Each one may be divided into three parts.I. The divine SELF- of the Speaker. 1. It is introduced in every epistle with the formula, Unto… the Church of… write. 2. It then begins with, These things saith. 3. He who saith, namely, Christ, is then specified by one or more of those glorious titles ascribed to him either in John’s personal delineation of the Christophany, or Christ’s annunciation of himself in the previous chapter.II. A ; namely, of the particular Church, solemnly reprehending its faults or graciously commending its excellences. 1. The characterization is introduced with, I know thy works. 2. A specification of traits, usually beginning with those that are good, with commendation, and then qualifying with adverse points, with reproof. 3. Of the seven, Smyrna and Philadelphia are in the most commendable condition; Ephesus and Pergamos are characterized with mingled approval and reproof; Sardis and Laodicea with almost unmingled reproof and warning.III. A ; namely, of promise or threatening. 1. The retributive part in the first three epistles is preceded by the warning clause, He that hath an ear, etc.; in the last four epistles it is succeeded and terminated by that warning clause. Similar, the clause concerning him that overcometh, is in the first three placed first; in the last three last. 2. The promise or threat is generally anticipatively borrowed from the closing three chapters of the Apocalypse; mostly, the promises are from the description of the new state of Revelation 22.Each epistle presents the Speaker in most divine majesty, criticises the Church with profound discrimination, and pronounces sentence with most solemn authority. 2. I know—His omniscient eyes… as a flame of fire, (Revelation 1:14,) blaze into the deepest recesses of their hearts and into all the deeds of their daily life. Thy—As the epistles are addressed each to the angel, it is remarkable how uniformly throughout the second person singular thy, thou, and thee are used. It might at first seem as if the missives from Patmos passed over the heads of the congregation and hit the angel only. Yet we think that no such misconception took place. The letters were to the Churches, (Revelation 1:4; Revelation 1:11,) and each Church in its unity knew that the angel and the Church were so one that his fault was their fault, his excellence theirs. And it was no divergency to address plurally you and the rest, as in Revelation 2:24. If the bishops were here addressed, it is certain that bishops were first appointed as the bulwarks of the faith, to preserve the pure, unmingled apostolic tradition, to guard the books of the growing canon of the New Testament, and to repel the entrance of errors and demoralizations. Hence to the bishop belonged a high responsibility. He was praised or blamed as his Church was faultless or faulty. With a similar charge in the second person singular does St. Paul address Timothy. He must see that the true gospel tradition be preserved against all heresies. (1 Timothy 5:1-20, where see our notes.) He is responsible for the trial and suitableness of the elders, and for their careful ordination, 1 Timothy 5:17-22. And we may add, that in the narrative given by St.Clement of St. John and the young man of Ephesus, the apostle holds the bishop to the same sharp responsibility, in the second person singular, as he exhibits here.Thy works—Both good and bad, both external and internal, of the hand and of the heart. But it is of the good he first speaks, namely, labour or activity, and patience or firm persistence passively. Canst not bear— Carry as a burden. They had both a holy patience and a holy impatience. Tried them… apostles—Who claimed to be commissioned by Christ to dictate doctrines to the Church, and so to be apostles. The Ephesians had ample means for trying by the then extant gospels of the four evangelists, by St. Paul’s warnings in Acts xx, and in his epistle to their own Church and to other Churches. Liars—One of St. John’s severe terms, arising from his deep conception of the evil of falsifying Christianity at its fountain, and so sending down a false religion to the future ages. 3. Hast borne with even those whom thou canst not bear. A contradiction in terms, a truth in facts. 4. Nevertheless—The turning point from commendation to reproof. Somewhat—Not in the Greek, which would read, I have against thee that thou hast left, etc. First love—The glow of holy life at their first conversion (Acts 19,) and so beautifully recognised in Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians. Hengstenberg remarks, “That first love we see still flourishing so long as Paul’s connexion with the Ephesians lasts.” 5. Remember—A calling to remembrance the days when his heart was rich with his first divine love, is often the first inspiring impulse for the backslider to return. First works—For that early love was not a mere emotion ending where it begun, within the feeling, but put itself forth in works. I will come—Greek present tense, I come, or, am coming; but remove is in the future, showing that the present of come implies vividness of conception. The come does not designate the second advent, for which parousia is the unequivocal word, as noted in 2 Peter 3:4. This coming is the interposition of Christ to remove the Church of Ephesus. This removal some interpreters apply to the transfer of the primary episcopate elsewhere. Others, to the transfer of the Christian Church from east to west, from Asia to Europe. We can easily imagine how the necessity of uttering this threat to his own Ephesus should touch the heart of St. John. 6. But—An added mitigation of the rebuke, and a directing how to avoid the removal. Hatest the deeds—The Ephesians hated better than they loved. Severe pietists hate sinners often more than they love goodness. They abhor antichrist more than they love Christ. And these are in danger of mixing an impure passion with their moral antagonism, which may produce a fall from Christian love. After having warned his Ephesians of this danger, our seer reiterates the rightness of their abhorrence of the corruptionists, assuring them of Christ’s authentication therein. Nicolaitans—The professed followers of Nicolas, one of the first seven deacons of Jerusalem, as we have noted on Acts 6:5. The earliest authorities are decisive on this point. Says Irenaeus: “The Nicolaitans also have Nicolaus as their master, one of the first seven who were ordained to the deaconship by the apostles.” Tertullian: “Another heretic emerged— Nicolaus. He was one of the seven deacons mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles.” Later, and so less trustworthy, authorities exculpate Nicolas, under excuse either that he was misunderstood by his followers or that they claimed his authority falsely, or that it was another Nicolas, a bishop of Samaria, who was their real founder. As we have said in our note above quoted, the sexual licentiousness of the sect was based upon a philosophical maxim, namely, that all evil resides in matter. From this principle two opposite inferences could be drawn, and two opposing sects be formed. 1. It could be affirmed that all material indulgence must be avoided, and thence would arise asceticism, with its rejection of meats, monasticism, enforced celibacy, self-flagellation, and denial of the real corporeity of Christ. 2. It could, on the other hand, be affirmed that all material sins could be indulged, and yet the spirit be pure, and thence would arise the most unrestrained inebriety and debauchery. It was this last sect which our Lord gives over to a holy and divine hate. See our note on Acts 6:5; Acts 8:9-12; Romans 14:1-6; 2 Thessalonians 2:7. Well might the true heart hate the deeds of this sect, for it would have buried Christianity in base licentiousness. But while the Christian would hate their deeds, he would earnestly wish to save the men. 7. Hath an ear—This summons to every human ear to listen, preludes the glorious promise to the conqueror in the battle of faith through which Ephesus is struggling. Let every ear hear, for there can be no more thrilling announcement than this. It is seven times uttered; each utterance connected with the closing promise; the first thrice preceding the final promise, the other four times succeeding it, until in the last it gives a ringing close to the seven epistles. The Spirit saith—For the utterance of the Son is with the concurrent inspiration of the Spirit. Unto the Churches—For what he saith to one he saith for all; and what he saith for the Churches he saith for every individual ear in the Churches. To him that overcometh—The seven promises are each made to the conqueror in the struggle, suggested by the characterization preceding. The Christian life is a battle, and the crown awaits the victor. Wordsworth attempts, with little success, to show that the seven promises succeed each other in ascending degrees. They are: 1. To eat of the tree of life in paradise. 2. Exemption from second death. 3. The secret white stone with the secret name. 4. Rule with Christ over the nations. 5. The white raiment, the name unblotted from the book of life, and confessed before God and angels. 6. To be a pillar in the temple of my God. 7. To be co-assessor on the throne. Will I give the privilege to eat of… tree… paradise—This refers to Revelation 22:2, which is not (as Wordsworth) in the spirit world, but in the paradise merged in the eternal heaven, and, therefore, is the highest final award. See notes on 1 Thessalonians 4:17. II. SMYRNA.—The poor in wealth, but rich in faith and works, Revelation 2:8-11.8. Smyrna—From Ephesus, proceeding northward in a straight line, a journey of forty miles would bring our messenger, or rather, we may say, our apostle, on his circuit to Smyrna. He might have gone by sea; but the modern traveller every now and then falls upon traces of the old Roman road from Ephesus to Smyrna. Smyrna was first founded, or at least planned, by Alexander the Great, in consequence of a dream soon after the battle of Granicus. During the vicissitudes of conquest by 89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d4948445200000099000000c10803000000eb5fe21200000300504c5445000000010101020202 0303030404040505050606060707070808080909090a0a0a0b0b0b0c0c0c0d0d0d0e0e0e0f0f0f1010101111111212121313 131414141515151616161717171818181919191a1a1a1b1b1b1c1c1c1d1d1d1e1e1e1f1f1f20202020202022222223232324 24242424242626262727272828282828282a2a2a2b2b2b2c2c2c2c2c2c2e2e2e2f2f2f303030303030323232333333343434 3434343636363737373838383838383a3a3a3b3b3b3c3c3c3c3c3c3e3e3e3f3f3f4040404141414141414343434444444545 454646464747474848484949494949494b4b4b4c4c4c4d4d4d4e4e4e4f4f4f50505051515151515153535354545455555556 56565757575858585959595959595b5b5b5c5c5c5d5d5d5e5e5e5f5f5f606060616161616161636363646464656565666666 6767676868686969696969696b6b6b6c6c6c6d6d6d6e6e6e6f6f6f7070707171717171717373737474747575757676767777 777878787979797979797b7b7b7c7c7c7d7d7d7e7e7e7f7f7f80808081818182828283838383838385858586868687878788 88888989898a8a8a8b8b8b8c8c8c8d8d8d8e8e8e8f8f8f909090919191929292939393939393959595969696979797989898 9999999a9a9a9b9b9b9c9c9c9d9d9d9e9e9e9f9f9fa0a0a0a1a1a1a2a2a2a3a3a3a3a3a3a5a5a5a6a6a6a7a7a7a8a8a8a9a9 a9aaaaaaabababacacacadadadaeaeaeafafafb0b0b0b1b1b1b2b2b2b3b3b3b3b3b3b5b5b5b6b6b6b7b7b7b8b8b8b9b9b9ba bababbbbbbbcbcbcbdbdbdbebebebfbfbfc0c0c0c1c1c1c2c2c2c3c3c3c3c3c3c5c5c5c6c6c6c7c7c7c8c8c8c9c9c9cacaca cbcbcbcccccccdcdcdcecececfcfcfd0d0d0d1d1d1d2d2d2d3d3d3d3d3d3d5d5d5d6d6d6d7d7d7d8d8d8d9d9d9dadadadbdb dbdcdcdcdddddddedededfdfdfe0e0e0e1e1e1e2e2e2e3e3e3e3e3e3e5e5e5e6e6e6e7e7e7e8e8e8e9e9e9eaeaeaebebebec ececedededeeeeeeefefeff0f0f0f1f1f1f2f2f2f3f3f3f3f3f3f5f5f5f6f6f6f7f7f7f8f8f8f9f9f9fafafafbfbfbfcfcfc fdfdfdfefefeffffff0e79e2e400000001624b47440088051d48000000097048597300000ec400000ec401952b0e1b000020 0049444154789c4c7c076015c5f6f72a82f440203d2481d03b84de4454042c8805c5aed8bb58d1878abd3cf5d9457d2a56c4 8688051004e99dd0d2939bdbeff6ddd99d9dadf39dd99bbcff7715486e7277cf9e39e5f73be7cc7096ef3ad431b0e129c831 6ccb540cdbf67cd3c196efe81a311d1563ddb35c427cdfc616219e8d886f611dd9ae4d1cc775b0ae63c7716c426cc7d1e4af 2e5971c3d194e506be431c2ff03d175e9e1c98d8c12ef12c0c9fb33df84f373c47350ccb73b1496c935a3a562c9d1055b11c 8c391b5e845896e7b9f037714c6219a6e3daa66962f89eb07f6cd70f02979806260efbe3106c3a4c167859949769803ceaa9 821dc0876d172b12a66d3f27947a365cd60b3f453cca247540525dd70d02221b0ef52d83f8f07e783d076e639848f7b8ece7 0961cfcc24230e08653b201ee8077ed1605fd8206adb1320c3822f2c93b06fe0457c4aeda8406de45023a3ba96e35aba4ea8 eb6625d74c9b187067cff75ddb09a8cf2403d12c6cc265e167362c05b141310e5c11e400c94cd34036977d3692bd115b0ed0 2db66d8cb382b9ec5df8c236e1b93d1b234d37e10d0b7e8e41ad86e1c0039a94cab6a6ab1aa5f05036fcd0f698644c341eb9 8ea983cdc0ad6dc7a3a1602099cfbe75e0112db82e9805d30bdc13ac069b7069c3e2da2e00f73231930024b3c06a2cbbede5 862f07cc0e2e0766a86a88195b781d10cca06640299135c50b0cd5d4920ed33c3c69bbce40271ec1b66fc2838021b859c91c 97faecbab6c5f415f804659780d82019c8070273ed2ab3e083ec792d2684eb39ec0af01d667a630b1d2e25e854d311dc01b4 cede80bb29867852a469c122a2e81888669f101bed56026e0076eaf9083e070fe7b165836b3a0168957ded3bb61b7896c656 0d04f7980d5b706587cb7edeb26c78039ec10c57924906ea66b76666666103b97037c3727d84b216e886f28227509ab492af dfff4d1d521455d2618999dfa0ec55e10e86a2c0f5c044c0fe031a8482651f1796d1730297ad8b85b20af37cdb0a5d0f7b5c dbc2803f837178c4b0b21e40da9fd93099c563834906b20798998115ae96cd04d7527ee49b2bba9697df7ed8e5c58020cccc 071b567855b0443d5c7f0ccfe1f881e730c942037648f897cbd60356d76c5b6c0b4c8449e673ed570061c14b08042907cc8f 84218369dd023308fcac823071bdaca18264f00e0806f67dea8251dfa4ede4b2a71a85948310f17c97b45d941922d881a169 3abc071660a136c96ce68a107330b309cbf12982c560a259260273c14c3255f302701e97186184c9de0f3109c35545268b3a 2c8a32ef22968ad87a234d8478203a62b47eef7d9746335437a4af1f5d7e2891167553376c8a59dc61b7262c40d8c40ced14 84657ec99c837dcd22257599601081417510c89d3044b83e85a8a123d743aaf1bfc764cfc92ca94d327852509c89420582e2 c23580ef29c5ba137df38f3b070edb97216240f9c667074fbeaa49916dc9e225137e07ec80841e058a3149db2b0c27a10586 eb67539614e0312c046b6ee2d0b12040f9a0334db75d43335954703052751d31d372da7cd4666b0a6683b2be49c248c22eec e0348d3c32e397577634f2492aab8225679291554b2bde6fd0354977edeca233e736412c0367a325f3f97059ac30e6302b62 a9c93290aab2c8d89ee55c93d365c852e09accb521032aedebcdd68c49c6e40c7d172ec72446ec17d82a38541d3424624372 c2b831a3c7282c8c88e5efffeedd9cb19118da250b4c2cc131c97098ec08b30cb636d97008366520838520b0452659e8f3cc f328a7ab2ab30127f435f8b550c9f07806092523d92041c2e0c5ec02aea683037ba68faac74e3b78a41622bf6a53856a5652 232d99efcfa9fa18c16287c11ba431b292996d9e6ab4bd1dae27b368501c8bf090d14d0b4c9345f6304f528e2503b6e890d5 429bccda9b05791f12b0eb92ec1dd8c7e0055af6ddacb1d1168aaee83960c97f76508c6296a438a0b4446bfd05bf17bcead0 03ae1d3e689b644cff59415056f7b07e84650a9608c3346c40f274982e1c272b9ac9312f0171cc30ae5a565b74b388864100 c01fa0dbac6fb0bc9eb513876990522b1dffa9ace7ad97b5263015d655f35163dbecdb9e9f79ebdce3491db23cd839ac0e5b 4dccb25d3b0208833c5ccb22a193da2c2bb067f048a8079f853a268bcfb1bcc4100a61d64dfe2798ad829648888c42d3750d 6c87d924341e961508a2bade70b864d646c8f263167d7182f2873efbbdfab89a0a60cd54f8083142c99826dcf0fa4c16eab7 ad0d402b863b2044fa61be02f9011e51cbce2acde6daefec5960a480e25824660fc4d21738af07ef5b3ef509f30a96894d97 004e643e8a7d5e530ede9577107e3a7fce2f312af2277e9a3f790f4af154805b989e8720e143e47530040716c4e0f3613602 3406780c5ef00f138fada10d4608f88d856976758fcb8674c86190dee17f8f6555376b4e24fb8cb082be6d86da6792192cf1 9baa0a627a46f2dc1eefa541d1c7d69ea451daf0c2b63f9f1cf8788dac52d1a458a38e044e442975901cfa5c16e7b90caa85 0241d8629285a285f0d0b619026092595c88b4e06b8f250acc240b919de78750dab1691026e1b6b5701cd3a44e9a50450a00 5446e64dfc51d7a92ccd7a6947b24e0aeccc9a07b76f2b3bff3fcd81c8532a59543198d96308326de9d2620819805e1b08cf 4a065f33236689c1cb4a461c2e743c16f2ad6c04637661b0bc688738cb62c9091e93da6da6e90148a4522b4562cb9555f7d6 27645ddc71f3bdff9cbbe095f9db5f696d0a54ebc80d8b4ac6cf3ca50829c4a7406180de20ac84461ca6111242c5ec1232fb cfbedab09815264296e5b9106481d69cac648ee9d8866e81f6300b34c45290c59c8bb2040c32621f807b4071ddc11bce5a57 4f1348d836e799da6f968cafb8f29ec2b22d9103878f355ad5375c54d179c0dbbaca7b5883c001015f6d7725e0130012fc20 5c5dc7fdbf17c33290309d30eb5858e3b2910fdc98451df84302df444028b268845800ae213781fb3248e05808a73539e9a6 de9f35e887a8d952d3ba76c40fc776558dbafade8707f6e876e15fcf3ff4c6da06e5c42f230a38eee6a35a9a772d45b468a0 b5190d443d6c60c016ed5c8bad4598e56d13310f08a325642b8d73dad308780650098bd0c0d0413278062658f8072cc58047 62295053202dd16f669ef391d39490935f4c59fad4857fecb8e4a3dfbf5cb5fffd6b46dc71d6edbbf7fc2ba1f2f88df38757 749eba464862ea42fc34cc6c02cfc61212e2e47079b3c9386b64ccff439ac46ec6657301782862924172f25c55c6b6013ec9 3c0433c159f60d1f89180a6e5d7fede8279a0d2b8dbebfe2bd8317cfddd4505f7b74e7bdcbde5af3e9b5d5eba7dd52b97ddf 860937ff138ff3bb6e2deb5bb678552312d2721b82b11d9690d805b3ac8801e8ff938dc57496a24132a473c4ce668130a6c1 0bb236a8cff6435ac91c953d24d2244b17a98c2463e3c4718ba3485252bbafdc5efdc2aa485c68391e7dbfb268d286a3bb36 d5fefde1bd539f14f76cf96cec75ff9c4cd8c77f1bd273f9a07d4795664ba18a2ad284898147017691015eb3948718bf3540 75a6aeea16cb68212b0315fd4fb22c46b1c3b4c6522c53239356e355e06a0615694a5595fd4fce98b0368d33eaf6e51faf5a 3a7fd3a93f7f7a66d51b2b2f7c73f694a50bceaa9a7deea2113dca8e6f99bbe1da5be65ff84f349ddcb4ecf509036e5a9796 6944b45d5d710d9db818b954cf7a0693c60cd1439b5d8796c544fbff240bf104067288c0c84cdb6435013010db1404f8ce8a 59cafe77868cfa77038d4ad5cf7db267c59cdf33e2a2b1e7fe54f4532cc8f092153551ac3e73eaa2b2d9978feb3ce0d1af5f 2e9df04b634c6ef9e9f6fcce555fb66880011c214d1405b8b3c9b74bc6ee05a4c160899da5fa102ab1d5feff56334b3a43e7 05cdb9862c839689a2432c9265425b9f1d3eeb7b9ee7dd836b576dfef8d6af851a4348fd38f6f967c60c1bd900a8960816b5 0d95aafc27c39fc93bbd74e985c3b72fbd2f6d0869bbfacf59bd73cb570bba04b80403671175caf404460ce88f9545009230 7808a9ac5d10f77f92311ce1842c842d360362b20cf414cbf080c8d36a9eaa2c7eae41515b7f9b3468d75de337a4f438a5fa 4545436f7feaa915bfd750d90874153420b4fa757253cb79f347146c7be7a5952f5f3ce3e1ad71251d3f75c9887e83a77cd5 6a00dc31213059969ba5732a422ac43c96a4c14f9d803943a8a2ff4916421c869880a312c659b1a622807a546949b9e2b737 8cb97d6f9d804fad1edb63dce5677fc353d7a6f52ddb7adf74241ad7c420e381a629150d41e6a9253b7bbfffa27b8fa5753f 0d79e7a159956fd4a4d242cd87837a158fbbb02ee193940aaa2210f62119c09a00c267903a4c5fae4fb2800dff9f0784658c 308bb3946933b001e815e854dc70be1e37e0e6ef493c73f0eeaf7e5a55b8e8836334e20409dedcb82e2767293615c4530954 a6dac9c0155c48a4adb258b37ad2392b4e4a5b9eddf6cb9363e6bc78241e937e9adc2d77f86d5b0dec53e0ad10ba180b4218 338c6db33c9d4d5e59c19cff49c6f03e7b05aee3d1c0092b274853b5a3cf549c7ece9ab8d292be73ec27d51455a779d190c1 a4688adfddfdc1e38225505f83f81c508bea54507495665c6a98daeea7f9fde396d6265aaff971cfae1b675cba4f422deb17 f41dd0b9eb6dfb15bdddce403a8b552b28a41d3027a31dd95b5c00790a230461da54748f7a14deb40026d1568326f94d370d 2ebbf3ab535644f8f1a6bfb6bbcd12b53480f2ae67d25464f5ddf91665851856b9200cc999806221cf6a3ac039acdb5a10bb 63ea5549fafbed17fdd3bc77e1ec68b51c3d367750afcebd2ffda0057c45053aeb7bbee25954007c0456061cd3018aebbb9a cf85e807789e8699224d0979aa13685a12db62bcfed3d9a553d61d17a49a1d778e697872984410ef003d0169907cf8a6be3d eec8208bb16d7020f06386513010085699540357017e4deb76d55151b5dfbbf8dd750ddfad987ea43addb47b52f782c2ee8b 8ed48b9e9bd133405ca9a3520f6209189d8b6c5b375c47b33887250ac0d586cdb02ea07be450450690dffad743e34b2fff4c d06bd2276eaa1cb2b662fe5a9de8be07a28049eac786767fe907d90fc2fc9be55a8c90980e0236eb10c9a410b15537b04570 773b23ed59faea092fface59d71c8fecdef9748fbcc9bdae5cf4512bcffbb29911a809a401a2936a4234b1541da4b339b6Daniel 6ca5e1faba246b88598a2c1c5ebb607cd5151fd553bef9b71716cc397f60bff1271306ac61cc05f786d486b66c002f8927f9 3064e330549a3aaca60b11079288a604cc5d5194f81ed5135a2092631b17ddada453bfdf3167aeadb57c3d7ef45d85e5132f fb35d94cc51885cf691ad215d964253aa06e2ee7b4f17b4935c1897dc88d6e43e497d17dfabcda9c50eaf9c8c3039ef863ce 888ff64b290c38304ae1d93cc043d88bd324e5a916f253c8740c8741c484486d635186f008345da354cb6009c3524435b2f6 cf93f8bb2b77c45ac5954f40e2adfb72dc152f7f76db85a3263c7cc04deb9261c8ba1fc0e59006b842c71c438b6c1d7cac23 800196d4aabe3da4b07cc1d65a51a6477f5e74636e65c5396b0fb612811289a6521896dd84bbe3b4cc949f61d8c1c42612e0 8951885f2c3d99b18220c19c091093adf95642a3589c5619f9fef0daeb372585e4c2fd8d2933bde3fe73671ddc5659923ffa c508cd60479775403c0c8b6043c31c801b86182d24c9d8417ce2cf6b86570c7f436c49649c9ab767bfbff1efbc3b36ed002d a51d20de26064a04e68f3062ee449d7860b2caad69e81232748da51a4557523c767006a2b69130451deb60e288af1f5dd2ff 009f4cadfe72c20f359f8e7f312dc59493c7af7ce2e9cf9e1bd52f7138d6d0022c35a0ac0200f14ab538001f616451857464 cb53d37b97acfcf0286a54924dcf148d79736cd1804f232aaf6a10e015425d850a90515dc80e2af891019a304c5dd30d100f c01ba4194d567849cec810a5b17058a0006791097622e9867f6060eeb426df74137cddd9b98f0f7a77ebde8dc78274f3fead 135e3e9ef96562d1f0e53b9bd380234c561d57150e4259603849ac371d9a53d475ca9f4791a6d59bdb178f7ea664e4f8db4e c65445557500a160402684646aeb54b704087900eec41858bdd89cb423c4f01d450035df78feb38f6f04c4042e293c78a7a0 f9195ae36a32abcbe8279e7f2fb14142f2ad917e1dc6e5bfd4fccdd6bfde3d2ad7d023bf5f76f6e653c7bf9e3e3a6fe6b7cd 44ce2842209a1ce5352c076ee48f479fabecf4d8662d4834d7d1bf275d367bd279d7ec3b26b2d27cb67005c924704ddb0001 5b00d0f8bc6cc62824e386ff7cb08ecfa8f89fa64623fef07d7feddaf6f04fb5110a40f18d39bfc9d4cf442842b6865595ca b18397a9027aa0b6b460dd8fdd467dd962adbb66af5a4f5327d7543d079ce297f1a5c50b97abcd8a042188836b107aaa7ec9 f01e55eb121a31334afaca59ab1e1bf7f81eb506b10a0283748891044d757d1b62a2e6c2271abde34de93d27ac032f954ee8 7dd5c5b5afcecc3f2f7fc073ffded95467b76c7faa39ae23ba45d9fb2ec01e0d11ca5b7ea06aada0c0b39f8f6cdd3d77d3e8 eacabdc78bdf3e52bde1eaa34a5249273ebaecf21df1a4bc6decc0310baa15888f1cb55ab479f32baeda091138dd9af87641 e7e2cfa7147fb069ea85678f7d977768c82c205e997a22aa31cc0b212668e61f1af9f2969df7be31b9f3e015931ffd6e71a7 026ee8b033bb9dc9157139dca54b9e9e7e77a024d4f7ab0fd541a453892f12d131015d5023f5f4c2dc2165071fdfd16b4cd3 b8095fdd736cefbe97ef44c62925e31e78ebaeb79a4e3cf5ebc2ab1d2f0dab99f1ffecd1f77d513c4677df3b7bde1d1372ca 66e63d37f940afa91ff6ff08a9b08e665863417a32226ae956354e6832f6c4633ffeb16fe9b6f139455cffb11579bd667cb4 fec1caee67ccfbecbe4b87715c8f7e1df39e156974da0d7b166111512bc962132fb2464782362de6eef9f9f092a71f3c356d f2f675b9fdcfdab0fbf625066ef575e3c43f33667438f5cbdf4e8c9a9c293855dd5fbe6ae5da86add32b9efdfcceb11dcb3e 9dfedf1b0e557edd74cdbba61b0d01080b5a0e1275a96e6f1a12a4f9faf83577fd3efbd8672373064dba37efa9373f583362 743157f46803a9a979f6d6f291b3dfe446fc18b1464cbce5dbef7d1a876863c470e03906f24ddaf4d790ad2b8f177ff2a9fe d5cad56b5ecf7bf9c9d77fdbf85a635a6d20f5b58796f45d3241c0a9b4c551a1a6744deb973f0cd9b5edd882818b5754bd70 c7d7e7dd31bca67c5f7dac41c634dba9300d3370103163c721a566ea73bbbefeef2587e6cefbcfad7b2e3fdadc74ca8b289b 9eff36814d29b5fe87b7af1fb5eaae8a7b8bdf23ef5cfd6bc3153bfc5a885216a59e6a06c4a4aadfbae2a3e264d9c45da7d6 ef1db5b4faf986a667270db9efa26b3fa1100b139bbbf63a3fe6624a388f57c615df543a31efec81ef973cb53f7ad7a6cb1f 3befb3cf775edd485394aab2ac22d6cc81b0405875428b799af55945af77ffd9d0b378e047c3ef7d273ab6e8480ad9822daa aeaa387523babd933819addbfec9a817844f76ae3c6f7a942a0a0d20a09928601eea98f5e5e527478cde96dab2e3ace99f4e 134d94dedd6bfcb2aa8cea47e6bdbf62d8364d73049bc341c3ed5ce9b0b99d2f185976dbde09d145871ebef0cacf0fc42088 85801cb0ad05ac06008d86e1161ee669667e49e9b2caaa8bb9fc3b869e77cdb0eed33f133d212c2462954f6f9c36b6cf883b 17fcb17b5dc19ae68595e51d19c771584b4087886d638aa4c4257d0ead7e6ddbfa4b8e8d79b86855a397c1e4dcf2f75f0b62 e2d64746ddbaa8812a8100abc9eba347acdc30a0a86a4297f797971ebca6e6e18b5e49b4777580baeb2cce12c6a43d851ab2 6f684229f748de9943174f2cefdfb1346ff8ed1b250c6997d1540b2969bcfdeb734ba78c1836a66ce0a8f7478fea3f21a1fb 54855c68b2a618917c43b4b6bc27eed8f0d2d555f515ab0a6309cc4bf4fc3eb9efaa66eb65ab5e2cfaa149a0a001ce34ec2f fb6dbbf9fac4c4c967d69cf5f3f68b373ffb29242129db67b5b0a6690623a8aa66db19aa98166dace73a8d9abe609d28d59c e0f9ba564403111064586506cc61884e34d2b267d7774f8fe4fa8ce9dda76f233568dcd1593f158447860b4000a9a65abbed c6f8e5bbbb47154016fa90d32799693caeb4ecef37bfd300a710908cfa75fd7eb8f291c6cdc726fd76aafa5f2f1cf866a7aa 6668b6dcc10ad38601b95a496948b0c4b4f666bc7942f7b2dfff495151007c1c355d332d01077042720f3c42b72ccdc10ae5 91dcfae7d84e5dc68996863557d199e01601e774328466bc66ca17fcb0aaa8ec8153924b93a5033adc2c7d3c66e8bce7d6ed 4d7bbeee13cecae87472c1cf5b6b3fdf78cfebc74f5ef3b5ac6b1209ccf61e318b194895a58c60b6d288f0c5e403d70eb8e8 c03fadcdf7ddb6df57049272286b96231f1ed30013002eecea4873d3692f2626d355bd1f267147a486a4650938006787577d 856869e97066ff9887067e9cd0ed74de071539ad23e7fd7d6af070bf5541d4713807e2e6ed651fbd5d139bfbafb162f3849d 199daf17fd046e6b53b3c619eb90e1b89f2442f5c4773fa9ecf5d003571c6a2e285d2b525f35d24905c91aab1a5aacfde289 a6e459baa2d234703dfad1f8c29d00e70257d6426e0661c35644c34fa57cc8a5823ef8c1b27312660a15940d1b51d7bb5fef bd97f78c2359a70ab03a85aa278a736effa2fac4cffdd38971224a1d3d06c03ce49f1062c1cac266bc0746262a4fe46e9fc9 0dfb6ed5ced7078ffcd8e05358a7e9a8453dec817a4916f411d14a602039e9736b1211e7f9ce576399a403a0d5618bc2a206 524492343c62d8b5dabf8aaeead642cce641133fdb55d321f7c9857f0c6b3081b03a80cf2cd5f61fe9da7d92987c766a23c4 5ee1c5ae25af667cb692362b1d61564503dc0bb83293e837e6b759e32a2bae1b58b5ba1560a467c93e6bca01b1677d4c3071 20569a422500da49cfbd7849cba6e8aeae7bcda6b4deee019080298905812df8a014694271f5e0fa56f58dcef98d92dee3f5 c796fd949731688c7a06e7284e10dd575434924f1ced8f04e4ff51d68d9b017195f5f25c0bb16a1cab40f38e6cbb27736f3a 71e1f7a37e2bccdfabb2690b58b5f65a21ab8ab05b870d61607e54a432ffed90c31ffd5efc91b5f9755972181f04a6ca3a2a 187b2e3644aa241aba1ebefa103e7e1d372eeed5f57de3ebf56ff6c48a2b037ce6d81080726cc8a0c9c2b1676e4ed104de5b d1bbd72c4b0758e17a617f3b5b6f0fb48cea6c1efb626cf8f57df2cb578800621d56f5cd3624b31d181c7680b2a5605b0126 537bff8a65e3274fdff5ed79a6062a05a9fdffd5d02958b9a8ede8faf2b2da487a628731768ccf7df2f1b7fe5d996a067fb7 744ef591884ecd1e717b7c65d941396a5a99fda327c72948c65a16ffd731a591b12fc4f6f49bdc38fae6aec3ff2b7861b135 3bf910d66eb28da5b0d546585bdb05f06be09f862d38ad5bc1fe913d810f0128b00c97350480a0bac863193e7e79dfef2a34 b9f9e29e3378ad25afe4ed7ffaf695008e2aaec559141206ffccccffea7b2afe2302d70b1228d0a816f655c25e6358fbc6a8 6152edbbb533e71dcacfbb037e2c665b179e971d80b1c24e20932c9cea60ff52dd5349fda5b72dcde7e6e4ffb112088c6903 7d60849e590ae40b82fd68d7f2498b6a94df579fd64bb6bc89f77e332a674446007e410817309a29fd36e98f83cd25d735a5 28716946a672103686d994026be082f5d21d65bfdd1f1db77864f98053f1af3f57dcec40881b4e0c3861bf8535e148b6d346 1cc4b89fedd71d7cbe98eb56b17ea10ae27aa69eed28b32e0e0d3cc996cb3a4f3ea9d1685dc5041c4bdfffde5fe7e50c9374 900c56d31381dcb41eeaf745bc819bace95286998a2ac83aabca385e10b6aac1b2d3a9612f6dfd6eca1505675cdf7264623f b77d8625bc8d6d67bbed066b4a8592d900cf5547f57de5f8a35d4a4a6e7a3461053e44639f5152f825426dcfd1f5fa1165fb 62160e6a8a473659f6c18b9e3a50dedba09aaa5a80693d0707e958bfbad4e665f9ab91460388f938f00d9c1d83b0d998027c e3d78c2d7af8ac9bc69f5998f8fbc5fe57f856b61647c28184b00bc11ec10c6be6ac51ea5958d224fecd16d234f1b2335e3d 7e580e08eb18b2a213e36dbe8474a2d7deb91db89846fd31634c45fe735ae9a1df878b12765cd585bc8932349528dedf72e1 afddde941c37456589aa220edbeeacf9ce06282c5b924ecefae4892bc7e4e4ee6c9839c994186165a251ea325db16a3f5319 09aba920a8a7abaae689a5571cb2a61d1af87a7463d45215f6b336c95c2d50548302eb51bc8c99bef7e2169a6e18dcf5e4c9 32ec78866fd99c8234453122131b5a0696f5894bae6faaba0321d45432bab655f95fa58db6787b3fb9a2a864d8e8ab178faa 51324ca726488e08ac228025d6a8d27408b92cc86918829bc64356c8ed37a9f992277b3d1d5f96b0b0070be5649367381fc4 0c15bb005390b47f7e1a254f752e5ffeeb04828400723187886568ca89816ecb8c2e5789bce11007228d265a2e4d559fc31b d9fa3c36e5643abe60cd19059f8f1ed9eb29d54e31f806ab667b149c9bb02fb1a1b38441b23d07dff1654857733f3ff7e83b cf3e7eebc69531c05160da80f66c276b086110d42d0d3083567d7102932379c51bffa8cc80a368aec1599e47747e6f9f1a6d f6b886241535193c1b16c370f4f803f3c5d0fa59a3916a417373b7f2f93f9f3d7029d5010a86736d60ef816719763891c41a 996cd62f2c4de8407cc1033fdbb67ee0a1a2affe7cf26b51d1880201186201d07ddc3e13a86395a199935799867ceaf2d1bb 7e2f8d521f23e001acfbaef1bb7b79072f5dd8c40b0600b3208038ad8b890d953fdb0ae3e76cf025e2eb543a97eb55d1e5e1 c68c6b58ccf618ba942150e9e1884d387745b2f666629907c91cb7a9a4fc9def4b16dd35f024a4255b36ecb0eeaa69ecb238 9c0cb27562e95acd22c427324b46af5b5b1a45261b4ee374606c9a7cb8385abf80bba2b65906acee51174906df70c1053554 0c2503966e37a2746bde591dcaa30d60a1115b4366c8df9312fc8615ce63848c391c64006ff61010073d93993a757cbf4e79 1d57696cd165056c9260a6d4305eb2506369b6a5a1a6aa8694aef628d9f27d4993203203e234a46940912ba3e2b2690bbe6c 48c1aa6bac8b6868cb4b7f145c3dab315daf3948cd86c2c125ebc212a1cdaa6de08848e575662f580f671d48361730c347af 1d0000200049444154c96c0400db9094f3fb751f9fd3b1b4d56433129a1afa319b4c6453292cc720241370a36465048be9ee d3766cad68655d7a6a71061b2b23b595f1e4dda3e36fcedcd36205720ab9581707dd99a67a76b60869ea373f9eb56f4ff14d 873c539468daccb009b8b0806a86037d26938c013a167c1959917515906d60d5cde37ee046ee55c13b40cbc866ad4b172c0d 6707f42c43974032471826f9d1d6ab97febe79300ff44ff701393250619f2a470796e4d0b878d5351fec3b512fa1b4de38e3 0076a4306680644a43cdf66beeebf856532d62453191864992e892a8b3c11e379ca2603351ac6705327a86a71309a860720b b7bf13f720a81172b98f6dea42fe03fe949d9b049c692a8ea55a99f12d588dacbcfe8f4f0788421c9b82c101cf45446a2e4c d55e5bd964eb72cd3d13078faebae0ac5f2eda0dfe198473b92c6e65d6357f7b25f7f7f7cb6c999a0a4db3d9584a899e2dd3 b2c924273b971336e6d94bf1a908ff340f5edb9d1b20b5b78f7c560cce8e5f864d5fcf33016b3999e9868e6b273c7dec9be2 28af00167038584a44e4d6d264f4dc818714b08606f193276eb97b56417946554d470971179890febab6e9e1911b378faa4f ea544cd07084007494e50bc40e810f691b92b1d84871e00a8a8e313f724dafbc0141d8da6a6b9a87a3b5a19cd8f47cd32586 931a191368bcf2ce9f7f1b9c41d8915dc481ef235b4df44fa8e78edb2dc3e765c9127fb8f4fdcd23d5169b9a348406b0a0ca f42fbeca3de7de7fa9f7eabee0d852bbc461b80ca70eb3937d6db3a71e01fa91a20a76137f8de2fa5467426241da405c76dc 383bc1093ab34d3b562e7af12897dbb4bc545725101c73f020c8d6d38332c6fd13b79a587132e2f5b3460c98bee6bbbfa9ca f0a36584337535f3873e36a863df0fdffffb8ba8ab3b291cd6b1b37c289c4909e776b35d35069f028da760923486f89ea70f 48a92cacb2c862659db25d6780bdd9b0386e9cf8b2ad8a23b8ea672ad2b2e1c2b3b1a955ddd6d20355fee301ab9065c83471 a2fa4b6e64e5670bafe711c395061b1535c92b2bef5ddab9c7aaffa42bf702d4a410ee5d273b12989d610a2d0caed8365420 1818cc2c6960e1d74e3da7d7a130b680d3859324b09a803a99922137c18a1bfa8992aa3aa17910b77ffbd42644b16c391c04 629d28f10aade5fbcadb78e64c64c32b17f4cafb191f7fb485a6186ec0eca6f67b2b975dd9b7c7d8a1c9d2eb90e88a1a1bd7 742012b4c916d6b2cc6c178a61608168b04c5471cdf9b91d37b42d2448e68463ce8ed5ee0132d62069a8870b2e89fa89dcbc ad0f8d9315f05be4816f82d8624b7132beee962592069695aad9f0d539d32a3e48a37777539a1d96238e9e18b562796ebfc9 5fee9ede49a7315e934415289c1e3a26ab328479d30c878359aaa5002be801cf4d370e396d4752f54393b4c2b95a36876590 b68938391cf2d50e76efb78b360feb573ea81403aea0a6c7690608cd37e6d7a9bfff7a979d41ae14d753a69410af8f45e32b 7505560d5681b892b6b2843b833b6351624065dcc59ac6c7d33a84da76170833b90eb194bd400cac2af8e8796b4472aaa044 b4d41462edf96c479c0d87a8f040ec5974c566c1191de4861e6ec92c29ed7befa0164233aa873800adc85523452dbc787c5c 5251c1d8c34ce91d5b7aaaee5fc4cc000083b84a697acf9d9d3a763ef3fe5337f46a46b6222d1bdee4505364b33180b5a9d9 f682a8c6a61521100864577e09aafbbcd7cff1af0f2319b01bc06783b44dbe698e6bb06ea186004612adb977fe6e9a1cbbfa e4bba58a690702c11cc8a11aa9d6c1cda27ca22a0d949cad09584cad76edf5c10daa6ee2881dd892272adb2615f6ecd1edc9 3d8ff433f44866e798321e473065f395a0a8ac586c691d070233107181a6fe2eee7eaab692fbf1c10109c62bc28cda2e9968 82de812bb0311230a8489fc1eb5bfcc225478f0e89981a8412ca59cc345299698db27a6212af99ac75ce8605a92a5f9abef8 9b39e727a925019fc2d4dcbbf0e4b3850b0e4c7b521453e9eb9694a42d46d2c0ec4d591019bf0abb898e0b0959954f253cf5 ef5ea717779dd2e791b963ea159c2df7a2f65c20824634e67d6c7014a3c4880e07a938ea992f570f6906b44ac1035c168832 996935aa5a3d4950c34a13b350deadadfde2d1474a0a1316ac2ed5f854a0ad7dfaab7bcbcfeff18ae1f2eb57ceec4f21b723 362e849536c99827386c9e42558d56557aab6a38f7dcafe5a907ae03a084b311c6ce4a065896b070041cd464738c62c5b4c8 51e7fcd93794f64d6a9491530e608841924d038faacae14982844976fc193882a58f7efa89f242012c410ec0a72c551ff1d7 9b1cd77b9ba2eacf1d9a3a3c965075a2a9a0064347ed1815d8962e6986b96f7e237fcbbbe73cd9f4c7bb68de3e5bcd8258bb 6df78ac37695b08ebd49c080206aa385852daabceca13b174c34453d03a48f63c3e5aed4547840530f4c06cc160eac016d92 6d1cbfb5f0e7d38741b8717804cc4ba4891fdf7bac7751cea94c02ddb4e3e3ce924881df8074ac7b6b654746d9b0830efe6e ac1ad8949eb7f9de96ddc3769e78c84c21862b59d6fadfdc59083011f892c688337e65e82153baefdcc79772c75c4a3cdee1 1c1f000b4e16ef35b403536589d18e704f838779b7ae6feffcd7ec66838aa98031019dbff1c307f3f32f769dd40d7ffcdec3 1205584d1d59ac8212726fccc6eb6071889e291dff8dfce4d7abf70f2dbcfa0a05c04f76a6df71da67269d2c26017687d898 9ef1e4858d5ef0c9c4978f8f499b69802984d31c47328c74f15e8c0e4e57650f3285c6c6085d9d2632337b9e3945a42a7838 a11a2531fac59457ee2a1a9b94e996b7762ebf3a2101da029289438496ad33b0700a09bf65e5b7ab321fdeb47a73ee9ce81b 3ab05d279c39b549bb6421dc60f3ab00cc1d8cf50b6f77b4f8dabe33efea08f99ca41d8f9328280d470a4fe9f1e878816a6d 5b250c873769736c50d55657206c8a830d0bb956e2e8bfc775eb725da63532f9c4c68a0f1ba862243dcd9258d90664a48647 64a04d585970f4c07e71f2e8bf1eef34fdca266609ed755faf6d9b88017c2320d851287c2cb0327d3fb368fa85c1fff9b230 1258c4972c4ef31d17e98d853c89d58ed2803cdae1601ffc7a934ca5fedb333e4d6a18315c0cba5453432bb8fcfc73e49a37 4fbc5135434c7edc44b50ca58615c00769608b926b79adb4a52ab5a7f664d1c4d60323ee7a9cfa6ce43bb4fbec746a387809 b7778140ab945aa61fc8037f88c8c1fad279af0d5560c102cfe62cd774905457d29269fc67b096c14698df4ca315d3440b3f e528e04b36d9e8002507288f515c6a91efee31fdf3cfc7fcf347d5ee44d1c40d2ad6641b840b74caabf17b26a4fcc09a7ecb 8757a456e694ac9f316bc1e446023ccac98e047a2143f703caa67c1c36e74c2891a99b1ab857929dad3d07df30509310c84a 38c7d61c536ee81fd312df0c22228148abb3fd39341ac89256fe68caa709eaa613d9722d12758d449fe52e2c2ccd5f7262f9 63da940797ec4fcbbc4c198d8b0691c54bc7b744856dc37efa62e0be8a8bdfdafdcec482827d060252106ed501aed95e5ecd d6925c8a3d835035d1679ba648dbfb2dbaa84f46d2212d61ce212ae0f0d62192135f569086246f681026e1510054c7138bcb feb4233488315f3281f8eb692a997479f7c241e32fe87bd5968147de99f9cf945a8a1a183dc154f8ef7bc9cb156bdb45db87 2f5e7eff13dbfff5d8739df36e8c4948a7edb35aed13976cda97b9288560e8799a7bf65a5e92b6e52fbc333765b1ed7b16a0 6d0d7e3f3924a226ae1b7d44d1590508803820ea13e494be6fe4e0834800ae23fb96cc2b0057e2cdc9137f542e7d6be862ae c7d8fb3657cf6a5e7debab3c908e8c4d51d3d2d8ca9d7c72eaf5d73e347ac465af34af99d8ff82e57b8ca8a5fab86d4b44fb 34be4f83ec1e3e5019463ebae769515736759bbdbc20a16bd8351cce702171b8a9fe8d82f1d0dd3b34c5c8a666d3aabd655c 97eefdaebc7fb69b3e998070c4263a20454647f6281a5a9677d60f9be714f5cbe97cc73fa3b7ffb3e7dc538d326d4ee9339a 465daa66eedc397573dfa9339fb8efb5f76bf8981d50d5d6003cb044118e06b28a0b90a800820628ccd500d5fbef3d3023a1 e0c3432fbfaa3095d658d994d33c08116ea2b8a545bcffa93582ceaa8da62e0b7f0fcd1d70e7eeb3f3bad44d985626d9a666 7b36685395b69d57f4c1a693773d2cec9c30fdc79cd24ea74dffeaf6eb6fac35a2f4d40d4f8cfe33756ad77b854ff71cd144 9a784b8cf966d0ea51dda50edbb564dad93972b0338db009291fa234044c471dfae98844ca6d1e336b6491960a20a8eb1c02 64955195b283229a72c5fd1139dea21ec7ad27ef2fef7efe2f9afef948aee489454375c004ac08a52343ab4bfe70f6e257ae ba65de35f54d4d0d5f3cc29d3ef79bb7d68dfe4b78addf4b95dbd235bf97772e3ab37cc981c64c3ad06503b35115b65fc764 1b6bb27bf33cf04d36b9aeeb96ef23a498ae0a387e87133f5636f0a1fe0daacf0758e14c0f4092da5c59dd60ce9b36f5e7b7 3e7fe7a1c8e11fa6f4e93e797770486b9c50d4e3cbe68b5b92940d6eb0fa0d7847ecb77f3ff1d8073f374aa963c957fb158e 1c3ca1ebf4de0b2f1c97f7e2e78d5f2e9fd187ebd4abb8f3909b8e0a34e10353d00c9b6d9b6a938c915156990e6b9a864d6d ddd44c5be93baa7247ca8d4d58f262494c9245cbd73936fb84cda60b7ec6d515677265951dc7f72bec515036e1ed16502925 cd9bee297be7f8c36ca41b85a3b8aa954abbe9560086522632247ff57befac69d935a868e9735db84eddfaf7caefbeefe86f 979c33a2b46fe5f8b3344d61f4836df60033cf6e4f0add00821bf87238436feaacc92be6968f8a46dd8339175fc5f1414075 cbe27c9da8a627bf786dff71551567f43954fbe3961dadfffaa6563234459715ea9e282ca8e91517da39924b3d5d2744d30c 35bab0d7849b0f7c77c38d5774cf7b78599f5193ceffebc9dce248b4b596362722279bf63a2cc0b77589b2bb9208c1ed4d19 c6f05921def00074a47a8c1cb08f579489f9570d9555494b482ee72196edf1aa612b460ebb6cc00688d65155619b5fe0aaba 497925b5a17ce0f41a250b724c332a0544a214d8904a955804c230465274ff917f62526be2b9d15f1656d6d6027fa5beac53 8b067cb876ac1243b27b83b23b203cb66138dc7e437040e021cf1c75d38f2dbc3c7458d5ec960c210105266cf90ed2e587df a9db51fcec4dfb03cd5669ab6ea9129523d814a863251eef7b2d56c238094b437c9bf918e46192a6584dfab6a28b880098a0 8a15fdef9c21dc069182f020b79706a5916cc3272c5066fb52d99d146cc732bb9e6bf9c0a45a3b8c7e731fc50d154b16dc98 f4a9a127206fda5660e8f2f96aab33fbaa87b04cf5940cc2f9548384609b7e92a662bf0eda22596d53cb6920aabe267a5807 00815c6ae1404614be8e47a91a552dc5d1a890093c2789a90cd934cce06c6b8ec3c26a5b626f9b2a6690c383c482f4d819b9 23bfa735b5132a1ebbe02030174a31471c898d264e104c6162fff76d0b6e67520b0186a69ea203add17d57ed7f81c51a3761 fd9fb81e3258bfcb223c852c0aa8ddc73e55a84de17b5307864d05ac0b1e55a9aebad9d0ea06ac3b1526f0ec2bdc55ce1cc2 d30d0519898e1dae3dd16ca5f2c6bd37f600843f59449cede810f1cc19a225cfc83f14b7b36d24860370b8878aca8446be2c aff62448305466f5018fad43b843965dde40218e65e57d6228029b76f4a84774cbf3d9750cd7b35891117eecf96c3758b841 312cf186d3c42a15e12f5438abfb2aca370d2a79f39aba3475c1f239cb52c0af85f171433d77405d3a5478e83e38a45b36ca 24f70a8727bdc4037acc888215167ed94e793bdc3113966659d3352c0a584861b54726027b42b6722a8b4a5ee0b9d94d3b5e 686fe093d9f619ab26db81e4db83becadbdd609d2cbb65f58b474063108039622b86a6c787b76ae2ecca16c9cc56acd94900 ac33c2e6795a2eba94d6cd6a3025d1f12835b28b60f820b61bb8617e665db33082021bcc6e4f76590d36ecc6aa906bc31d86 24bb8539dcf3481cd603cc863704812ed5fceab2aa17136aedf90597bdf917c5ba2f5b9c0bd0c93012c3935a74745e23e331 61730e3b261020885a0953a2733f4dfef18b887cca6b7ab8bf18c207b31a3630148639d3d0c39211ab2033c004daa1e16106 e1166ec661cdb0b5083a636dc6ecd878b638ad6136deabfd3aa7df3924385276f9f93f1e68c508000867bb3a98537a54c668 1d92d388b21ba9191b369169a82ab85d8d185df2ddc5bf003046983a595a19ee983415596fabb5b31242b65d47da568b4906 3f617bac01a7b39ea40d8b4c5846f0d86edeb6597b4c0cec820f56e676ecdba86d98396dde8ae38d9eec9b90d14d19ae9e1e 15b73263f25a0d9d64773ad904817a54cd2051d9360f8eecff766de0283848b65171826ccf923292d16e4fcc2958892ebb85 1dc468df0c0cfa67cc8fed530e5cac33c9d8d61c2b5b0427c8c59e2246cabae58d15f8edddc75f36790fa299403638158926 93ac014be3f2a3866266878019103058f30d80aa8751624dc5d96bb00b2a446d5be5119b7f90143d9c1a6205f870cd605521 a5218bb4f53959550d52a6a6338d0293635d7ed632659b28c2c8ebf06cb29eb8fb06fff66f21bd63d0e5efdfb15b5705d772 380827600199d13528333ca719a910f654453309867bb267550408018693d9dc7fc8d71a6a01d3d3d8006d58a265dc949735 c4168bd5c2d8ee3e531144b663c8609b3fc19fd890b729cb282c1381f90335619b6e7d36d5c63abb10a3d50ca2914da3d6c6 62ff0cc87fe28d8d094c1511ec0c0c1d9e7e5894f0b9791109280302e15ccda031a47aaa8b6cc85e2a68e197e103a3b2aa61 1d32ba0f7cd4a78e2c61cfa1928b0299f80aa59e08827bb20e4b6d52c5f64544218fb0734534c8a18a4d55d59103ddc00adb a5e699324df9d9d3274cd4d279fc0ea1b674e8eac796f232b6559d833088615986c61dbe4f4154060b8254eefa06a529d336 449b6d7c3640274ddec6aa0f3c0b9c407628d190640148a28a1eb3cc40815b6910e11c66f32a6f78bae6509755f94c19f19a a43986a780efb8e018015c81ea90b279a00e06154374043ef267ff01ffe50f8d9bbff6d9c52290362b000ff02d0855c35bcc 649fa2a4423c5b26464231605d35c89b61558ca11f1a458dd79efd0f32b1a04108a490d914b659df069c233986aefa7a5a06 295d15c2164422194811b53570511a50aaf2d47621385a1a4debf05c0026294981e6ac70f32448b6915f3ebb6e67c165bb3f 9e27204d72329ca63b1656a561b54a2cb73403d4092e640a016bbbb79aba253062c176958110b4f15f635e23a9c00244e979 12f178c55304590114474db84be0006706a68a3450aaea13c8a9a2e32323cd1348a5a06195a564208e1675999e7f58d160d0 10ac01e05dbdedba01e9ed7d1fd8bb766e9a00e717380b08b18dc4010d2853d45f444ec6b741502305293a61186c8f85aa5b 103c11710d97bc30b2c62049c1c182254aec8c1955503ca219609006e3f26031baa3a6896fc2f7c80e02306187cdf1e1c009 2011408c823c4aa9ec1ac1a7bd7b6b70a56c8bc35abfed9391f10323d63ef5caa5ac7a86d93e141b3b46a65fc445fd070a2a c19e2403740007f06c0fa50d12f6ed1d5ba129d912f5d5f7c9811b080e117d1761296d81224455f50193653c5803cdc19a0b 4fc423d3b3455e37c5ba484a169a12f5b602aa750082f09ac34b8672657e4141330ac2a15810efef373e1b99d998f37de9f9 370b0844723996671c24569ec27a45455c3429b57da5a6a935bab7a6ae85825f9be16902f0580ce6b8e28ddfc623cd6c9379 6b528c6ad4109abdc06c91a24dd4f26c73edd70d810168d3fce0504b34033195ae5e32bcb47fbf6e7d2e8906164a5192b005 a6decd83461575bd268ab56c8a30eda60bdfa86a8d4e1acd15dc11c71af20827320865e8a3f7f07c515173da9081e47d38a6 5751bf827ea50b62ac4262865b416d2fe36a2f344ba94bef193da926a1b62e281d36f243f5cfcb9f8b34be397ec294470d95 d0139373be050164dc3026a7a4e0d2035e3a735b31d76bd2a43eddab12480ce4d64f5e3b180f52a6b5a05759976929833503 b2b1d91a7edda8f84f93df2aeb726bbd67201b71e064ae234407d76b72c9203022c0da89077373b9ae5ce72e0b5334d22289 8aa53a9ac453ebd4989949fae7b6d7b96b6b5b6fc9ef70f39124bebd577ecd8dfd7b0efe2d990ab0f04cd76e937944324eba 779f7e670c2c5e9c527ec8e75e5bf1c8dddc8c930eafbe9f3baab06c7e3d46a2587c46ef13a6ea888cb8b3490a73d780bbe5 57f2373df4ead2939e40533a075943c7427a54bd26f61f1873c0c74cf220c7f5ecd6a763ef7fa75a7e5afdea9a9dcd004fc1 f2c4f9670ffbfa04fff8fac282e8c3b93923fed182f8d2e29c1b8bb8b25d568a0a42eb1ceecc332d8550d52e3db3efbc4e7d ba0535aff6c8add11a3e2f38cf8ed3838b7a76bfba20774f8cd0868b3b95be69286ab8f9808195a87aeb8591755d576e7bf1 733e26ab80b6c33d8b9234b1564f0f2e87002dc829e17aaeebbfa47f77e9787343b733fb725cbf4b4d59cbd0f49e825edc19 91c49ff33f2e2ecb2f793466a1c3ee137da79d31754b8d1ff32334da94f3eb7b45470415d726fbdccb479677c93d4a9e282c ac33b4e477a75216b9b468684375df3e152dd4a5d5ddcfec8312aaa4860312e007c72fbd176dfb881b9cfb6232e30047e23c ac6660a1279f3412838b6417b889ad5dd9b7640fff56affedfbccf71a795e5752daaf6096dda36bac78a92aa61cd8dbb370d 2f1b73501724e06e733be496ad69b6643b63c9e967cbf7d7944cad05ea53dfe7e3e4d1299d8756a3f37b96d6a7e3964be849 ef9aae6f27a405575db92706e9f826aefb834692ca9a11ceb7d185790f9aad85cbc65efd6e5d2669183a1798525295a5aaa3 46b2bc2c052c4ad593671574dbc293446d7539b7b06ee7e5677251516dc4837aded7f4c3dc51f1b470ede471d374477092f1 a6f9bdba16e69cbf31022c21b567f60589e815dd0fd388bab7c7a4b33eecc98d4844879c5620520b6c3cad6b9f8eb9a52952 d0a3e228045d756b4571912047253d9cd7329bc7bdbeb8f1f0f93db8aa679290e5932a6749c9a82cf1a30ee9e9fc2929d550 0d9d9f347e6c9c2a89f4ae31dc9c86e44f3dce48ea6ae6656ed889e0e08d8be334f317d7674463146582b8389debfaf1f47e 833eafd304e98fc2e5ad07ee1ff78dad1a35455cd7413d877c9c4c8e38b34fcac21202dcadd496f6fdf5272ea75bd4d068ec fd8abe8b0e522287db970d5398b9fb1ea5a14fa77e3d9e4da929503b6708899826a7861c52f8de370294705d2191573c2226 3a8e9228edd0f1eab77ae771b17aa1a6a478514cd50537c32b644c8721d540aa225499717a41aab9797aa595b6f7e575291c d06538d7ff1f24eeef58b2a1b1c173a4647e877280c60284325bf15fedd1a1e48c82af7557ff6c506ec91b498bed0bb20c06 bba4c99f2d36beccb96946ce0702402bc01a44cda4816a0f3c240abd9f82a4ab62c9ea9333b8c904f38bbd7546e7d37a7179 5f4c3e7e6468b7f92791e5c98a45257e2e3727218929240b930bcf4c1852ea2ec133e69f3650385e77646aee4691dfd9a32a 9a56cdb417cbe34a4cdd05ac0b685853ee1f33f4ad468d6670ebfcce5dab6495a44d8ce47446b5ace76f5a91aac92bebd0f5 9506d6225739082582148f0cbaf3a096b3ce964d2a294d73cf18c2dba21ff36a26e6749b35fb9363f30f5f735ae1d1981000 853732be785fe779119e62800b7d7b74716dc59155e944a782d529a2685b7a4f75e2eb3bcd3908915d345bf27b57f81ee031 76c209f048b6699e9ddae226ba95707737525541892f3b3dade95273d5607367ff3ef98fbc1731bc04b538df8184cc278677 5bf841cf1d463d8d66a852dc6938780f69c6b43ad1d4eac74cf9ca3ec57f51ea1b9aa88834ea4eedd6ed1b5f53b1a04ee85a d29876241a314b72b688c048a83237b7497a8aebbb1d1811094e95e58eca10841576a651e0990ab37897f55322cb734baa4e 292af6dfeebab085c8911fa6abf5e775fef38917322a2431ccce8a50f57474f0f4832d038e266923e50db57bee987d29762c 972d7b0af6e2ce5b434e2be763a200704b564c5799585e3a300e2c040bf95d7b0b76d02cd168fee0169a12a9a8be3d6a7fe6 b2eeb34f504bb7cc837dfa5e19a5ec5c34569202dc8ed83177ac2fa09f7ab0e70c2190a85673d5da0851921b46b4d6ccedd1 eff5fd27342a43a4650785a1746cc8358db543fe4e27a8019871fcd41561054291504a50249ad9f0ea07dba8a12454597568 226a34ff71fdd5db293b0ae1f229b35a3280be32e2e2ad7603b5d8e8d877cda927aeff53b34cc8692d0f3fbed57080eab3c9 1c36a761658fde7380f81c9fb808302480baa845d3874ac65daa5a55dcf4ae4f7b7a0623939dcc663aaa382e77fb7965c79c 082c4b9cc6139ee613996d38d45481b628901a6883c47b8e1ba004f5681aa1a6075a1d5fa0716a29540386198f4bbea3f92a 10e7346248c7e6f500214f8d5247919cb6f146d7cd1e20024834ad51cdb76149283bbf8b3fbbe2ee87e387e717e4563c5caf 4869c7e440cb007f954977e4f49e5a6f04f5c9e42e48ea24504ccb07549910d34e34f1e036416e1592346d48a2681a87eaf6 d5d02b0f53964e653d63a6ac942682adc58d1432a897d44ca034c0f32ca4d954f1b1093039ec4fb0d183ecf919ec60ab74c6 6aa5260bab5e064f7974d3503d716e01c74d8d510ab9940376291a8a36f5d95b06f6683a9eda30ae72d81b0d14f005c1b2e6 78d402816eeb7c7553125bf028c01ef903d1e5d34a2ff9fba5f5866818b2e72a1fae6fd9f4f643a7b4666a3503e0d718f836 411a077eac1a8a1258446dc6e15c24c3fcd939350222539d265cd163633ac67339ab06a7d3c3e77529189b6c15b18f3908c0 2a31ed39db56548e9c34a7a880ebdab974013b95ce30459b4aaae1440e8e1c7fb25e688e1eff64e78eea6923ca875fdc6b64 6ef7c55709968734933753eac5a3fb96569db293124180ad7dd701404d5ce2f816806c19ae426cc36a3b1bd00a4fcdc33449 15e2ca14288ac38b0a6ebeac734f21f1d475454b16ea4956c2e53075c14b13df2ee830f6a21ceef42e9d0ac7f62adb1f5393 f49863b96a94a7277feb5aed1cfaf082dd232e9999dba374f1431f6f6ed93b2e676c0fc310322e6b136842ace1e4fbf39f6a 06f40f7088377dc50ed859668e8b54c3b21cdfd659272c3c8430dc0561b1d3b9103bcac30cd8113e445136dcda352ade3df3 9c9039368b000019d249444154a22a99ed910ea3868e03f570ee695cb7dc9c5726cf7cfa8657ab96ef99d0d07cd06ec0d875 92f4e0e02e0515f9773f36e0f2b1db07b6a04424a605277efc32ba3541fd94935d1de03287e6e53eb0affad0d1034d810541 95156d2c1bf81b3b79c13615253cd4ce20d933199d76c910b80c022e0580785263cb93f3a6753c578e69693fc139acc36e9a 6ad733bb71e543472fbee2fa97ee5f33e6c63e474fde782c1351153716b5d7cf7a61e0cb97be31e19a733e9fdb988ea56d78 c4a81d59908028c3b032b0478f8f919fcf2b2f3ba7f7988adbe2202f9b2b847b1b267025369ac286bfc3095c76a680c93a28 0885e761e90ad11dc9adc389e1f5e90f20ef4d39a5ca54e0413215b33ed808aedb12aef4fa356f3cf0f89bbf8ced5ebe7079 e7b58fbcf0ee71367a21f1cd7faf1ffb6ecfc10b1f9a94c828a207c18497cc9fae685490a90abcac23648a6ed0f8e4802143 a7e594264d22b2731375c4a6b86c5d94758355b118cfc99ee20752e2b01267523655634b804fa2fda3ea2723fb76194b8816 0812e44d786ad3120676e4fa709db99f27ce993fe68aa5670cbe877ba6aa7bafe2a9b5461c35d8e2967bf2960d9f79d38aa1 2a6feb0951657d102dfe21bb039bd6416a06b5c8544dc65a8fbfddb7da6627d3b91e28cc56b10529cd0867a7c12215c760b3 0a2666157736b544641b134a95344ae6efa87b238feb50d664c8c834383659ae512a3cd38b2b999153f1e10d237b9d7bf65d bd9ef9e56ae5dbe507cb3b2d1851f515959aece7b98e391545233af2cd99c0363c4f4b11f0129d3d31331c9d1099221ec8b0 d330f8854486d5a33c4c80e84124679b07c3dd0306d281a731ca6f65cf768290a75848c7f81bc83e95dbcc9f87e5bf71e309 6af01ae12c87dd88a254613ec7719d2e2ce23a7067706f162f7efac881cd1b07737d9fab9c5e2f51e5d48b058372b971dd6a c466c81d14328e4a4dd5d2355565968c7480131987c6b04696cd8d6b86cd6a7090596d2fbb278655fac20917a4596c98b0fd 084026a02c26ce4fdb8991ebf98ffbf52b58144b037992219e791e8227ceec3daf47cf33fbe7725c5fae77ef877a76c8eb38 b44fbff977fd3e6df4f86b780578786dfcb50b07943c2522c5b52822547208153732efb2d93166328475ab8506a2b1b610f0 32016a6fda2e0a0f94b54c259c4e63f56f5db57cdf75b3337e20996306ae259726b5f4c28d8def9c55daeb2c51f47cc1e208 3b4d85202588d823bb735d7b95e7f6860c915fd0a9b8ffdd5fac6f3879bcf9d8894d4d293d914c64a4f8dec5bd3ee02d4abc c00517d30c07208d6e78bee33bacc1ce8e4c0ddc2385cb208fb1930180a44350047b7348366fda56f6dc29e609a64dc03d1d 95f094b49e97b6a43f5f8f7dd773d6e52ba3ae086bc2858566021892d6aa4b075edfd2aa1e79f1929bee9fd6bb2797537c46 17ae67dfdc9cd38b060d7dd6c9f07fdd53741d5772e1ef8a29cb18e010dc4655794fa70ae850f7a3224d994e4648978d5512 66f61438902f3c27c1c86e3972c263df5836084fcf606d2c4a03477d6ba5f8c2f3afcf8f9fe89b77fa176692b2d39fbc70ff 012bdcbba9e6617f1949cf136a63cade771f185e94db31bf7bcf1ef9dd7af4eed777c043b58dc3bae44fecccf59c0458d272 0ccc664b0dda4ac181523e243fdb4a3a1a73d411dde3191088f530082be8b263fbda4f170babef6d718d4d3a6157d7a3c937 57c43b0e6c1c9dd90eea58959650da61531156583f752972a553ba459594ab3589ba291dafdef29f6597f4cbabec91d7b107 b0f612aeef90bcf2cee33bf4f8cef521bcd3c030884eb1247914e081490cb6b90405aeba34671deb4e84676e31c95821339c 09f5db2473db4ed3647d3bc8ffae5ddd6f4731d7afa47547d1c4f3de4850075c9c63555c1f20b79c619b47b0e79a02313286 ae689269a4134de9a3bbdf7d626e55af3ee0b195834e3b8debc79d39720b4e7904491a0d92c7144845224dc81935adb04340 655edd347a7e5c0fe783d98a91f00c9376c96c921dbfb7da8ee50568628bea9eca2195830b0b1a7fcd1bd6fd0501c0956473 6c0f5c0061c7740c5638c512867f755d48494678155382949748351cf8fa82919d2ab99e1dfa76eac88d5b0da03ca034b222 a7645422aea935ff7ee49049016566244317d467f23e90355829e6226070ec8cb2f6d50ccf460550cb0eba61a3de8edfe408 e4bf7fd636eddadfade9e8ac6eb90fc694a4a7202eec8680b25280d31c0823be9554d418db84c4ba6e08234db505a4698a77 e4fb71b95c97ce937a5f382867d8318d180256de2bebcafda9c999cbfb175c79544c583cca801eadea21737899853ce49a86 6d496c14b0cd0398649eef7b6c83083b0d45a03c8d9e5cbef958d337b795fc56bfb0f4ac27e2341db07846b2fd23e4b96eda 573d99ad88e9b1d3c074233c24470962ffafa86b0dafa2bada4314410221401014120211088400028a0115111054504b447c 50aa5041450a7c501154b45a15d4aa9fa888824fb9542cda6215ac372e955b114409102ee124e724e77ee6ccec99d973bfed 6fad99a4df1fc893e7e4cc9e99bdd77ad75eeffb6e9aa7093ecfea2777bcbcb0ebe867370ce936e950d2a4a6f44e8f8e1d0b cfd6edeec85dd671c2ce969c96d5352863b335a5199e5ae8f343a9a9a633aad51635fe3b3217f59296aa0a5ffd79da88ea2e 735fd874e0b96d756f56b67ba31980141538ec46faa1a124eee1292ad4e91a8428daea65a318ae454542556caa9ddab074eb 13dddbf77ee4ead2921d4d349f2a2d2928e850fa872bdb73455dfb940c3995cf661c620aec8bd2d71a30c0e1aeac4c201fb9 c822f15ccb44d351ec5f230651d0cff4d7d1575c3fbaf68bf39f1d7db5e64443cf6e4bee4a67103372e86d8c1dbf404c839c 0c49c61d77c8c4b88a0c188e8c1b49d4d089ec3b6226229d78b908964197929bcef19b3a5df6a71e9d86151714afdbd377c5 925b7af4fa31e20a5488b2cd7d37897a52912c4d16b0c474651c11f633034f3bdb5691800a0f831737f7e4aeb963d894871e 3e5dfd61842bef3ad6b2a3312673adbc7e530ea4ca281e51288abc042db097531c3993263a945116c5268126a6ea4ff4ebd0 eeaaa261fdd6bdd1bde70791d7b9aea5dda756cdfa6cd28b9baeed7af3f60b8aacd3a69f3b8dfb39eb24cfe56422880a0c06 7b59e812d64a1175d05810dea666e5668eef3f7aedbe33278fbf33ecdb1f0656765f96210e143e5ca0b70c1d466d838abca6 6aaa025fd3a67c71955c56360c2a60074f11950ce5d9fede1d38aeb85d61419777e23132e3daa72ef52f5c3cfdc9750fbc71 7361d1ee68d2c89064ef292c06b007371595c0d3566bd502ea8109bb8b1d479c28a429bee6bd8f3f494722d15bbf6b39b9a1 b2cf8a66003044e5027d2f76c7b14cd564828d2a6cc601e0442415604f2df073253c80798fc92d24d930a6b2a4dfa0b2999f 4219ee254f6b447ebbea9a7515357fb9fdce8d2515df888465fadd74362f9b9e12346651da1c5ae0b65a8ee3cf489c346521 9edb58fdecefa62dfc68b8f0cef2dd233b8f5e9977c42443ffb3904711a86af1ef820e3a6a244c45c6ddf5604541c9e82a82 a20852da6429274fb344569a3d37c39a1de2394434b5f70754cdb86ff17bafccde51b2e4286bb9fa8a526a4b22a0593d9051 84ae9281a96b18fd914300b3c5cfd7b45b34e2ba89030715dd68d2b74aba2ddca34bbe89ee0246683e1e6a7d212ae29ac46d c000f1850ec358282a5620ee73685a75094b5a2c926702c9239b9540dd98d7f4f7fbf7fedb83c357d4aedf5cbc605b6375d7 f62713a6e7e0f4459591d5668e1f30f5502de906deb56972f0f992e201c58f6d7ba16ffed273054f4efcc651d292a8a3aa28 2850dd807eaf1b808e01aed90849d1f340d250c28dfb11aea92844840c41284bba16cfe0824cb2e1853134eb3173f4e89ab2 a235536ed8503ceffe6ef76c2c68ffb6ee077a292d4466215dcf0c6d6e2df4d9d4f0f6497c7dedbe7cbfda9a4ea5ff34ce7d b1b7f8b3bc4698a47300f01c5b0730e2a1905c26c82f0afcd883a1c237029a863184bec946c87046be46db65f0cde0339098 6db5acecd1a978e5e4e77b6efd6e560957faad26aabeaf6363d9407338d7854009d102518aa0a0531cfcd63b3d8debd06d58 f76933bfde529ca95f5f5ef865c2161d45e2309d5910ae828919163881064737436bc7c0d31047d6ca97090aed90af18a086 9003615bc8a291cce3cbaeed785be5f55bfa94dfcf15549d4ebb59f448b4b0a64534878d69543bc3f3d703677ad348367f37 ad577d5daf218f6f8a27e3c7fecacd9d9b953cc8b3b81704235390dd8d2c442be4a004d53e2c4b89a01db6193827873eef8e 898c04dd0a66265c23a4edda16932c40efecc886ea8a9b475474ee3dbadfd4615fe7182c5b59e445ddc335aa1015a924787e 43282cc0e30aeebab54bbba53b3afff3d27912b910ab281cbc1a3013401e2ef44f3650ec1b30c9514212105de0b78ac8e7da fcd15a299d00b65419c29d194627cbb30379908d26facce5a194b9f0fb311d8abb701d0b7a2e1ab63fe1006e0100a6bba6ed 4116847c63400d67ea48af0af660f2675f9e545d3d7ee8d1535bfebee1d9695c49e726c03c4c87b789aa11c02281ecd808b8 2a38e9f19d52220862ebc8ed369d499b89b316dcb5f95f815c0bb352508299064967eabe9857d4beb033d7abe79f733e5aee 913c3a8c6b7818045ccff334d50e3c9a21b627229ff7df7776cf6583478d7ffdc0226e78f7ada6adb896a8721e4630132d7d 036fe6509504cf04c911e8e1855eebe8aa1bc8a7f195044b04aa4c035608a4fb709619baccdc4cce315382c4044361ab3bad 9c505e53de77ee2f19b8bcedc3675402153d0e100faec07330d0f742da39a047f7a28251c7ea8e1c5f35816b5fbed4234470 89ae72ccc24f18c1230b50b7833c0fcd9014e4359a0e24041b636fc8250c232f9233640c939216b2b8501f472c46b1bdce9c 8b2c2d0ad58386ddb7f8c5472bd76d3e98b5e46c5630191224e0610439a65527ae9029155557772e1b73e6e21fee28ab2cb9 a23a96d48921e67dc2f9261a3b84693d5431da815a36103a055629580585fa399c7ca1f502d45a9a89fb21e1991f900b512d 8eda65c2f22ef574726aee5553a74f1ef0cc9c01d7d43ebdec85cf761e4bc9687699d7b14a375b318c22c74f1e8a755ff9bd fc51b7aeb70eb8a19aa73c355c859830cf70dd69b455770cd99c2a817d51607627e4b241930f1e283687f07dc2ba0c184dc1 2916e8f312cad54391143af8b5facbc6ebb69717dcf060875123562fbd6f225732b4e02594d1d83919d11e49b4284ac3c54b 4dc2f9f27ef54f9f8e3db5710037f578d2488900d3719ba89143069c0e77137a8a40f842ed2d4022340ac0b82505526533f0 39c5912938f5d0afc509039b1b9e8961863ca6d0ff266030f1bab07e42f9806b26735c9f7685edb9ab760a31556c224dfbde 5bfa9b9aa1638a7b97f5ed36315a59b620ddb2ea96f6edeefff8989787f246a2a89f32e06d22ff5c91d1c6d7d1a8e105dbbb 3016c02ea87cb2894cc31862851b11384cbc7e48a0d4b4c030dbb6da0e0db1b5b63349b4a89938fb3f558555657dcbfa0d2c 289d73a4eefbd3bffe38a6b26f49d1955776ee7e25f7586f6ef8a57ebbd7a6bf1a7779f1a883664ccdca1064d4a076973908 32c81076f550e6638763404f4664fd2848d00ae5a36dc7b3e8e1e9065ee80f6e849a175d0b2858daff3ba312e632c349f22d b1c8f9a77b762de00a2a7a15f6eed9a7777151498f4e5774e2ba76e17a1695252aa79efbf8b71d4b46fd60f10d8e9a2648b4 87406048e8150179d065a163aed1b6d10b181c5659e0cc12da0b98ad4a5ba4700539b9d52b3bf456360d27e805ea6da61626 a37c92f18419ae7ad76503b8819d0a3b772c2aee50dcaea078c8b8095366ec7bbf5fa7ab56fdede3dbee3854fe50c93d918c 1091999e490723c33d490e8a13fc7a78953285825f09788ef8d62cd7473262a0aed283ff03e110eedf04f5a2d92a0e451236 cc3516be53b3cd5f16aad91c936d2a1b693971b23976a6a5f96234d11297f2828ca0596b6a1e7f7961c535836b86f6efb7e6 5751e11b0da258ba0c352aeee3520e3dfb3d14fb0421d5d45a47a605eaba9011dda64a0e9e0d1aa3382185cc0c09e256e0ce 8ed4c6566f127cb95493d1c6d1b459ce801a8da5655797886c05d91896bdcc98fb5355e900aebc57a7f2f9a203532be129b6 9185701c38d0108e793e6e2cd8adba323b3c2449d7f185e17351c3896586b636269e4c80339286a5968264b4c0f2bff54417 2d3c55822a22539d66573572b8c044981c1a09fa62126e797b8eac3b543f7160fed4b9d367efd2213f1b76b3254305879516 3aacba5cab1d8bcb78e6fa4cf115d3977d44aa2233092c0c269a4e96255cd1a794c107f0b003a814159267b6ea410683f40b 7f0b4f97e980de5127a141b968ba02cb98b89d62199441899387f2df66d86a125992e10146aecad00eeda209a050f478a698 9e6cf08a1e9ebae47366e810eed87e9eb108137848d5cccbb10ce37587e57902d944a20c4a6edda292c45cd5840297323482 83029ce89e9a612ce3421dc6588a680af3730220629dc77d188da53442213335b34c238c5850641f8226cb2b920188239e4b a27d84422070931680de8ea70631c2740d4e6bc5819ece90d7ec6b8841348faa69263028e3734c52e0aaaecdb31696d5dd9c c7a48c8f043c5bb5e11b1ccf49eb2cc160294356d7a414b5a820e3d63acb89beef335b8761594c8edbaaeaa3ee1f7507d85b 7661913055603199197696492908596e4c0b47864a79233c0d49676a9365b38ccd64d51359dae1999a872c6841b194a4a20d ebdf11190d38e6aadb84ba1a991848fcd7182f3bf0c914839c669bf07e5d0191b4a535f819cde67d78012991101fae61a765 66f9ac81893e5c0f50b06030c1a539d38d139359325e1d4f05306d8d0b4d9120c94a70d72acf12928e0d4c809f6a366390ba 9614cd322107a830227bb9245124223666919a2d5347137216cd192213d4989a200213058f29b6a3588424121e231ec9d909 d66cbb1e91532e94b35e1e970ff333b20af92b96d6844c334dc10b75a150f4a50cd4634a1015352ee886ea545e78fb8ec615 73968b1766cd7fd28adc3fe3797edccc7bf6cf9b3bfdc97133ced754af6ebe7be663671f993567de6ca1eef9b7d3b3ef6c7a b376ed23773d91e57dc58e8e9e3e6356ed25f6ecd247be741c51d5f2fb173ff1daf3cd0df6dba7b71ec9ce5b30711bb57edc b72779f0228bfde7adefe38e257e751c669a72e25c639c450fbcb9617f446ca64c8a0b440e52afc205750224f1daaabbc5b1 c53bc4c5ffe01f7e23ff8f3155c7568c6d895555fd756ded6e6356d574f5bad2ed0d9f96ce5f72eb9986c937ef7fa5c278ea 9ea583eebfddd6d5063e75cf8ed1ffaeac3bb93cf2466d0c75a8893d1557bf3b696d76efcb47e7ee954e8e1d7a28d6f8cae4 119fd4cc891e9b7070d187a2e6cd7c2aed6a9159f357ad6efe76c2e02dc3ff449d66c0bc787416ee68cb9c847911e2cf37d5 7debcb269d3b5c1dc99d1a9ccc3d77f7b8c38bf8f8a281f1968d26ffafbe7d0e741fd5984d0cde39edf3b8b962f6c2bd1f9e 7ff4f8faeb4edfdda4c20c6d793d36b06151d38b0db1fa3167684ae269667c91f0c2d88b779e970f55e7b3b3ef8e2698b87e c496f14dc9e1df4bb1c7b5ac7cc5a47856c98c8c6f1a19d527554727dcb89b29929a378288ae299483ac69484431bedf55fd c2e2eb7ffd7964267facffbfe9d27343c6af21fcc3d5d9d47a95dfb9aee7bd33ae3fac47af1d3d3d13173f3836ee8e97f468 f4e5cac6e3aaee334395530332e95383d23455b12943a9eba6478cb8fd9623274a137caa426c593955123c293bb4b0de485f 7550666b225add47a5bf4659cbd837effc8ee747f67d74f8aa549441a54db17986aa682e4059aa2c1cdab56ec2823199b395 2733fffb1befc4b24cbeff489edd597ae1d0bb7161fd7bf30b6fed55a7a4aab7cc5bfe0b5d4ea2d7d64856faa5b18dccd664 c966e96f86d5a7328fd637ff70631353694ad7878ccce6257df2ee0b5b4632f9de1be3b5931bf9a76fb4c4a69a55d285852c 3167dfef27a8627c4a66f5eca47457cf96c3a2b964735ef3b02563e2ae3187fd28d726890796ec7c6c4cf7f7c82b1f9dbb79 6ffdb6eb5e4cd78ecb65d70d7bebd5cff5e44de37f3bbe77b77b95b707cfb86de4dee87daf46ee989ace7efd78d976aa42c1 e2d3af1e1e35ef4c537ac9d9676ae3e9b4abd8750387ee62d4fe64c1fe150b9a2f0e19b37dcc70967ab2ec0c53a73c70e9cc 96b33f4d39faccd57ba5ff541cffddf8e54d8306ed1733b989f74114d0102e43de543843a5509a49e9c5cbb71f7e66f55a72 61e3bc5379f55fbb0f26324724ddfe76cd3e55cf7ef16ddd071b7f38aafff453cbd903b1ec9e6d6ae6acc23e39597b5806e0 01e546e4cb5fea73a67064dee14bcc737c33bb69d93bef4af91cfbf2ebe6fd89f777adfd60d78ef491650f6d15ec239f4e5f a8c907b7a6befeecf3dc91e7361f7df3c81f1fbc6543d4d15fdbad24a440b8659881a622f00753f484ad303c4fc78b5a50bc 4698a5facd0014444d84faa9114ace3824012b2b6a181121f54182d0e41cc3224a477373008a10340d17be144a283d9d87fa 07d082231a8a198d5083a5685a8f43eeb4ce2565266b2e7275d2924ecfa9aea2a41841fe0c045a1a9c6ce4699ce52193c370 a809713fe1e7512a6ccab6afd014d4611264625d874c90913de6c05f33dd254203667b088a4c410b370b529a2c121152942b 114b35129a1b67acc530b32c2eabcc172ce638cde8ea60338718701751a63229a702ae031c473c81e7119908487c06e08f28 08f2a609453d1ef26803a2808ad0261ec22915055e59869d54093e0de3cde236400ad2a5898d5a4145c8ab681e5cc7d2547c 66146e38051917aa70c8f086245096c76e461eee80f754e63a0a400fea51a6588c1979f8a75180aca3c9166586c70017e514 2349204e1830d70cce707003049018934dcda196ada80c80adab58aea9b0b481e4218028a2e6c37515a66a19963570b7db8f 3209e00faffb0631cd8c0c5847823c04488fc1cff082894f1d8b8aa6c02e3207cf08737cc8bc2683e980b997997966f89213 6586a0aa79b8792de5f086284878d681adff1f0df6649c1dae705b0000000049454e44ae426082Persian, Grecian, and Roman, Smyrna was renowned for the easy servility with which she flattered every new master. Her most admirable harbour, in modern times has secured her pre-eminent prosperity. She is the ordinary point from which the European traveller starts for the interior. Being thus the seaport of Asia Minor, Smyrna is the most modernized of all the seven. “Along the seashore,” says Svoboda, “is a row of houses among which are seen some flagstaffs of all the foreign consuls, and projecting on the water are a number of cafes. The civilized Turks, Greeks, and Armenians have adopted European manners and dress. The European quarter, which extends all along the seashore to the Point, is the most handsome in appearance, with the finest houses, and is beautifully situated. The Turkish and Jewish quarters, which are the poorest, lie on the slope of Mount Pagus.” Two lines of railway have been constructed during the last few years; the one running to Ephesus and Aidin, (Tralles,) and the other to Magnesia and Cassaba, a distance of sixty miles. The climate and scenery are among the finest in the world, and the soil productive, but badly cultivated. Herodotus was not mistaken when he wrote in his book, (1. s. 142,) “These Ionians, to whom the Panionium belongs, have built their cities under the finest climate in the world with which we are acquainted.” The principal merchants, after our own fashion, reside in suburban villages connected with town by railways. Of the founding of Christianity in that place the New Testament gives us no account, and its growth at the writing of this epistle is an indication of the late date of the Apocalypse. Smyrna is celebrated in early Christian history as the place of the episcopate and martyrdom of Polycarp, the pupil of St. John, the teacher of Irenaeus, who, according to both Irenaeus and Tertullian, was ordained by St. John to the episcopate. He may have been the very angel here addressed by St. John. He was martyred in A.D. 168, and at his death declared that he had served a faithful Lord for eighty-six years, bringing the year of his conversion at A.D. 82. But this epistle was probably written thirteen years after that conversion, namely, in A.D. 95. Polycarp might have been bishop within thirteen years after his conversion, and so may have been the angel of this epistle. We seem to see in the high spiritual tone and martyr air of the epistle some indication of Saint Polycarp. The tomb of Polycarp, overshadowed by a cypress tree, is still shown. Dead… is alive—Repeated from the Christophanic self-annunciation of Rev 1:11-20. It strikingly corresponds with the entire address to this martyr Church. It told the suffering Christian that he was a follower of a martyred Lord, and that holy martyrdom was a gate to a glorious resurrection. The phrase and is alive must not be lowered into and is alive again. This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 9. But thou art rich—The parenthetic words, flung in as if to correct his own language. Their poverty, like their death, was only phenomenal. Their death was truly an immortal life, and their poverty an infinite treasure. Doubtless their poverty and their death came from the same cause—the oppression of their persecutors. Among all the commendations to the seven, perhaps this, but thou art rich, is the brightest stroke. It was the consolation for their deepest sorrow, and it was of all joys their highest joy.Note that here it was tribulation and poverty on one side, and blasphemy on the other; blasphemy alike against the Lord and against his followers. Say they are Jews—And, doubtless, were Jews by descent from Abraham, but not in character. They are unnatural sons of their natural father, since they rejected the Messiah whom Abraham foresaw and predicted. One of the most interesting remains of early Christian literature is a letter written by this Church of Smyrna to the Church at Philomelum as a circular to be sent the round of sister Churches. It relates that after Polycarp was apprehended and condemned to death by fire: “This, then, was done with greater speed than it was spoken, the whole multitude instantly gathering together wood and fagots out of the workshops and booths; the Jews especially, according to their custom, assisting them in doing it.” After his death the governor was dissuaded from giving his remains to his friends under pretence that he refused lest, forsaking Him who was crucified, they should begin to worship Polycarp. “This he did at the suggestion of the Jews, who also watched us that we should not take him out of the fire, not considering that it is impossible for us either to forsake Christ, who suffered for the salvation of all such as shall be saved throughout the world, or to worship any other.” The synagogue of Satan—How truly they deserved this severe title the previous narrative shows. So hostile were the Jews to the Christians of this first age, that the term synagogue is seldom applied to a Christian Church, the general Church preferring the classic term ecclesia. Trench finely remarks, “As we have here ‘the synagogue of Satan,’ so, presently, ‘the throne of Satan,’ (Revelation 2:13,) and then, lastly, ‘the depths of Satan,’ (Revelation 2:24;) the synagogue of Satan, representing the Jewish antagonism to the Church; the throne of Satan, the heathen; and the depths of Satan, the heretical.” 10. Fear none—Literally, (Greek,) Fear not what things thou art about to suffer. And this fear not cheers them with three facts:—their persecution will be limited to a few, some: to a brief time, ten days: and will be followed by a crown of life. The word some is, indeed, not expressed by the Greek, but is necessarily implied: the Church would not be exterminated: it is not exterminated yet. Ten days—Literally, thou shalt have a persecution of ten days. A variety of unnecessary symbolical interpretations have been given to the ten days. They have been interpreted to predict “the ten persecutions,” which history has been rather strained to make out in order to fulfil that meaning of the text. But if ten general persecutions could be made out, still this text only predicts locally, and for Smyrna alone. Others find a parallelism with the ten commandments; and others, applying the “year-day” principle, find ten years. But the purpose of the whole verse is to express a consoling limitation of the time, as some of you limits the number. Ten days, as a brief round number, occurs in Genesis 24:55; Numbers 11:19; Daniel 1:12. Unto death—Even a martyr’s death. The words do not mean during thy life, but to the extremest suffering, even of death. Crown of life—The glorious antithesis of death. Says Trench: “This ‘crown of life,’ always remaining essentially the same, is not the less designated by a rich variety of images. Here, and with St. James, (James 1:12,) it is a ‘crown of life;’ with St. Paul, a ‘crown of righteousness,’ (2 Timothy 4:8;) with St. Peter, a ‘crown of glory,’ (1 Peter 5:4;) with Isaiah, a ‘crown of beauty;’ with which compare diadem of beauty; (Wis 5:7;) in the martyrdom of Polycarp, a ‘crown of incorruption;’ with Ignatius, a ‘crown of conflict.’” A crown of life, is life or immortality itself, as a bestowed and crowning endowment. 11. Not be hurt of… second death—However he may suffer the death of martyrdom, his crown of life exalted him far above the second death. The promise corresponds, also, with the self announcement in Revelation 2:8. The second death, in Revelation 20:15, is defined as the being cast into the “lake of fire.” Neither term—second death nor lake of fire—is used in any scripture outside the Apocalypse. Gehenna, a figure drawn from the valley of Hinnom at Jerusalem, used by our Lord, and used in the New Testament twelve times, comes most nearly to the same conception. Both Gehenna and second death are terms introduced into Jewish biblicism by the Targumists, the Hebrew paraphrastic translators of the Old Testament.How the term second death was understood at Smyrna may be inferred from certain passages from the above quoted letter from the Smyrnean Church. Thus, when the proconsul threatened Polycarp with death by fire, the latter replied, “Thou threatenest me with the fire that burns for an hour and in a little time is extinguished; for thou knowest not the fire of the future judgment, and of the eternal punishment that is reserved for the ungodly.” Of the other martyrs the Church says, “Even the fire of their persecutors seemed cold unto them, for they had before their eyes the prospect of escaping that which is eternal and unquenchable.” III. .—The martyr Church, yet too tolerant of licentious heresy, Revelation 2:12-17.12. Pergamos—Sixty miles northeast from Smyrna, would bring our apostle on his circuit to Pergamos, (more correct form of the word, Pergamum,) once the celebrated capital of a small kingdom ruled by a succession of noble monarchs. It was the seat of the temple of Esculapius, and once the possessor of a library of 200,000 volumes, collected by one of its kings, but afterwards added to the Alexandrian library in Egypt. But whatever its ancient intellectual or moral fame, it seems to have been in the time of the Apocalypse the headquarters of antichristianity, where the only martyr by John commemorated suffered death. In the other epistles the Churches are rebuked, in this the city is anathematized. 13. And where thou dwellest—A touch of sympathy and palliation for shortcomings. Satan’s seat is—No contemporary history exists to tell us what rendered Pergamos the home of the Satanic throne; for throne the word seat should have been rendered. Wordsworth notes, that the emblem of Esculapius was the serpent, who is represented on the Pergamene medals as “Pergameus Deus,” the Pergamene god; and this temple may have been the seat of Satan. Great numbers resorted to the Esculapian shrine for cures; and the cures were supposed to be effected by the miraculous power of the god. Hence it appears quite a probability that this temple, like that of Diana at Ephesus, was the source of violent persecution to the Church, rendering the city the stronghold of a violent pagan fanaticism.The terms holdest fast, hast not denied, are delightful endorsements of the patience of the Church in that trying hour. Even—What heightens the firmness. Antipas—Is said by Eusebius to have been slain, in a tumult, by the Esculapian priests. He is supposed to have been bishop of Pergamos, and to have been martyred in the time of Domitian. The Greek Church dedicates April 11 as his day. Hengstenberg, by a preposterous etymology, makes Antipas mean “against all,” giving the last syllable its Greek meaning of all. This meaning of the whole name he likens to antichrist, against Christ, and anticosmos, against the world. To this Alford objects, that Antipas is a contraction of Antipater, and so cannot bear such a meaning. (See our biography of Luke, prefixed to his Gospel.) Trench, however, as absurd as Hengstenberg, while not accepting his meaning of Antipas, condemns Alford’s objection, averting that Antipas has all the rights of a word however formed. But surely if Antipas is merely a shortened form of Antipater, (meaning, instead of a father, pro-father,) the last syllable cannot mean all. When it is maintained by some that Antipas is an allegorical. and not a real character, because Balaam and Jezebel are here used allegorically, we reply that neither designates an unreal person in this book. 14. Doctrine of Balaam—The teachings of Balaam and of the Nicolaitans, had each a very different historical origin and doctrinal basis. The former is Shemitic, the latter is Aryan; the former came from Phoenicia, the latter from India. Baal-Peor, the god of Balaam and the Moabites, was no other than the Phoenician god Baal, with Peor added to designate the local name of his Moabite worship. Baal was held by the glowing sensuality of the Phoenicians to be the sun-god, the fire-god; thence the god of all sexual generation in nature, vegetable, animal, human. The taurus, bull, was his animal representative, the type of vigorous generative power. His image for worship was the phallus. In the religious theory the sexual impulse was a holy sensation, the temple was a consecrated brothel, the priestess was a harlot, and the rites were debauchery; not only made decent and respectable, but sacred and religious by this most satanic of systems. As counterpart this same Baal, as fire-god, was Moloch, the representative of the destructive power of the element of heat. Human victims were made sacrifices to this form of the god, by “passing through the fire,” fully proving the serious earnestness of the belief of the people in both forms of deity and both systems of rites. Ashtaroth (Greek form, Astarte) was the feminine side of the same worship, to which the lustful Venus was in later ages the Roman parallel. It was the most seductive of religions, and haunted Israel through his whole history, requiring all the energy of prophets and priests, and of pious kings, to repel its inroads and preserve the nation true to its holy mission. The failure was at last complete, and brought on the captivity. Pictures of the ruin wrought by Israel’s adoption of this double system of sensuality and cruelty—of Baal and Moloch— abound in the sacred history, but as specimen passages, 2 Kings 17:6-33, and Hosea 4:12-14, may be read. In the Apocalyptic age, some of the more sensual traits of this system passed to the Roman mythology, (see our vol. iv, p. 9,) and its ideas would often be adopted by mystical sensualists who loved to veil base indulgences with religious sanctions. In our own day sexual promiscuity is sometimes blended with religious pretences, but more usually under the authority of physiology and race developments. The existence of the doctrine of Balaam at Pergamos seemed to be rather in intimate proximity with the Church than within it. The Church was responsible, not so much for sharing in it, as for too little energy of opposition to it. Stumblingblock—Note on Matthew 18:7. Idols… fornication—It was this union of sacrificial feasting with regularly established and expected debaucheries, which we at this day can hardly understand, that rendered it dangerous for the Christian to attend a feast or to eat of sacrificial meat. It was by this route that sexuality would have a short cut into a primitive Church. So it was in Corinth. 1 Corinthians 5:1. 15. So hast thou also—Observe that the Nicolaitans are different from, and additional to, the holders of the teachings of Balaam, and not identical. They very much agreed in the ultimate of licentiousness they reached, but from different historical and doctrinal starting points. The doctrines of Balaam were a remnant of the old Canaanite or Phoenician Baalism, and were Shemitic; that of the Nicolaitans was Aryan, derived from India, and based on the dogma of the residence of all evil in matter. See notes on Acts 6:5, Jude 1:11, and Introduction to John’s Epistles. The active existence of these heretics at the time of the writing of this book proves it later than the reign of Nero. 16. Thee… them—His visitation would be to the Church and its bishops, his fight would be with the sensualists. Sword of my mouth—The blessed weapon of moral warfare and providential destruction. Observe the threatening corresponds with the sword of the self-assertion in Revelation 2:12. 17. Hidden manna—For him who spurns the meat of idol sacrifices there is reserved a divine food, the hidden manna. Not merely secret, but hidden, laid up and deposited away from human gaze. So God commanded Moses, Exodus 16:32-34, to deposit a memorial manna, “and lay it up before the Lord to be kept for your generations.” According to Hebrews 9:4, the manna was deposited in a pot enclosed in the ark of the covenant, within the holy of holies. Our Saviour denominates himself the “bread,” figured by the manna, (John 6:48-50,) of which our sacramental bread is the symbol. But the depositing the memorial manna by Moses in the holy of holies, (the symbol of the highest heavens,) figures Christ in his ascended and resurrected state. Hebrews 9:24. It is our risen Lord, then, who is our hidden manna, our immortalizing food. Parallel to this is the fruit of the tree of life, the aliment of a heavenly immortality, whose vitality and vitalizing power are derived from Christ. See note on Revelation 22. A white stone—Of all interpretations of this image, that of Trench is both most beautiful and most satisfactory. The white stone is the oracular urim, (it was probably a diamond,) in the breast-plate of the High-priest, bearing the incommunicable name. And as every glorified Christian becomes a high-priest, so to every one is given the diamond urim. This stone, as white, represents the purity of heaven. Nay more, it is not merely the pale dim white, (Latin, albus,) but the lustrous, radiating white, (Latin, candidus,) of which the diamond gives a sample, and so symbolizes even the glory of heaven. So, white are the hairs of the Son of God, Revelation 1:14; and white raiment, Revelation 3:5; white robes, Revelation 7:9; a white cloud Revelation 14:14; white horses, Revelation 19:8; Revelation 19:14; great white throne, Revelation 20:1.The Greek word for stone here, øçöïò, meaning a pebble or smooth sea-worn stone, was used before the invention of the paper ballot for the decision of alternative questions, as the election of a candidate to office, or the acquittal of an accused person; which was by a “white stone” in opposition to a black. Hence it was used in some kinds of divination to decide a future event, which may have suggested its use here for the urim, by which the will of Jehovah was ascertained; though Trench does not notice that point. The use of the word to designate so precious a stone as the diamond, is, perhaps, sustained by the fact, that in later Greek it is used by Callimachus to denote the gem of a finger-ring.How far it is made sure that the urim was a diamond is not so clear. The breastplate of the high priest (see note, Matthew 26:3) was studded with twelve precious stones, on which were inscribed the names of the twelve tribes. The urim was, very probably, an additional stone, most precious of all, and so a diamond, or at least some stone of high value and radiant clearness. Its highest value, however, was, that it was officially borne upon the heart of the high priest in his highest functions, and that it was a medium of communion with Jehovah. The white stone bestowed upon the apocalyptic conqueror, that is, upon every triumphant Christian, is token that he is high priest, and his intercommunion with God is glorious. And all this is confirmed by the remarkable fact that both the hidden manna and the white stone of the urim being in the holy of holies, were accessible to the high priest alone.If we reject this identification of the white stone as too ingenious, or for other reasons, we may fall back upon Hengstenberg’s view, that the white stone is merely the appropriate basis or surface for bearing the gracious inscription of the divine witness of our sonship of God. And we may also add the view of Grotius and others, that the white stone is an entrance-ticket into the gates of heaven, with God’s own signature upon it.He that receiveth it—It means the stone, and not the name; the name is not that of the receiver, but that of the divine donor. And nothing can be wiser than Bengel’s reply to him that asks, What is that name? “Wouldst thou know what sort of a name thou wouldst receive? Overcome! Otherwise, thou askest vainly. But overcoming thou wilt soon read that name upon the white stone.” That name is not a word, but a power. IV. .—The working Church, yet too careless of Christian truth and purity, Revelation 2:18-28.18. Thyatira—From the renowned capital, Pergamos, to the still more renowned Sardis, our apostle would find a strait south-eastern Roman road: he would be obliged to turn a little aside to the east to the lesser town of Thyatira. When Alexander the Great drove the Persian power out of Ionia, he and his successors planted therein a number of cities, filling them with inhabitants from his own Macedonia. Of these cities one was Thyatira. This city was filled with a number of industrial classes or guilds, namely: bakers, potters, weavers, tanners, dyers, etc. Hence “Lydia of Thyatira” was found at Philippi, Macedonia, by Paul, and she became the first European Christian convert. She was “a seller of purple,” probably the cloth, the “imperial purple,” not the dye alone. She was, doubtless, a Macedonian by descent, a Lydian by birth, a Philippian by residence. She bore the name of her native province, for Lydia was no doubt her proper name. Altogether Luke’s narrative places her as a graceful figure in early Christian history. How vivid the contrast between Lydia of Thyatira and Jezebel of Thyatira! It is curious to note that the American missionary, Brewer, in 1831, found the guild of dyers still working at the occupation in Thyatira. It was never a great city, but a thrifty manufacturing town. The modern town is said by Svoboda (The Seven Churches of Asia, 1869) to contain 15,000 inhabitants, of whom two thirds are Turks, one third Greek Christians, with a few Armenians. He adds, “The whole trade is in the hands of the Christian population, as it generally is throughout the East, the Christians comprising the most industrious and intelligent part of the population.” Son of God—St. John had identified him as son of man in remembrance of the human humiliation in which he once had known him, he here identifies himself as that same son in his glorification. The promises at close of this epistle are taken from the second psalm, in which that sonship is described in its power. Eyes… feet—Quoted from St. John’s picture of him, Revelation 1:14-15. The eyes are alluded to in searcheth, Revelation 2:23. 19. Thy works—Works are here generic, and include the four qualities that follow, namely, charity, service, faith, patience. They are both works internal and works external. Charity is here love both to God and man. Faith—By the true reading this occurs next after charity. It implies the true believing faith by which a man is justified, a perseverance in which is fidelity. Service—The quality by which the faithful Christian serves the well-being of his fellow beings. Patience—The persistence and consistency with which he perseveres in those works. And—The semicolon should precede this and, and the clause should read, “and thy last works are more than the first.” The blessed reverse of the declension of Ephesus, Revelation 2:4. The Church was abounding and advancing in graces of heart and activity of life. 20. That woman—Though Alford rather approves the reading, thy wife, (meaning the wife of the pastor or bishop,) Tischendorf and Trench reject it. This reading may have arisen from the words, “Jezebel, his wife,” 1 Kings 21:25. Jezebel—Was the true female counterpart of Balaam, both being great patrons of the same system of idolotrous sensualism, the fiery Molochism of the Tyrian sun-god. He seduced Israel on his first entrance to the promised land; she, more fatally, centuries after, won the kingdom of Israel to a still more fatal form of the same apostasy. She was the daughter of Ethbaal, king of Tyre and priest of Astarte. She became the wife of Ahab, king of Israel, and not only imported the voluptuous rites of the Tyrian religion, but gave it a complete ascendency over the religion of Jehovah in Jehovah’s own land. A contempt for the gloomy and narrow scruples of the true Israelite was diffused; it became aristocratic to be dissolute; temples were abundantly erected for the seductive rites, until but 7,000 adherents of Jehovah were alone known to Jehovah himself in the fallen nation. The overthrow and tragic end of Jezebel we need not here rehearse. Her antitype in spirit and influence was now found in the little Church of Thyatira, a libertine woman of great talent seducing the people by sensual doctrines, and leading them into most atrocious practices. There is not the slightest demand or excuse for giving any allegorical sense to these plain facts. The remark of Alford, that the emblematical name of Jezebel, given to this woman, leads “us into the regions of symbolism,” is over-strained. If we were to brand a modern traitor with the name of Judas, that would not at all imply that his treasonable character and acts were allegorical, or his person an unreality. And we have specimens of even female lecturers at the present day denouncing the institution of marriage, and propagating a theory of unsanctified sensualism, aiding us to understand both the Tyrian and the Thyatirian Jezebel. She claimed to be a prophetess, as Balaam was a prophet. That is, she assumed to be a religious doctrinary. My servants—As Balaam’s influence seduced Israel of old. Fornication—Eating of things sacrificed unto idols. 21. I gave her space—The Church tolerated her from negligence, but Christ allowed her space in mercy. Yet she had been living on probation. Repented not—It would seem that the space for repentance hardly now existed; yet there is a saving clause at the close of the next verse. 22. Behold—A challenge of attention to this threatened judgment; a judgment so clear and palpable as to strike all the Churches, Revelation 2:23. Cast her into a bed—Her bed of adulteries shall be exchanged for a bed of tribulation; a figurative bed of penalty for the literal bed of sin. 23. Her children—Not her partisans and followers, for they are threatened their due in the last verse; but her literal brood, who are worthy of death for the sins both which they have learned from her and have freely practised. With death—As a direct penal infliction, a capital punishment. It shall not be a natural decease. All the Churches—The seven and their sister Churches: for Alford’s opinion, that it means “all the Churches in the world,” and gives “an oecumenical character to these messages,” seems to be inadmissible. “The Churches” were to know this by the plainly palpable judicial character of the known penalties endured by these culprits; but those facts, as they were, have never been presented to “all the Churches in the world.” We have, indeed, no proof that any special tribulation was suffered by these individuals. They may have repented under influence of this message. Reins—Literally, the kidneys; the lower parts of the back, where the workings of anxious emotions are recognised. Reins and hearts are often associated in Scripture, Psalms 7:9; Psalms 26:2; Jeremiah 11:20. The searching them is named as an attribute of omniscience. And here the declaration is, that he whose eyes are like unto a flame of fire, fully knows all the dark secrets of these votaries of hidden sensual sin. Works— The doubt whether Jezebel was guilty of actual deeds of sin, expressed by Stuart and others, seems fully contradicted by such terms as seduce, her fornication, commit adultery, deeds, works. To resolve all these plain terms of active perpetration into figures signifying “doctrines,” would render it difficult to find any terms which might not be figured out of their literal meaning. If these words do not express actual deeds, what terms can? 24. Unto you… the rest—The and being omitted as spurious, you, and the rest, mean the same class, namely, the part of the Church pure from Jezebel. Depths… speak—To boast of their depth was a trait of the Gnostics. Says Tertullian, “Put an inquiry to them in good faith, and with grave face and lofty brow they will answer, It is deep!” Says Irenaeus, “Really blind, they profess themselves to have attained the depths of the abyss.” And Eusebius says of the Simonians: “Those deeper secrets, of which they say that he who hears them for the first time would be astonished and confounded, are indeed full of folly and madness. They are such things that a decent person cannot write of them, nor open his lips about them, on account of their horrid filthiness and obscenity.” As they speak—Or rather, say, or, as they call them. To whom does this they refer? Some reply, the Christians; but there is nothing that fixes the reference to them; and more probably it was the Gnostics who talked about the depths. It may be that the they say, has for its object the term the depths, while the phrase of Satan is flung in sarcastically by the Lord himself, to characterize their depths. It might then be printed thus: have not known “the depths”—of Satan!—as they say. Or the whole phrase, more probably, may be in the mouth of the Gnostics themselves, unequivocally professing that they do know the very depths of Satan. Their satanic bravado of licentiousness justifies this rendering. Eusebius says, (b. 4, c. 7,) that they went so far as to say, “that the basest deeds should be perpetrated by those who would attain to a perfect insight into their secret doctrine.” See our note on 2 Thessalonians 2:7. None other burden—Seems to be a remarkable quotation from the apostolic decree, Acts 15:28, where the abstaining from licentious sacrificial feasts are the very burden, or Christian obligation, imposed upon them. Purity from these Gnostic depths is the only injunction he now presses upon them. 25. But—Closely following upon the last words. That purity is theirs now, only hold it fast. Till I come—Till the hour when your final account with me shall be settled.We have elsewhere remarked, (1 Corinthians 15:23,) that while the Greek word parousia always designated, unequivocally and solely, Christ’s second advent, yet the words come and coming often refer to other interpositions and spiritual presences. The hour of death is never spoken of as such a coming. (See our note, John 14:3.) Yet perseverance to the end of our probation is perseverance even to the judgment day. Note on Matthew 24:13. So, (Revelation 2:10,) faithfulness unto death is faithfulness unto the final reward. And (Revelation 2:11) overcoming in life is verbally connected, instantaneously, with the eternal deliverance. The two things— the probation and the reward, the life passed and the coming to judgment—are connected as antecedent and consequent, irrespective of time. The intermediate time is dropped out of thought, and the close of life and the commencement of the eternal state are joined in unbroken connection. For the Thyatirans to hold fast until their closing hour, was to hold fast till I come. So next verse. 26. Unto the end—Of his life trial. Power over the nations— Identification with the Son of God, who is heir of all the promises of the second psalm. 27. Rule them with a rod of iron—In the Hebrew (Psalms 2:9) the promise is, “Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron.” But the Septuagint translators render the Hebrew word for “break,” by a word signifying to superintend them as a shepherd, or briefly, for want of better English, to shepherd them. This was a mistake founded on the sameness of the consonants of the two different Hebrew words. That graceful mistake the heavenly speaker here accepts, and, in accordance with the milder spirit of the gospel dispensation, authorizes it. His sceptre (for so the word rod here imports) is a shepherd’s crook, and yet its iron power, its absolute authority, still remains. What the nature of this power over the nations is, and what the overcomer’s share in it, may be learned from our notes on Matthew 19:28; 1 Corinthians 6:2; Revelation 19:11-21; Revelation 20:4. 28. Give him the morning star—The beautiful announcer that the night is past and the day is come. This blessed token shall be given to the overcomer as he passes through every crisis of the long contest. Its promise cheers the living warrior here on the field; and when he comes unto the end it will beam with its assurance that “eternity dawns, and the kingdom is his.” And when he comes to the new heavens and new earth, (Revelation 22:1,) he will find that the morning star, so given him, was no other than Jesus himself. See Revelation 22:16. V. SARDIS.—The Church of deadness, with a few spotless names, Revelation 3:1-6.1. Sardis—Thirty miles to the southeast from Thyatira, crossing the river Hermus, would bring our St. John, in his apostolic circuit, to the renowned city of Sardis. He would find it situated between the Hermus and the mountain range of Tmolus. Into the Hermus flows the small river Pactolus, from whose “golden sands” it was anciently reported that Croesus largely derived his riches. But Brewer remarks that the sands are sparkling with grains of mica, and suspects that what so glittered in ancient times was not “all gold.” Croesus, he thinks, drew his wealth from the rich alluvium of Hermus, rather than from the “fool’s gold” of the Pactolus.The renown of Sardis was at its zenith under Croesus, who was king of all Lydia, by descent from an ancient line. From the record of his wealth we still utter the proverb, “rich as Croesus.” Celebrated, also, is the visit to his court of Solon, the Athenian philosopher and statesman. Of him Croesus asked whom he considered the happiest of men, expecting himself to be named. But Solon gave him answer, remembered by him on his dying day, that none could be pronounced truly happy until he had finished his course of life. Celebrated, too, is the ambiguity of the oracle by which he was deceived to his ruin. When he asked the god if he should fight Cyrus, he was told that if he crossed the river Halys in war he would destroy a great empire. He crossed, to find that the great empire to be destroyed was not that of Cyrus, but his own. Overcome by Cyrus, Lydia and all western Asia fell under the power of the Persians. For some centuries after, the richness of its soil retained its existence as a city, but at the present time it is a profound solitude. “Rarely,” says Svoboda, “can the site of any ancient city so impress the traveller with a sense of astonishment at its stupendous desolation, as does the aspect of Sardis at the present day. Once… its splendour gained for it the title of the Queen of Asia… Here, indeed, all must acknowledge that the prophecy of the Apocalypse has been fulfilled to the letter.” About seventy years after the publication of this Apocalypse, one of the brightest ornaments of the Christian Church was Melito, Bishop of Sardis. He was eminent for piety, learning, and talent; and his writings, some of which are still extant, are wonderful for the variety of subjects discussed by his active mind. They treated, among other things, upon faith, Easter, the first day of the week, the soul and body, the birth of Christ, the incarnation, and Satan. And it is here to be specially noted, that, severe as this letter to this Angel of Sardis is, Melito wrote a comment upon this Apocalypse, not now extant, but unquestionably accepting it as the work of our apostle John.Hath the seven spirits of God—The two ascriptions here claimed by the Lord are appropriated from John’s descriptions in Revelation 1:4-16. The Holy Spirit in its sevenfoldness in him dwells, and the sevenfold Churches, searched, judged, sanctified, or rejected by that Spirit, are in his hand. This is a most solemn awakening style and title with which the epistle to the dead Churches is preluded. And the sevenfoldness, both of the Spirit and the Churches, suggests that all Churches are here typically represented. I know—With all the intensity, omniscience, and purity of the Spirit. I know thy works—External and internal. Hast a name—The word name is thrice used in this epistle. Perhaps the last of the three (Revelation 3:5) explains the first two, the written name. The metaphor of Rev 3:5 is drawn from the register-book of cities, in which every citizen’s name was written, and erased at his death or disfranchisement for crime. The Sardian angel, implying also his Church, had a recorded name among the Churches, and that implied life; and yet they were dead. Yet this dead did not mean the fulness of death, but deadness, lifelessness, which, was rapidly becoming death. This is implied in the next verse; for there were some things ready to die, and there was supposed life enough to strengthen and re-enliven them. And it is to this revival of life that the promise of not being blotted out, in Revelation 3:5, is given. 2. Be watchful—Literally, become wakeful; wake up, be wide awake. For this deadness is a sleep; the fumes of which may, and should, be right speedily dispersed. Strengthen—Make firm, solidify. Things—Not persons, as many excellent commentators aver, but things: the Christian virtues, ordinances, aggressive movements. Revive all the early zeal by which the membership was holy, the Church strong, sinners were saved, and the gospel spread. These were now relaxed and ready to die. Perfect—Not the usual Greek word for perfect; but for filled up. It supposes a measure, a capacity, like a vessel which was not, but should be, completely filled with performed duties. 3. How thou hast received—Or rather, didst receive, namely, when the gospel first came to you. And the meaning is not, (as some interpret,) remember what you received, that is, the matter; but truly, how you received; that is, the spirit and manner. He reminds them, as he does the Ephesians, of their “first love.” Compare Galatians 4:13-15. And heard—Refers more to the matter, namely, the true apostolic tradition of the gospel. Hold fast—Firmly with your original maintenance. Repent— Recognise and reverse your sinful decline. I… as a thief—The comparison originated by no other than our Lord himself in regard to himself, Matthew 24:43; Luke 12:39. For who else would presume upon such a comparison without his example? Its primary application is to his judgment advent; and all its applications are to such a catastrophe as finally fixes the case of the man for that judgment. The judge then comes upon the sinner, repentance ceases to be possible, and the certainty of his final sentence is fixed. Shalt not know—Expect no other warning. The only safety is in watchfulness, constant preparedness,—as if the judgment day, at least through the gates of death, were here. 4. A few names—Recorded, perhaps baptismally, upon the Church parchments, (the earthly counterpart of the heavenly book of life,) and so here the word denoting the blessed owners of the names. Defiled their garments—As if one were walking with clean skirts through a dirty world, where the utmost care is necessary to “keep himself unspotted.” James 1:27. Shall walk with me—Along the golden pavements of the New Jerusalem, Revelation 21:21. Walk with—As in a public procession, or as two associates, in public view. In white—Not here indicating priesthood, although white was the colour of the priest in officiating. But the white of both the priesthood and the saints is an emblem, based on the natural idea of white as identical with purity. The white background presents the strongest contrast to all spot; and the white is associated with the cheerful and exhilarating colour of light, splendour, glory. All these stand in conceptual opposition to blackness, foulness, impurity, iniquity, wretchedness, woe. Hence in the primitive Church the candidate for baptism was dressed in white to indicate the professed purity of his Christian life. To live worthily was to preserve the whiteness of his robe; to commit sin was to stain it with a spot. Here the promise is, that the white garment of a well-sustained earthly life shall be exalted into the white garments of future glory. Are worthy—Justified by grace, and walking worthily of their high vocation, the Lord pronounces them worthy. Not that the best of our doing entitles us to heaven, but when we meet the conditions of grace, grace graciously pronounces us worthy. Note on Romans 3:27. 5. White raiment—A full and joyous expansion of the promise hinted in Revelation 3:4. On the brilliant white here implied—the whiteness of glory, the celestial coruscation—see note on Revelation 3:18. On this Trench beautifully remarks: “As we cannot conceive of any room in heaven for raiment, in the literal sense of the word, we must understand by this that vesture of light, that clothing with light as with a garment, which shall be theirs who shall then ‘shine out (εκλαμψουσι Matthew 13:43) as the sun in the kingdom of their Father;’ their ‘raiment,’ and yet for all this, not something external to them, but the outward utterance of all which now, inwardly, they are who have left all sin behind them forever. The glorified body, defecated of all its dregs and all its impurities, transformed and transfigured into the likeness of Christ’s body, (Philippians 3:21,)— this, with its robe and atmosphere of light, is itself, I believe, the ‘white raiment,’ which Christ here promises to his redeemed.” Compare our note on 1 Corinthians 15:43-44. Blot out his name—When the glorious vestments of the resurrection are put on, the citizenship in the New Jerusalem is sure, and the name in its city census, the book of life, can never be blotted out. For this image of blotting, see our note on Luke 10:20. Will confess his name—When the man presents himself in resurrection array there is his record in the book, and the Lord will confess that blessed owner of the name, will remember how unspotted was his vestment in the Church below, and will acknowledge his “title clear to mansions in the skies.” Before my Father… angels—In presence of the celestial court shall he be introduced and recognised as belonging to the holy society of God, angels, and heaven. Such was the prospect of, alas! but few in this great city, the once rich capital of Lydia. The many, both in the Church and out, were facing toward a reverse future. VI. —The faithful and blameless Church, Revelation 3:7-13.7. Philadelphia—On his apostolic journey our St. John, Starting from Sardis, would travel a narrow strip—between the Cogamus river, a branch of the Hermus on his left, and the range of Tmolus mountains on the right—thirty miles in length. He would find the city ensconced like a nest in a narrow nook between river and mountain. See map.Though one of the smallest and most modern of the seven, Philadelphia has a vividly interesting history. Its name, signifying brotherly-love, was a memento of the fraternal affection which existed between its founder, Attalus II., King of Pergamos, and his brother. It was daringly built in the katakekaumene, or burnt district, and so liable to perpetual earthquakes. It was nevertheless persistently inhabited, on account, probably, of the profitableness of its grapes and wines, which its soil richly produced. The American missionary Brewer, (from whose volume several of our cuts are derived,) in our time found it, however, fertile in wheat, opium, madder, and cotton. When the Persian Xerxes marched with his army of millions into Western Asia, for the conquest of Greece, he came to Philadelphia on his route. As the city stood at the head of the two valleys of the Hermus and the Meander, he could take either route. He here found a “plane tree” of such beauty, that he presented it with golden ornaments, and passed on by the northern route, which led to Sardis. The plane tree is still a flourishing product of this soil, and Svoboda tells us that the natives still make the sort of confection of honey, tamarisk, and wheat, which charmed the palate of Xerxes. In the reign of Tiberius all of Asia Minor suffered from tremendous earthquakes, and Tacitus tells us that Philadelphia was very nearly destroyed. When, in 1390, the Ottoman conqueror Bajazet, surnamed the Thunderer, overran Western Asia, this people, who lived over the slumbering earthquake, bravely met the assaults of the Thunderer. They were the last to capitulate to his arms. The present population of Philadelphia is fifteen thousand, one third Greeks. How, in modern times, these Greeks celebrate Christ and the resurrection, Brewer thus informs us: “It being Easter Sunday with the Greeks, we were aroused soon after midnight to witness, in the principal church, the celebration of Christ’s resurrection. Here, as in other places, persons pass about the town at the appointed hour of night, and knock loudly at the door of every Christian dwelling. The usual round of ceremonies was gone through with, such as chanting of prayers, reading portions of Scripture, burning incense, lighting tapers and candles—some of the size of small trees—and moving in procession about the church and churchyard until the day dawned. Then the assembly broke up exclaiming, “Christ has risen! Christ has risen!” Afterward, during the day—and the practice is continued more or less for forty days—friends and strangers, in place of the customary forms of salutation, use the set Bible phrases, “Christ has risen!” “He has risen indeed!”He that is holy—Not the usual New Testament word for holy, ‘αγιος, but οσιος; and so not so much implying the sanctified life as the original absolute rightness of the divine Being. He that is true—True in himself, that is, genuine, and true in all his declarations, that is, veracious. As the revealer of God, the source of all revelation, he is both genuine and true. Hath the key of David—As David was the king—having both the sceptre and the key of old Jerusalem—so this Son of David has the sceptre and the key of the New Jerusalem. And as David’s son he is heir of the theocracy; of the kingdom of God expanding from the old theocracy into a heavenly theocracy, and stretching into eternity. Openeth, and no man shutteth—A quotation and exaltation of Isa 22:22, “The key of the house of David will I lay upon his shoulder; so he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open.” And so this King of the New Jerusalem alone has original control of the keys of the New Jerusalem, to admit or exclude according to his divine will. And so much more has he the key of this earthly kingdom of grace; and all true exercise of the power of the keys by human beings is but an acting as his agents. 8. Set before thee an open door—Namely, of divine entrance into the heavenly Jerusalem. No… shut it—No persecutions can exclude them from entering to their crown, Revelation 3:11. Hast by my grace a little strength for entering the heavenly door. And in the use of that “gracious ability,” hast kept my word. Hast not, amid faithlessness and persecution, denied my name. The Christian name, perhaps; which, long since adopted at Antioch, has been well maintained in Philadelphia. We are obliged with Stuart, and against Hengstenberg, Alford, and others, to maintain the correctness of our translation, a little strength, making it a commendation, rather than, by omitting the article, to read, thou hast little strength, making it a depreciation. Christ gives them the reward of an open door because of three good points; namely: their spiritual energy, however little; their keeping his word; and their sustaining his name. The entire drift of the three clauses is the same, namely: rewardable traits for which the everlasting door shall be open to them. To find this meaning in the open door may be disappointing to those who desire to read into it a temporal and present benefit promised. But most certainly a true reading will find, that from this open door to the new Jerusalem of Rev 3:12 there is one straight line of thought, promising Philadelphia triumph, preservation, and abundant entrance, all solely at the second advent. 9. Behold—In view of this little strength, the hast kept, and the not denied; therefore I will give them a royal triumph in the New Jerusalem, to which the open door admits them. The triumph is expressed in an image drawn from Isaiah 60:14. “All they that despised thee shall bow themselves down at the soles of thy feet; and they shall call thee, The city of the Lord, The Zion of the Holy One of Israel.” When the developments of the judgment day are unfolded, how will the despisers of the now humble Church acknowledge, with profound abasement, its true glory as the real city of God! The Jewish troublers of the Philadelphian Church are selected as the very present specimens of such “despisers,” who are bound to “wonder and perish.” Say they are Jews—And are so “after the flesh;” the which is now a nullity; but are not the spiritual Israel, which is now the only true Israel. Worship before thy feet—Of course no literal fact, but imaging the severe and final humiliation of all evil in presence of the truly good. In the judgment-day development the atheist will learn there is a God; the impenitent Jew will confess a true Jesus the Christ; the scorner will find there is a hell; and the haughty despiser of the weak and humble, yet pure Church, like our Philadelphians, will discover, to the sad reversal of his pride, that they were heirs of an eternal crown. When a great lady once spoke with contempt of Lady Huntingdon’s associating with her conventicle of saints, one replied to her, “Madam, in the day of judgment you may be glad to grasp hold of Lady Huntingdon’s skirts to draw you into heaven.” That I have loved—They will recognise not only the loved in its true glory, but they will truly learn and know also this great I, whose love is the bliss of the heavenly world, as it makes the poor Philadelphian Church “the city of the Lord, the Zion of the Holy One.” The interpretation of Alford, which makes the open door an opening for missionary enterprise for propagating the gospel, and which holds Revelation 3:9 to describe the resulting conversion of their bitter Jewish opponents, seems inapplicable. It has, indeed, Paul’s open door, 1 Corinthians 16:9, 2 Corinthians 2:12, as an apparent precedent: but the opening and shutting of Rev 3:7 clearly refer to the lordship of Christ over the entrance into heaven, the New Jerusalem, (22,) and Revelation 3:8 can be no description of the happy conversion, but of the penal humiliation, in the final day, upon the incorrigible. And Revelation 3:10-12, continue the same line of thought, describing the rich final reward of Philadelphian faithfulness. Revelation 3:10 promises preservation in the great day of the final trial; Revelation 3:11 describes the speed of its approach; Revelation 3:12 promises eternal security within the domain of heaven, beyond the day of trial. 10. My patience—So Revelation 1:9, “the patience of Jesus Christ,” (if that be an allowed reading,) namely, a patience which is his and his followers. Hast kept… keep thee—The faithful work has its fitting reward; the keeper shall be kept. Hour of temptation—The Greek word for temptation may mean the presentation of agreeable inducements to sin before one’s mind, in order to elicit sin; and so the devil tempts. Or it may mean the presentation of a test or trial, adverse or agreeable, to allow the will or character to display itself. So every fearful crisis brought upon us is a temptation. And especially that great crisis which precedes the great white throne, (Revelation 20:11,) is a test, a trial, of the soul. The trial here described is mundane—upon all the world—and not in one nation or kingdom: is not merely a persecution in Asia Minor, but over the entire world, and upon all that dwell upon the earth. This is the same universality as in Revelation 1:7. The rich promise to the faithful Philadelphian is, that in that great ordeal he shall be kept from terror and despair. 11. Quickly—In Revelation 1:7 he is already visible in the cloudy firmament. Take thy crown—Not indeed gaining it for himself, though depriving thee of it. 12. A pillar—An emblem of his unchangeable permanence in the final heaven; not limited to a few eminent rulers, like the “pillars” of Galatians 2:9, but including every saint in the New Jerusalem. Such a pillar is not, like the Jachin and Boaz of Solomon’s temple, outside, but inside—namely, of the living temple, the glorified Church. A tall pillar still stands a most conspicuous object in the city of Philadelphia, reminding the modern traveller of this passage, if it be not the source of the allusion. This permanence is explicitly expressed in the words he shall go no more out. He is, then, a fixed pillar; forever God’s, whose name is written upon him, and the name also of the city which is to be his eternal home. His name is Jehovah, and its name is the New Jerusalem, whose glories are unfolded in 22. In addition to the name of my God, Christ writes upon him his own new name, thus doubling the ownership; a name, as already said, which is not a mere word, but a power; namely, the full, final, glorifying power embraced in the word Jesus, Saviour, Redeemer, and which is new at the glorious resurrection in its renewing effect upon soul and body, and then will be forever and forever new; forever renewing the man in the image of Jesus. Thrice is the phrase my God here repeated; my as a term of claiming affection shared with Christ by all saints: God, as the primordial and eternal author and assurer of the whole great plan; thrice occurring as symbol of the divine threefoldness. In the permanence of the heavenly system and the saints’ abode, the whole Trinity is pledged, with all the omnipotence and immutability of God.Though we find no temporal promises of prosperity to the little Church, yet it is historically true, that in the midst of the changes of war which have swept over this land, Philadelphia has had a wonderful preservation. The bravery of its inhabitants, whose home overlies the sleeping earthquakes, has ever signalized it in its own defences. On this subject see the impressive language of Gibbon. “In the loss of Ephesus, the Christians deplored the fall of the first angel, the extinction of the first candlestick, of the Revelation; the desolation is complete; and the temple of Diana or the Church of Mary will equally elude the search of the curious traveller. The circus and the three stately theatres of Laodicea are now peopled with wolves and foxes; Sardis is reduced to a miserable village; the God of Mohammed, without a rival or a son, is invoked in the mosques of Thyatira and Pergamos, and the populousness of Smyrna is supported by the foreign trade of the Franks and the Armenians. Philadelphia alone has been saved by prophecy or courage. At a distance from the sea, forgotten by the emperors, encompassed on all sides by the Turks, her valiant citizens defended their religion and freedom above fourscore years, and at length capitulated with the proudest of the Ottomans. Among the Greek colonies and Churches of Asia, Philadelphia is still erect—a column in a scene of ruins—a pleasing example that the paths of honour and safety may sometimes be the same.” When Brewer visited the place, in 1831, he found the Greek population about 2,000 souls, being three or four hundred families, amid as many thousand Turkish. “As a whole they have, for a century or two past, had a good name among travellers as a civil and hospitable people.” VII. —Rich in goods, but poor in faith, Revelation 3:14-22.14. Laodicea—From Philadelphia our apostle in his circuit would range to the south-east through a journey of fifty or sixty miles to the capital of Phrygia, the rich and powerful Laodicea. In so doing he would cross from the Hermus over a mountain range into the fertile valley of the river Meander, a river whose varying course has given our language a verb, “to meander.” He would find a great city, which, under the Roman sway, had continually grown in power. He would also find, to all appearance, a rich and proud Church, whose Christianity had assumed a stereotype and inactive form. The Apostolic Constitutions (viii, 46) say, that Archippus was then Bishop of Laodicea. And it seems to some a coincidence that in Colossians 4:17, St. Paul appears to imply that he was a remiss minister. Hengstenberg finds, not wisely, an allusion to his name in the word αρχη, Revelation 3:14. Laodicea was one of a triangle of neighbouring city Churches; including Colosse, to which Paul had addressed an epistle, and Hierapolis, visible from the summit of the Laodicean theatre, and where Papias was, soon after St. John’s day, a bishop. St. Paul in his epistle to Colosse salutes the brethren in Laodicea, and requires his epistle to be read in the Church of the Laodiceans, with an exchange. See note on Colossians 4:16. Laodicea was founded in the third century before Christ by Antiochus II., king of Syria, and so named after his wife. It submitted to Rome, and in the war of Mithridates, king of Pontus, stood a siege against that monarch. It had been (A.D. 62) overthrown by an earthquake, but was munificently patronized by the Roman emperors, and its theatres, aqueducts, and churches have left magnificent ruins for the eye of the modern traveller and the spade of the excavator. Perhaps Laodicea listened to the voice of the Lord, woke to action, and became a powerful Church. A bishop and martyr, Sagaris, (A.D. 170,) is mentioned by Eusebius. About the middle of the fourth century the Council of Laodicea assumed to settle the New Testament Canon, in which it is remarkable that our Apocalypse was denied a place. The Amen—The divine affirmative One. So in Isaiah 65:16, “The God of Truth,” in the Hebrew “The God of Amen.” In 2 Corinthians 1:20, Christ is the medium through whom our obedient amen goes up to God; here he is the intervening, affirming Amen, affirming God’s truth, to us. The “verily” so often repeated by our Lord in the gospels, is in the Greek amen; and it is remarkable that in John’s Gospel it is always doubled, verily, verily, amen, amen. Faithful and true witness—A title preparing us for a faithful and true testimony to Laodicea respecting her character and spiritual condition. Beginning of the creation—A sublime declaration of the divine authority from which that testimony comes. A beginning of a series of things, taken passively, is the first one in that series. In that sense Christ would be the first created being in the series of creation. Taken actually, as that which originates the series, then the series does not include, but takes existence from, him. In that case Christ is the originator of the creation, uncreated. How John understands it we may well learn from the very first verse of his Gospel. In the opening words, “In the beginning was the Word,” the same Word, αρχη, is used as here, and its subject precedes creation. And in the third verse we are told that “the world was made by him,” namely, the Word, who was in the beginning. 15. Neither cold nor hot—The metaphor is taken from water, which, when cold or hot, (boiling, ζεστος, from ζεω, to boil,) may be palatable, but nauseating when lukewarm. But it is a serious problem, the difficulty of which, is liable to be overlooked. What is that coldness which the Lord prefers to lukewarmness? Luke-warmness itself is that indifference which we commonly call coldness of religious state; and so this cold must be something colder, something implying the absence of even that degree of warmth implied in the equilibrium of indifference. Hence Dusterdieck, followed by Alford, represents it to be a state of actual unregeneracy, of “enmity and opposition” to Christ! And the reason assigned is, that it is easier to convert the enemy than it is to rouse a lukewarm Christian to heat; a reason overwhelmingly contrary to experience. Dusterdieck’s illustration is: “Saul was cold when he persecuted; and when he became Paul he was hot.” So it was easier for Saul to become Paul, than for a lukewarm Christian to become hot! But Paul had a troop of followers as cold as himself, none of whom would warm into conversion, leaving him an exceptional case. But how absurd to make the Lord wish this Church to be as Jewish persecutors, or heathen; like the world around them, rather than a Christian Church, even in its lukewarm phase! On the contrary, Hengstenberg’s view very nearly solves the problem. Not the coldness of the unregenerate, or the apostate, but the coldness of one still a Christian. In this Laodicean coldness there is not only the condition, but the Christian consciousness, of the cold, which is an uncomfortableness, and negatively, at least, feels the need of heat. He is, therefore, dissatisfied, and is more easily disturbed into repentance and zeal, than the man who was at once cold and warm enough to be satisfied and self-determined in his indifference. It is not the coldness, as a fact, but the coldness, as a feeling, which grounds the Lord’s preference. The feeling may be latent, only an unconscious susceptibility; but it is a susceptibility responsive to an awakening appeal. 16. I will spew—Literally, I am about to spew; implying that the rejection is delayed, perhaps to allow time for repentance, yet is nigh at hand. It seems to be a threat of removal of the Church, implying, but not expressing, individual condemnation for each in the final day. 17. Because may assign reason for the charge of lukewarmness in the last verse; or it may refer forward to next verse, and would correspond with a therefore inserted before I of Rev 3:18. Because thou sayest, etc., therefore I counsel, etc. The Lord’s counsel is infinitely better than their say. I am rich—The question is raised by commentators whether these are boasts over material or spiritual goods. Earlier commentators, as Bengel, Stuart, and others, take the former view; later ones, as Hengstenberg, Dusterdieck, and Trench, the latter. We think the old is better. The true idea certainly is, that in reply to their boasts of earthly goods, our Lord advises them to secure the heavenly. For, 1. This accords with our Lord’s style during his earthly ministry. So Matthew 6:19-20 : “Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth;… but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven.” Of the rich fool, Luke 12:21, he says, “So is he that layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God.” 2. This jubilant boasting is not the style of lukewarmness over its spiritual wealth, for the very idea of lukewarmness is indifference to spiritual things. So Stuart wisely and conclusively says, “There are, and have been, indeed, many spiritual boasters in the world; but then they are for the most part men of an enthusiastic turn of mind, and commonly have much fervor, such as it is; whereas the Laodicean Church are plainly characterized as worldling-Christians; grown lukewarm as to divine things.” To say that this Church was indifferent to spiritual things and yet thus fervently boasted of its spiritual goods, is a contradiction. Enthusiastic boasting and indifference are opposites. 3. It is evident that Laodicea was a flourishing city, growing rich under the munificence of the Roman emperors. There can be little doubt that the tide of wealth poured into the pockets and coffers of the Church: the natural danger, without great caution, would be to make her pecuniarily rich and spiritually poor. How easy it was to be liberal in feeling to the liberal paganism by which it was patronized, and to slide into doubt about the importance of being Christians! Quite as easy would it be to exult over the rich incomes flowing into their purses and filling their homes with luxury. Rich… increased with goods… need of nothing—A glowing and towering climax. Knowest not—Realizest not that, though in pocket a millionaire, in soul thou art a pauper! Our Lord demolishes the proud climax with a series of humiliating adjectives. Wretched— Intrinsically miserable. Miserable—The object of pity from others. By the best readings the first of these two adjectives, and perhaps the second, should have the article before it. The meaning then would be, thou art the wretched and pitiable one. Then the last three adjectives would follow as characterizing that one. Then the three poor, blind, naked, would balance against the previous rich, increased, and need of nothing. 18. In view of their boasts of temporal wealth the Lord gives them counsel to secure eternal goods. Buy—They are rich by material trade; suppose they now “buy the truth and sell it not.” In view of their poor, blind, and naked condition, let them secure gold, eyesalve, and white raiment. Trench, though interpreting Revelation 3:17 as boasting of spiritual goods, has here an excellent note, which clearly shows that he ought to have interpreted it of the temporal. “To the merchants and factors of this wealthy mercantile city he addresses himself in their own dialect. Laodicea was a city of extensive money transactions; Cicero, journeying to or from his province, proposes to take up money there. (Ep. ad Div. Revelation 2:17; Revelation 3:5.) Christ here invites to dealings with him. He has gold so fine that none will reject it. The wools of Laodicea, of raven blackness, were famous throughout the world; but he has raiment of dazzling white for those who will put it on. There were ointments for which certainly many of the Asiatic cities were famous; but he, as he will presently announce, has eyesalve more precious than them (they?) all.” All this shows that the passage contrasts a spiritual wealth, in Revelation 3:18, with a boast of temporal wealth, in Revelation 3:17. Gold tried in the fire—Rather, from the fire, as if just withdrawn from the fire, and so fresh and brilliant. White raiment—Note on Revelation 3:5. Shame of thy nakedness—Vivid image of the “shame and everlasting contempt” of the great moral exposures at the judgment day.The images of spiritual wealth here are susceptible of specific application. The pure, well tried gold may represent faith, the condition of all salvation, and which, when pure and well tried by experience, becomes a fidelity, and a saving perseverance and ripening for heaven. The white raiment is the divine justification from faith, the robe of righteousness, which approves itself as white before men—as pure and right—and before God as acceptable for eternal life. The eyesalve is the spirit of discernment, the blended gift of the Spirit and of personal experience, by which things are seen as they truly are in the light of eternity. 19. As many as I love—Imperfect as Laodicea’s character was, she was still Christian. She was not on a level with the paganism around her. She was still a witness for Christ, maintaining his name, holding fast his gospel, and retaining a candlestick for a richer supply of oil and a purer blaze. Even the form of religion is better than nothing, since it may stand as a future vehicle of the coming spirit and power.We here, too, may see that there is a state of faulty sonship, of imperfect justification, in which, though the name be not blotted out of the “book of life,” yet it beams but dimly on the divine page, and is in great danger of disappearing. The divine Father still recognises his son, but treats him with rebuke, displeasure, and discipline. Not every sin after justification forfeits the sonship. Nay, there are higher and lower grades of Christian life. This Mr. Wesley well and fully shows in his sermon on “Sin in Believers.” The true test is, Does justifying faith remain, even in spite of short-comings?And it follows from all this, that if there is a lower grade of Christian life, like that of Sardis and Laodicea, so there is a higher, like that of Smyrna and Philadelphia. In the case of Smyrna the approval is complete; not a blame is imputed, not a shadow is cast between the approving face of the Lord and that beloved Church. There is, then, a state of complete acceptance with Christ, of perfect justification, in which the Lord finds no fault, and bestows the blessed testimony of his unqualified approval. The acceptance is as perfect as it was at the moment when first our sins were swept away, and we were justified from all sin. And now sanctification, holiness, or what is sometimes called entire sanctification, is the power, through the Spirit, of retaining with more or less permanence that state of complete acceptance, without a cloud between the soul and Christ. This implies, not an absolute sinlessness on our part, as tried by absolute law, but a perfect approval on Christ’s part, according to the standard of gospel grace. The law still stands immutable; but if there come a condemnation for our shortcomings from the absolute law, there comes, also, a constant flow of love and pardon from the grace of Christ, which neutralizes that condemnation. Yet the law still stands to condemn our positive sins, and to separate us utterly from the love of Christ and consign us to hell, upon our apostasy from the faith.Bengel notes the different Greek terms for love addressed to the Philadelphians, (ηγαπηας,) and to the Laodiceans, (φιλει,) on which see our note, John 21:15-17. The former is the love of estimation and approval, the latter of mere graciousness, the former being the more honouring to its object. Yet as addressed by Peter to his Lord, the latter was the tenderer and deeper term.I rebuke and chasten—He does not cast off for every shortcoming, nor blot out his justification for every sin, so long as faith and sonship remain. Nay, the author of the Book of Hebrews, quoting this same passage from Proverbs, adds, that the being unrebuked by God is proof that we are not his legitimate children. Hebrews 12:5-6. Rebuke—Rather, convince; make the fault so clear that the offender cannot but see it. Chasten— Apply the severe corrective, perhaps the rod, where the rebuke fails. Zealous—The zeal of conviction by the rebuke; leading to the repent, in view or in consequence of the chasten. 20. Behold—The apparently broken connexion between this and the former verses of this address will be restored, if we consider the verse as a quotation from Solomon’s Song, Son 5:2-6. The Church of Laodicea is represented by the sleepy bride at whose door the bridegroom knocks, but she is so remiss that she opens the door too late, for he is gone. She says, “It is the voice of my beloved that knocketh, saying, Open to me, my love; for my head is filled with dew, and my locks with the drops of the night.” The allusion shows to Laodicea the love between the Saviour and the Church, but the fearful danger of a deferred welcome to him. I stand at the door, and knock—There is a wonderful pathos in the picture. It is the supplicator Christ. It is night, and the darkness and damps are falling upon him. He is rejected by the sons of men almost the entire world round, and comes for admission at the door of one who professes to love him. If any man—Of the Laodicean Church immediately, of the whole world inferentially. Open the door—For, though Lord of all power, he will never force the door open. There is a solemn if which every man must decide for himself. I will—God’s will is to knock; and if man’s will is to open, then comes Christ’s will to come in. Sup—The evening dinner, as we may say; the principal meal of the day.With him—As his guest. He with me—As my guest; I being truly his host. And, continuing the reference to Solomon’s Song, this is the supper of Christ and his bride, the Church; the marriage supper of the Lamb, which is symbolically ever repeating itself here, but plenarily consummated at the resurrection of the just. Note 19. 21. To him that overcometh—The last and most glorious promise to the victor. With me in my throne—The throne being extended like a sofa, and competent to contain many sitters. Overcame—For us, we conquering in his victory, reigning with his sceptre, and sitting upon his throne. For, while we form a vivid image of this co-session of the saints with Christ, we are to understand it only as an image of the truth that through Christ’s merits and mercy the saints are to be raised to a glory under his headship, of which priesthood, white garments, kingdom, sceptres, and thrones are the symbols, not the exact literality. Father… throne—Note on Revelation 21:1. 22. He that hath an ear—The last clear ring of this refrain sounding through the world and through the ages. 1. After this—Rather, after these things; that is, the revelations of the entire previous chapters. There has been a brief cessation of the state expressed by the phrase in the Spirit, Revelation 1:10; which state is now resumed in Revelation 4:2. In that interval the seer is merely susceptible to impressions from the spiritual world, but not receiving them until the door opened appears; the entering of which is becoming in the Spirit. This inspired visional state continues uninterrupted through Parts Second and Third. Behold, a door was opened—Rather, there was an opened door. The door was already open when the seer’s eye first rested upon it. It was the symbolic entrance into the heaven of symbolic exhibition. For the scope of that heaven see note to Revelation 4:11. Dusterdieck denies that the door implies a temple, but rather God’s residential house. Our own view is, that the door implies that we in this physical world are outside, and that there is an inner, more real world, into which the spirit can be made to enter, where the limitations of sense and matter may be diminished and even fully removed, and the truths of eternity may be cognized. We attain this spiritual scene through the door of death: John entered it while in the body, yet being in the body he entered it only so far as to be capable of cognizance of truths through divinely-presented figures and sounds.Dusterdieck thinks that there is a clear distinction made by St. John between the formula After these things I saw, and, And I saw; the former being the introduction of a new scene, the latter an additional phase or point of the same scene. The distinction, however, cannot be very broadly made. The former phrase is used in Revelation 7:1; Revelation 7:10, but at Revelation 4:10 there is certainly a continuance of same scene. Same phrase at Revelation 15:5; Revelation 18:1. And I saw, is used Revelation 5:1; Revelation 5:6; Revelation 5:11; Revelation 6:1; Revelation 6:5; Revelation 6:8-9; Revelation 6:12; Revelation 8:2; Revelation 8:13; Revelation 9:1; Revelation 10:1; Revelation 13:11; Revelation 14:6; Revelation 14:14; Revelation 15:1-2; Revelation 17:6; Revelation 19:11; Revelation 19:17; Revelation 19:19; Revelation 20:1; Revelation 20:4; Revelation 20:11; Revelation 21:1. Revelation 13:1; Revelation 17:3, introduce a new scene with, And I saw. Behold… the first voice which I heard—Rather, Lo, the voice which I heard at first; namely, at Revelation 1:10. The same unknown voice that introduced St. John to the Christophany, introduces him now to the Theophany. Come up hither—Ascend from the earth’s surface, at least in spiritual conception, and enter the scene of show. Which must be—A compound necessity is implied in this must be. They must be, partly because there will be free agents who will bring them into existence, and this is a dependent necessity, dependent on the free will of the agent possessing power to do otherwise. They must be, also, because the free nature of the agent and his free act being foreknown and assumed, the divine will has determined its own infinitely wise action in reference thereto. There is no absolute predestination in all this, except that divine predetermination to act wisely in view of the freedom. See notes on Romans 9. Hereafter—Literally, after these things; the these things differing from the these things in the first clause of the verse, and meaning the things of the present time. 2. Immediately—On ascending and entering the door. In the Spirit—If this means his own spirit, then the thought is, that his consciousness, withdrawing from all perceptions of the things of sense, concentrated itself into the higher realm of the spirit, and, entering into full sympathy with the divine Spirit, became fully perceptive of things in the supersensible world, and especially of a series of symbols presented by the divine Spirit to the eye of his spirit. A throne was set—Literally, was tying; again the thing is there in the position before seen by the seer. Bengel says, the term lying is applied to the throne, from its breadth; to which Dusterdieck replies, that the same term is used in the Septuagint, Jeremiah 24:1, in John 2:6; John 19:29, and in the classics; and so is the ordinary term to express a throne’s position. Nevertheless, it may be, and probably is, we think, from the breadth of the ancient thrones, (upon which more than one could sit, Revelation 3:21,) that the term became ordinary. One sat—Unnamed: not merely (as Alford and others) because the writer strictly narrates “only what he saw,” though that was measurably true. The one was doubtless both unseen and unnamed for the same reason, namely, as says Herder, finely, “the mind has no figure and the tongue no word by which to express him.” The seer beholds and describes only the colours of the dense glory that indicates his presence. This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 3. Like a jasper—Not in solidity, but in picturesque hue. The jasper is a species of quartz, of various colours, and sometimes transparent as crystal, Revelation 21:11. Alford says, “It represents a watery crystalline brightness.” The sardine, or carnelian, is, says Epiphanius, “fire-red and blood-red.” Meyer, quoted by Hengstenberg, says: “The red colour is light in its intrinsic unfolding, light in warmth, light in love, or in its opposite, anger.” The crystalline jasper thus represents the purity of the divine nature; the red carnelian its sensibility—its wrath and its love exercised toward sin or holiness in responsible beings. The rainbow—symbol of the covenant—with its seven prismatic hues, yet with the soft green like unto an emerald predominant, represents the divine mercy. Round about the throne—Horizontally, says Hengstenberg; vertically, says Alford. We think the former clearly right. Around the nebulae of jasper and carnelian hues there circled a horizontal halo of soft green, in which the seven streaks of the rainbow were visible, leaving the throne somewhat visible, but no form of its Occupant. Thus far we have picture of the divine Presence; now for the attendants. 4. Round about the throne—Forming a full circle, at such distance from the throne as to make an area in the midst. Seats—Thrones: the same Greek word as for the throne just mentioned. For these elders are kings, with both thrones and crowns of gold—royal elders, “kings and priests.” Their lesser thrones surround the greater throne, as in fealty to the great King. Four and twenty—The twice twelve of the Old Testament and the New Testament Church, the patriarchal and apostolic twelve. See our note on symbolic numbers, at close of Luke 6. Says Bossuet, (quoted by Hengstenberg,) “It is the totality of the saints of the Old and New Testament Church who are here represented by their chiefs and elders. The same totality of saints is represented in the twelve gates of the holy city, on which were written the names of the twelve tribes, and in the foundation of that city, on which were written the names of the twelve apostles, Revelation 21:12; Revelation 21:14. In a word, one sees in these twenty-four elders the whole Church in its leaders.” And as throned and crowned, they represent the Church of all ages, both militant and triumphant. The delightful import of the symbol is, that the Church is very nigh and very dear to God in his administration of the governments of the world. Crowns—The crown proper of the New Testament (στεφανος, from στεφω, to wreathe or weave a garland or chaplet) was originally used for honour to a victor or ruler, and adopted as an ensign of royalty. 89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d494844520000008800000071080200000081457cd4000000017352474200aece1ce900000009 70485973000012740000127401de661f78000033af49444154785eeddd75b8755b59f7f197ee904e09954642404a4152a44b 42914604a41b69414a1a15a43ba543e9ee10839492eeeef073deef79ef33cfda7bafbd9e7d9ee780d7f5ce3fd635f79c638e 718f3b7e778c31e73ec22f7ef18bfff3bfea40f0118e7004bf9d3890dff9dee61107eab31e3adf73877b2363e5a943a8d92f dd1de84e0e28bf7ef6b39f25e95f05c11cf140b372fff63f7afde31ffff8eb5ffffa4f7ef293fa3f2c769ff1e9e448473a92 df9ffffce7fb97e6bdf576b80a665860f2384b43f795ad7af8e94f7feaa977bdeb5d37bff9cdffeddffe6d5f7bd8caa6a1ea e94f7ffa831ef4a0cf7ef6b3bf0ae2395c05332ee188473ce2518f7ad434344cdf50ad06cadefad6b73efbd9cff6bb6b0fc3 f7e5c90c378ecac9a31ef5a87bdef39e1ffde847dd4dfcbfc4e370158cc907145ffdea57dffce6377ff2939f0c4386659b30 227102b1a31ded68c738c631d63fb2e4fbb4dceae7538eef7ce73bc83b2ca8b809fd1bb639bc05137cbde52d6fb9e215aff8 f8c73f7e195f6d42b1f6f570ac631dcbf9effcceefac7f6a257edb3adc32c683aea73ffde94f7dea53eb934d6f42cf816b73 b80e3f9075bce31def44273ad197bffce56d357acd6c479dd90dedfed6b7beb5abc564911afff77ffff7b7bffded09af7b70 08e05abef9cd6f9efdec673fc1094e704063bf0d65b947c12c21685becde76f861ca294e710a9c7dc10b5e30b2d910400685 889682bfef7defdb5530393622bcf39deffcb297bd2ca64fe83591f1bffccbbf7ce31bdf40d8318f79ccf1851b32f14034db a360f64c4ab2a19550e87bdffbdebbdffdee7dedaa1e3c9b63d8f071f2a00a3ff8c10f26c25e79f0a52f7d29699df4a427e5 ba36ecf38036dba360e2c8a46391b874aadb123db871c2139ef07ce73b1f95ffe217bf98c16dcee281202713d7edc4a321c9 c9694e731af8c979ac0c579bcf7dee733a39dde94e7794a31ca54cf380f27dd7cef72898b8e9f8d0873ef4f6b7bf9d2686e3 ebe7e32ebed059bfe73ffff98f7ce423031081e9ae129d690c4f1b286eae3f6a69c4f7bffffd7ccc52964bfcfcc217bea019 8b29bef85f2c98711837bef18ddff4a637ad38d5352aec168e9cec642713ffbce635af09ee37f7314565c73ffef1fd1ef7b8 c7dd4d2e07df27186e892a2cfdc7d29ebefffdef7330273ff9c9c7ac577a1eb73a21f586346f48e14ab33d5accf84cb6ffb1 8f7decb5af7d2dd0cfa9ae27d7dd22519cfda33ffa2381108b89179bcc73fcb6fc74c4b3c9cc7ff4a31f89bbbefbddef8ead a70de993d0801d9ff7bce785b13b61722d4d10fd83e49b0cbdb7368749302626c5bbe10d6ff8810f7ce0d39ffe7474ef8a66 e9ecb18f7d6c8c002c473ffad1973cda701a8d42ae9bb40f66055dc61a959a41ddfdfce73f4f3f4e7bdad34e48b69cc5c8d2 0982996c11c4269ab40979dbb6d9a360a229fd251846c3d96c88664d89de953100f744b5c93cc7e02a997ce6339fd964e63a 87543c7fc9e368cf088925e1b5ec92e4c68ca6e721cfc9273ef10925b50f7ff8c39a05aa0371897ff9e726b4edd4668f8259 b25252a6c422f0cdccd3af35340de29df294a734b7873ef4a13ffce10f7b705f67f2b5af7d6d93478cf8a52f7d693c7f8259 ead657bef215949ce31ce710926d154c338ae97ffbb77ffb8c673c6319b00cac3959a2dc7ae4d895ec3d0a668018b92623f6 7dc52b5ec168587a44ef2a186d385b48a874086496eab69ee8185ab6010f779d614a4d84e82c241b43a92b2211b039c982b7 86640906d321e7b39ef5acb39ef5ace73ad7b94cbcdec6445c516d930374710f7ab69ccbde059366e5c9ffe66ffee63ffff3 3f65f201c57a9a9aa45f807ef9cb5fbef61bbad39e354adee5242739c92682d1b97accaffddaafa9b02598257202b1f7bce7 3d737d0554a3ad999a234884782e7a6a09ddae10c93ffdd33f7dfce31fff250b66c845d0effeeeef5ee0021778ddeb5e0713 c034a55b239b1e7460d3e52e77b9a6348abc9ed1a30ad02f25d84430dac8648d925047c73b27e3043316b0b4f89193960c4b 74779ce31ca7419796e71c54fec77ffc07c9d5ed2f0dca86235170c10b5e50e50aa085069bf00b2314663cfee217bf38ae1d 46f35f33a85859283c1653cb9190a82c46af27fb6d6f7b1b1c3bd399ceb46de317bef085bff99bbfc99e36e96a57feec1dca c660539cb39ded6cd2378a9922af9fa4bb29fbaffffaaf83fe97bce425dc4cfdec2a9b1ad4ffe6c5f9f7bef7bd74d958238f 8ccfaf100b316c57d8b695a7e97ebfd69068d299cf7ce69e9d5b3df50ffff00ffffaafffda1476e5c0fe114cbc60078351c3 9dc196cb5ce63282d177bce31d2d61adf7342303b2d4b3e519ce79c3f92c455e1d65a76364ecc4a21c7369616d7c8313332a e6beca55aec2096d85a0f131af7ce52b19d6c52f7e71e506014e429df6a6609dfbdce73eb7fac2886d57eeaf69b091c53413 c8e3582a6cfd56fea26ee2662a233673657db96966eb442c04c70826c7b3abc5646ab178a75271842d45a825bd116e2c0563 2cd7b3727184d945c3f06b6913af7ef5ab0dad129ab98f6e39618b8f7ef4a34df92c67390b559bdd36075c30f90c8be1cbcd 0fc3c121f16217bb18167318c1c51a16cf23446832da739b78d4f2d7faf9d46d251989e17a8b898cb25138363a3e9a81e06a 164a44355e0a6614c5092f25c621bf793609f9137f5efef297abfe39d64f7c73516d643195b378825bddea56d62dd0b14c56 dc4ad7945898f91bdef0062113c559affbe9a666c4493cf2d3961777b598189777d935f36f942a7268ab88b9e47ec6ad2b86 bb559f46066c42d9e98c673ca308622cdbdd004d2c4a456e77bbdba98166914be96e2e8c65cb8d043383bdfef5af2798ea45 4b8b69b66a4dbff11bbf011960f194007662748f6876d5ab5e15cbdef9ce772a1fa46eeb65d3dd662ea15b6f312935a7cd32 7eebb77e8bd12c51c8b3744851c0499b08562ca63ffdca4e949d18849476a455a5030d363d71ab7ff6677f564567bf84971b 092684910c8a14fffddfff9d02e66c868948a19202fc0b5ff8c25840fdbbb54677c638f409fa8546e1d20a6b56f83e7713cf fa85b26880902f7ad18b9cc4b5843a1c2715d9098115492f47afb15f53533e772e1aaecad9f570cc9ad0e31ef7381a4936bb ce7a73ebd95430883bc319ce70ed6b5f9b6a3ff9c94f9e65bea86caa0e68e6f79ffff99f077f9bded663581092f8557b9f39 ef348111e7b21cb2a6b1f67a26f5da8ca274e210a6d333a610364effcb7373973b138965b461bd93702c3535f1dcdeb287cd c5b0b5e54682693c0a027688e7694f7b5a50d691fa4425c5119ed1c1229369b075e04161b32a6553f0f01bdaace1f5322a9b 4ed6b040fba26ab4f9ad94326ac1b1b154e9d494d1a6cfda3864fb05ca17bad085d2a1c02a200121aea816ce2adc2654ed2a b34d05937bc741be5a4e205fa320231bb7a295eac98d15a6c287f51a347872d39bded4e3c29ef5e16f1ab09cf64ee658cb26 ef24c17465d4c59f18dae2f479ce739ef47dd961da96c6286ac8a0c5e833d3e6cea13efff9cf078397b8c425aa4cefcaf10d 1b6c2a981407a17228e6ff94a73c652b114c1ece8a29f943e9d886546ac67ba934cb8184371b424119c9aeb175bc76084cf2 22cb83ad7cf0831f744534b5939a9b54a6fcdbbffddbade98dbc9d7ce4231fb14df78ffff88fb99f0d39be61b38d04934567 ec2c5abd3267383ab8b40cbb2c20834a73e8b7a2e34bb2928136264c19f9e195a5dfad738892865b51f095c64b013b07b0b3 d6325096d198572b31d3ed885303b122df7ee2139f9855d1cb54c1f5f2011ed79afa15ae708531c4fd826386d84830916202 a086ea5df39ad70456f6eac5a6547224a794f4877ff887b44c421300ee643a4b06d15921e94aa96d1e9c024f638dadace142 24f9256cdcbfee75af8bb903443d683aacbfe5ed212601a7554e6430709bb940e9f8d02dbfaa15c20af07ea94b5d6a135dd9 d0566ab62a98a69d2297570e35914e6b50e9eec31ffef0a9a2cf2db132b0fefddfff7d737ecc631e33dcd956364b6352cef1 6ca0411963caf07db2a2b98295065a0f65e98dad55ba52ca5b164b7a10e44a1b9151696029660dd22a15a6528559754e309e 22182bcd557a46ae07ca62ea37cd8a41c3dc51374cbcfad5af2e689eed90836969b4d2b782a082e6a45adb923b633911d568 acea9369a635234e5abf5402b74865bdb38dec599d2c319cb9d43f73c1595516048fe977abe451030bc91c27f292d3dc726e 825c9468282e2df56c9f8c63dbc6db584ce6c20fd3dfc1a2b109779525d462c18ebade526cf154cb539dea54224b9168eb8c 3dbb13adddc51a6e46763df9ff5230221f6e76292d76d04e81352c88596d3c9f1a524c4c63a031331577d0fa2567e380df4f 7dea538a601454923008d6343d483002a24b5ffad299e6fa69eeaba8b6118c01cc99a6dce10e77209be55e908873f034aa7e 4f7ad293d017d393500d785a6f59406756b56b42d383aae50e1173059295a8e1118f7804602c031df7bb1476e76e81d02158 637f62ae5b89108b9d8c385b6de424a6ae3c465c876647bde49574b12bc37d0aa45247a2eacd4b0eecab00766abf8dc6cd84 2d47dee52e7789fa29650768a8118ac887e501a32c6962718ea89a92da68b162e629e6cc644eb856202ee188fb496b88669d b25ab0932ebbcebcb49fa0a0c6469f1d173d0b6c99f508069739066a17cdad4f739933d0d053beec354fb77eeff77e6fd664 8700e5f0fffaafff12a00692c96c272e0f4b67ee4b3cd8f6a955c1c459deec2ffee22fa8898a72d1d7c0485ce342ae718d6b 3064e63c4b2fcdb62191cb0d08dec29051b4ce87f59deb41c824c8662e6dd95a4e20a5868a51926032dce5888981898fcdb9 62f4feeca04608267ed3d4d82a861e5ab8ec88303d13b0d9c90a9c485392d3946d9c2b8cea19a41767af114c4ad68c86e0f5 8274771b280b7f31ebcffffccfa3c09f0502f59b9e0a01acf3bfea55afa286c3ca191b2ef18afe5cd96f56cf836fcb0e1540 1124cd8c05a3652eb61b26a9f7db516f4e9296005d7afbf77ffff7ceb1d52f9b08ca3a34637ced96a2342c9e0281a3d19bfa 1f0763cf3b53b69577064d66a6acb461a54099638c7b49f092c2e97cc413e5dbb69f07570533226534fc04221ef9c847b6Ecclesiastes 31b85f1bcc1283128c3a52571aa9c2335cbee52d6f4961ef77bffb25b9e40af4ad1da8724e876ea58956cc189910b62b4bba f9670d962faceaaabc2ab4e980756da11eb12dcf5d1441101e4d779dfd89a9ac3830c725fd43aa221893522f881202163416 887a675a182d9596f04f58b1d4982169452a36d103c0c4bf6f82992939b1ad0d86520d8aa39729f5d70613958ff8c0c06724 1ac7fd7233104f95a9fd925d24240910d785a7435953a27d620acc0d6a666e4e5a805acea45aaf8b8658b61c4dac71bf70b2 109c48b8cc3a77ceaa44832b9bd33c52ddaca4ea9ce73c67fdfcf55fffb59746b3362bfc50f1a217bde80a554b4a56ce3df5 c637be9163f656db9a66736b1be73f92672e76f2d129fb3f142e3d330e23f5bfc8452e82fb34aba59415d0876637b9c94d48 856c34d61b61e0235e505508b994b4060566f27f3a159e6c9d9b2bb19522978ab79d23012cb1aeeb6dbf836ff13a2119c549 1808c7ca87d2ad39a140b0ce2d550cd7c903c1fee4773141254650aac6113ddbda4a548d7e60c275ae731dd0cac85cdcf575 f5eda3b22191c5a823e9b415e5f1348d0aa0af74a52bc13a1be6226e26e64f7919b781ee5e6f8cd784218bae44bd34738472 c2c44c919505c393114c6fc32ca7ead9a5552d59132fba2b1bf33b1a2094a228cb97d0a7da6fb842ff563448144a63a2950e dca4e61e441e4b85c3de078216d660c6596e3582241dfeeb01a44b06f04492d7f59dc45957070b66041b3b62594f5a37e5e5 8467f992091c6ba36e06e5cd218818cd6d60aaea2246bb3b40248b36433963d2ea48ea964c3c98758ebaa5f2a60436b51c56 ae40ab664b93d51b7f4012ae43c89e720525696bf46074271a18a22938c0008b8163940fe2f14c6863221a60854eae7ce52b b7e774278b893fa54d66945b7dea539f6a851b012dde6c15e75c39583003024359fdea828bc3479b10db22b3b47a6d0ca3ec 2a1b75d7ad96a1c6e048d4967e6e8302ba98c1411217b92e478d4715a44725d5334a2332230fd238bf6114d6b8386592986b 6d7b50c24410c3c36b63335fe52c7ff24ced65513b70051a4780de783e7e055e7916c17edd6d44e18f7407d9b6d43017bb32 fee00ffe20b2b7e56ff44715c57dc0031e80601988c8bbcd052bd1cd56091dca62cca4ad6c6340ba4099b8d945d154589431 8d05fcc99ffc094fd876b2d1e2c8d51eb0d23860a867772b8cb62f3b001c19381720f1f352165d55576f2cb6d23ec2a1ad92 f0d0d07082373e6cdc492bf91ec962c47b04e34a3b5dd0cc7daab7c614ecc63e619bf6865351a62524ea4f32d3586ee059e9 aaba91b50f7db6df6a68583277f8e34408f7dce73e57a470f7bbdffda0e4ebffbdacb291c50cb0aa7cc8aa50132cc4088e04 a4dad2c06923a5c68dad994cd3549ff39ce748119615dc4cc4b3ec46a03941b3098005ef08caf518474aa75b5db96820a90c ff3fcb2746e1ea584328d47c528215457311af5bced28c4d8023cd4ace31d7701984ae04936cb75a8b83603ce871e7ac9f60 38182652ed80a87a9b37e6a8057054b31f73abbed7a7964ced610f7b9871ef718f7bcc72dc4e76b6ece7108bd11a1122c2fb def7be0585c14825164b0e984536033b2318e321949b01c4ee26b69ef52bec21066e66b6b37a50922f2e2018ce39193b2820 ee331a88cc3a937abf0446baf845ba4199a9b28051bac6a2cbbdcfd7e8b8ef8af35662e88de81194312949092fe26416ea11 a352d95bcb44e81649988b11e9bbd13365cd980ee2f5bf53797b0c1de57822f681f68ea5ffde2acb5525ebef4c8473531516 6edb4d1992a4cb4efef44fff14fea89e0901969bf97ad08bcb70264f9b918d2dcb12d408f0b4cf4db9ae3d0108f6880a779a 46ac74108c1e56fc59e68fd150b1c68c00702d4b582eea4db3c2e86486782cae194452886bc72545e645e05e73a113c0409d 9889f89331899d448f1e2769fe15e2f152623312958bb83b6e3fb297533074770da738ed41011482e3c926e672101b47300c 13860adb695cef4534bd58cfdd89a6780571f398c58c016a888d7614fb4fa41b2966483c29f8b819dbe671969dd558330339 611c9a71c2338d84edcf3e7116c7515b2d72a968586ff489ad09921a31d97a6631c6caf7128cbbc632ae3e7daa40e797bce4 25898a1faacec444dc62bb0612831130b6e0323dd34fac1f4647490c1951c943618c7d1a22852437fabaa9c58c65204e56c8 fa606ef3d16390c297b882b8dccfd054da283541074fe3fa2c0846a20a022ed0b51e29942215cbbd32b5e1f5d05d83469909 b048663478a8c322ae1a34505b55876ce645df69770d0803586513f8eea2f3e48d7d9e9248b905ac0432ea431e144faabc71 458a4f7a5350b9c10d6e5072368832a37792d290228b144df061be813673d9d05c0eb198b4128f2894b18586b993466afe6a 7957bbdad514fe06e8624aa02fe420007b302829262e4186479110e8b0c82d1331dbdc4c6e6064201682728205b83485db06 5ab18f5d950e83583f70af25cf01427b1f2c3c30905ff4a09962656aed9b913999bbe0183e9bb52b5ee3e363a07da9cf5886 10a317d23a06d6bcad1906f6c2e6aed4ae3438d82696d8a766057c9ef0842788405267dc6c31ffb297bd2cc579ec631f9b46 47444ac76d8a20a17305152a69393d6e3ad83219302957f459705569f62ffff22f45fa35d3a7c488d7a5dd9599d38c0e6464 0d751b92cc2d5798112fdd1bb3fe2409f899def8937592f4d4d6685b5bf70daa25f68572b86ca654d339bfa8d98d6e7423e7 5e18d34f8b37e8cf0878118b78ac2a4a420b230aeae47634f2d6b7be7553eb584e67bda80e9ee7c4d7f55b46f6777ff777a3 05714430ee5035e2d30c1329331ea2e9945b4d55d56f76dac165f25889a330827df04cb974fd10304688e2fce9d9e5345c17 b382af4882fbce97722a4e236c7dc6bb16d64842cff016ca0196223416492a2d18abb5184b98ee2ed3c9f3b318277ff5577f e5229bd3153575b14568fd8722ea170f79c8435ab0e87a9020b8350453eb5b46e950735c2f8f43b4b049a68049d5156a2b6d 5445b09a12289590a3f85ad7ba16c5541f5b82ac069a592610fb338bba2221df130d34c4d39c8a5b407ff6f84a0538467733 b2494e7b55bc7afe68623e1ca95d2124463958570844c02dd069605c9273ae6ca1f382784e458376e9992311ea500208b2aa 40f322a46bab898406a6512ff3355338861e4022e4d35bd0448afff88fff880cde37d69544b32dbe56b8a49fe1eaf0766634 27db8aea2049aac3735302aaa8f70b9a7def425a634dc56c8714c388e20dc9de41cd94f0b01241cc427846b9dc056bca76b4 2c4f6e3e32217ff24fe9af8108a6385b34b95c76348aa7f8980493a2e10b5ecf724bf25e5a0c675b91bb7db65a62ab89a024 5be40c588f47847cbdf987e3ae17498a2a5b2b22cbf6289b0860bccd6d6ea3ab42219eb22dfd998bc4b39a7118584c0f3380 18fd2345f0a8ff65763146a3b15be5d7cd71453c07a936401739f072c69b62172eabed60b1e1331aa3ba2bc4bcdef5ae874d d60266f722af2e642a0fa59282ba82082a69da7923464d19a967d6e94a532578f941243690679dc0f7a651632a729ffbdc47 905dc8974806199ca05fff46ef961eda469366b8c5b7037d5da1d6dd2a66da4005c9535b35e10f30046bc04d6240aea68036 6d00358d4c71b383f6ced3e00cc82f19f8a009fd63a6a69fe98fad749e1850e56efbbf970d0e81325ddfec663783a4364ee4 ebb21badef7def7ba39ee2a3b20cd9755c63b91824caa2a4f940e0e6cb2308156dc3eebedb87830c62ac4d911c9a099ae975 7bf5f45686e484aaea04adda9b958b9acdae090dbc0122f013142d6bc3d94d0791f813bcb4c8a8594a5675ae45a3500e0d64 005d9d833bb113b2c940744066e814c860aeebc01985e6250772de227482612bf0502c573890ca1b4bfd180fef74a73b21b5 0ad05843228963c6e2c225ece9d0568b39686ddc55db73b5b05fc9b92b451d1e90d3b87efffbdf1f0e34d5e6599a79dbdbde 766233a127c6b925aa06e5d5b570561d613e3327a8a3987c4fa378561bfe933c38274c71bdd2b24fb6987c9fb02c30d13e1a 7233ad0362cacc96a302b360dd898bf0ca5dd8d54635a08ff54258e7dc27d3a9995c92e3ecf30442c7dc8973de9185d1542e 44b90faf052951529e7bfbdbdf1e0175d89e2927bcb2709c0e01341743ece5a1593c4483c709db5d331a364ee383c4152fa4 7bc221c33b4f307e4119a3614f72e3b8165966653e4c1e98264223094ec03a9e62475f88abd6cde06a2376448d7715fd89cb 4dc6d1470b6448ae6384eb38c503dde216b788e269399243980a0aef580f1ae8108432d6d67e40aba0abdcde01aeef7ad7bb 923d7b125cf12275c57b9b60afc09116d3412d2570027b5d046e5484fa5738489f840f0c8b0b113518ba03016219a2653449 2b413a9fdf588d9994862e36e5adf2d3e6201b4cb60cdc48882bcacc321c742763ea795deb0b2c003ad7015a14c87b20009a d02abe949d684c17182c98c20e6da839e32042b7124c64715aba2a1b98995b1d49796762cb7364a061146d583094c3b47bdd eb5e55da7b306ce0e418341a8cae4d4157151afa2729d1869c084ffae25998067908354bcdfa1ffce007d31b4032dd3a51eb 2cd5d3db92dd2395d44b3fded6e4c219eb8afca2b3e3e0bd2fc8f2fc031ff84044d0e8798078a8307d610440293a1a4054c6 68ae7ffdeb578ac67a2acce371b39c1619077d6247ee31dcf0a00cc99c9db89b5d3aa0390450d58ea6a57d2c69ed7c39cf65 cb8c7229a195f6a994180197219b73392f8540aa078dee1c447b8a32e12f1162222021b9c1b194d85dfe86d58e00ccc5228d e42f76cfd486dac8735da621bee03b348ba4519d6d049335f08486643485528eec260f14b084924ee80ea361e68c260bf562 18a7cde4bdb5a47ddb302dc4aa06fa6d5468a618c396ebbc0ecddf87fac752b72574ab8456ae44f0d66787350935fa9bc233 9ff94c749a1d65aa6ed67283e84631570374bac8d9c4879c41fe2f7bc204bf9415bbb514dc06a42b8249635c17ca6a76c73b de31951a58da3abb836b941e8bb97c03126d30749e4ff36b6001258012fe27f63aa253260616fa4aaf67b95f051bb9345813 686a092eec6778def39e9751c22b6a45a2da872d513c7d0e1f975c5eb27b6f0db695aba0bf0f2ab59dc15caad1511db57d8f b4506f5f438fc722098a8b815e626861d445bea76623892618cdbe9e61eebc57f891b90c0756283c38831bd6689d539125f5 cc8449002d03440755e22491052e85ceaa174811ff4830c53664c932da2aa70750a64f42754e96faf1884e067956d47c6f16 b32deb9717b795e8709cdd57fc87e4a6cf2c084cb59fb9b4a69e8e0ac3c4e5924a001eaa0bc0546e3c224d0e9ff346cd3d3d d62da94824e82bfcdc552a1a1c2c98a41aa0717d7827c4e2c4745ad72aeaac9b41086cc84330934b68772f8348b4bc14c352 be544f9b408b999b9e9c5f1bb60ff13849cae8cfe299a55a1d20a96c95d00cbae2d2bc5e2a92142873a24215dcccb2630ea8 372f6f3138efc544f000fc8576542de231903f2ede09095892924fb1521767d63be9d3211613673d40bcbc1fbd107b447d94 b9085b9982736ca5f52af6d0593158dcacb2e43a372eca04b5c8120e0a07a84f8574f0b5cc9928e304669b0b63b47ec5cf6f dec3e8f2566dc8f19891a0dfdd3e8a23299947cc0eca29e366fd18659aa05b339a1aafd595657202b68992e024ccd0465258 57c978bd780e114c469384f9616c5565c2fa3ac25f8e04a319132b8663d68e7c5ac6dd621bb92e2a95bc9454c9cc75b827a6 64e90440a7c46f94cb10b4493847c5a0790c5d1f86adb0b25c2a5243893548bd933ecef591e85638357779529be23bc49c05 351ecfbb60ba94885e9636c21541817240e960cd70c653f2873e89ba26745c527b288b498c0edd295ceb0e97556d5dc774bf 204b5dcfb60fe77444429ae4040bca2d25a1a080e3317c5f35b274664a4408e2e09beb02d63eec57bebd896076625f8f1702 39d957bb5911db68c974383a119eb766032db4c41017cd4e2221d6ca084404aa7f2e46156d664f1e91b5b4ed642918481857 b7d5cb430926ca2640928ee0ac5169a581fd32e1de16c77409a9ed6b224e0641adb80d95318341e74c0120909ce81e7ded15 0a1b6999e4517052b38e151e6dfdb366e6a048a55048975924ac974c2492fd229b9144fc32e5b8d1d06af02a87e6d545c10e d8900cc4747397a2611ad8a8016c70977fadb6349e42570233052d2aaee7207465caab16339cd24b7b4a88a1fdfc25bd369e 9196e19dd31d15018c762e85568c1a0a5ca9e061618317754e4802cd2a5748e96473a9a4922042aa848039b2da18b7898077 d580b1bc354ac37f389439786245338f406cba22226d47aa8312f3a322230b864d598701923fe99629a8c2c5a85d04334a97 2d1b9b4d785ebdbd1e1d3940352877856d000abee95ad947900efad8c754e5723fa249c3f3a2ce198d9eaba68c096fcbd021 a696996c6fd4cb9c254f02a4dec4b0ae9ef7da5f98b614de928c682884a1acca650c42c4655ce2a1c48c3874021bc56f69f0 32c3d721e159e691b00b5fb398adeab26a314b5bf68c848bf310355a7cf46746c38bf0107ef18bafe3fd2a0c933fd9e4392a 7989203dab0c43541223355ae510774b36d758cc0a2ef5a7e80e5698ad391b5d4a04cd41a84814be0de5fb11d3b635afb80c bd952c855bda983eaa0463c18028a930cc1531de525d3c2b6286222d5d27b3b1d1e570db0b66c932c04a0cdc3bbfd29c412a e0e2f4e8697b59440aaeab638ab5b2dc6a15466528826ca0e78aa8a614754c6a27285b115b3065c9ae575260a6fa95a09178 542a4b989ad581309a15f1448c122279307d1e85054b7784b2e9a2f25a769cbe469243a18b618954d5d994a0dc5aa6712ba3 1c4a30610bd7d23751c3100cb5a644d99ff8c4278e84fb28b9d79a34e0dec5d674564b9c6a0f5fe6e90405e93857641abdc9 b72d760d652b5291788b6d30825061174a6645d9ee2fa3d306a552a9b5d7dbb3e9197d5b95df2f17670a744ebd4a3130dd97 c3a150ae6341284af2f9b087a8a8b88854569ecb5993661e4a30b5e6b52c37c9f3594633c46b7e85614a5ff25db483f20a0d 9db79d35b1c1a8ac618664dd027985fdbe7ab1e191561add5be4a20f3ed60adb7c223ccf0f2411093c1dac87193162a18195 b741dd0d87db43b3044318429b29e352208c92a5f5f1a9ca8c4e6895373ad08ce0890e76428b8859cdfc63ae7f80a7172096 c33700ceb66b22db4490b5e4d21457942939923ebbb2550b209ed85ab76b2c77c99ae9c4d275df98a5044a5812372bffb225 964127547a7ac5c921e90320ed41e0f6187d7a9a753aa2b9e330c2ddd2a00d4111b3157905fd4000f1b85210e43ac9c9315c 57546e3baa637de0b32a98e1087782d134d4491da91c7359fc3ccf9619093c545fac122a04305b2003d952a231f3354a31d3 9b882bab8f861e6c499c0cf8793db339f5600488672a81535571676b0aeef6b574eba1adb08d5fcdca97c7526c2bb7f6e9cf 992960e80b82b213889d1ee84a5cdaa600a5ac52f5a576ae81f455e73f8ff1ea463279bc70916f507c94c4d256bd077ae0cb 9034d715588f232a455b6593cd8d24d2e27eb7b26c08d0a0bd4e8c9547ed1fc0b8a8ee9b95380cea0acd302e1f96623ada2e 5c00926e5611e7ae4453f3af04b71af7d21a86ce9d44359db7126a5c910e78988c0aa8da0a41a195190ba357f8b04609b6c9 fc8735025c83d969d8f34a29c20f6e5c329523699f1ccf4f78e6cc9059ab5b861f535d33ab6e69af1ff62e7c4ca7522bfdeb 1301e6c6e7495c547a94b40536edb5e4f315b33d453c105cdd8119b55f49e6e4f178e1a03aa42b42d59540c62b254212438c dd2c7505f11de1de4e983352611fdeb8438f9d15eca6f670bbdde8fc5f81a863c2b3a58eeec49f75993f0ded53f6ed19d085 e49613ee43640da33687a6a04348868831d8352209a91c66a2ea4cdd70568554dad5226e96049d961f7ac91ab058ed161790 4121acea8f01cdc9ddee76378f6731e38796cd44b72d55a4c2eb393516b0449e2e1200f7a6676534e976533629959b5447d1 081b0978c2b3e96d27fe74fd50d5e514275de85718662ba914b75842962bd5172609d88a0b4c5b850e8faa7253d299ea707f 4e4631e3bb965bd9aa37c58504ef508bebb31873309d421d8739932513e1f6e7bf2f21d87256f4938d1046039a2b157542a2 f0d98980a220730968fee43b819e7a2bc726a5ad8abc5578395a3d087c3044e3fa61fd967350eb629b9ba6e0b694c452c6db 4a68c704733c303c312b30525a2b6c577b68692152cc84b240a4a57b9899ccac86940cc2af429e6c8bbbc6262824ee62a0a6 046a3498ea00d831495b58fc6a6fe85922d4399fe171356f5e57c1c672bdbd74630a5c4bfb5dfbd08266a517ac53789d778c 987e6dc6706ba9075c1ae85ecaa6f3f883126a34d9223ed8ade871c98a5db55a2ebff2094b68b6c5ec5d41e5501633ea3c02 0c85fdc9cd9895f83849286e9b156d1af3ea91a5896cab0535a84fba5cc0dd811d70a9173c38837939bd11cd47022bc2914b e1944ecc8db9109e43a19a9f5b7eb629c6a5347db49fd9e99995548350b27351f09d086b0cb1e77fc68b362dd7f6a90648bb cc58b755f6e4d46628a5cc5e611ccb26bf79cf86e3618e1acfdd5d2c26aec122c6b85c3c88ee10ac15178eda0ca9c6563d5a 6a93a784520e7d3ac6f58d6078aca56ee2a02d032c830300021e5fee09d533cfaf3c256deec3140c05b24b7e89c49f7445f2 1f07b35dd3a1ecad6eb53fd801f16cb4e86da6f6848c60ca99840f32360579d799a3e846cf1cd2d275279b25be351c8383ea d5660a971d50aecfcc4686502df2d2869d8e43a0ac8ef422f4a22fedb0f270d745c6c855a6ccbb30176b2a2d1605d3632e1a bba22ec4ce7059b02011117923685856fb3e7e14c5ac448180d3261edb0dfa3f3f1da25bf90a5550ca85ab0ef64131c55774 53cf220ef8205ca4e09a9137dbb2166239408a9a7138d405ca407b599941003aba1cfd80b43dfcfd4a66d928c517106634c5 78a1689fc56abd6304968c97fe0f0f7bd34814001e188db9a497fbe0631a40bed29e0f2e749212b28118e0dbf5b658a68ca3 14e3dff2fc86b72d662a28796fac6f65acf84427a62ac68d6bec4f859ce7772e1a9642aa3e08bea10d94ebeb4b05ee4541b4 d823d6a9143994aa0054d50a0717c8e608895ab0245930fb90fcaaf85aad6001ed8b607c237b5489297af70c3010a1c7e913 4a288aeb06c29974bccde66e193a16757d786da72e25a3373ad115a1c2ae95ad330dbd463c47aa3a9b9569ca2cc460d41c98 f0a2a6d43b54ae9b95208497e6a24942b249b9c880629640245ad3800028eb3d55dc6107145056844d584fa7b4211e831acb 9e79aa676e3a8c29a20c7d526766872f10a61d847d9bd29e7458aa07433b389b7670031077d14981c4450a5688e7f9c10834 c323a0a7435459649272e9c7952085a82c8de8d68cdcc50a81499d1773132a98edc565ea22a6778b39e203f1f45646bc6616 9409f4692060a31044de7f621a3ed7389e77719b63b42601a6cb686df387b9b528899b4dbe4d9a9af993ee0884305744d43e ca902dafde3b0f0cd9421e35a7e361faf2a047658b38c22cb8712991dab6121cbde34ec4395583208fc45e78dd46e7e5a107 188b711c03d9b7079a8987b40d27274780fa2e81412d288ac8dee62133d03d2fa771cecbff7b4a5d98af1a1752016cdf2813 a3f62e1ca41ab4682c4a26cd72a0bfdd3673981a569863f9c054015678d29fdbe431f94f87e8cbd888c6a9e5c351a0d9bca4 a9197e05a0aef7e0f29d63a6e08a9a0d38b24aafdc097f2d9a15cbf6617c9c855a4c6df27fa3e0056b73570f0e2ba4c0bd0d ec64e98093549895109e2c15974d9e7b58c63c62bcbe162758601c6dceeee0f9243a6010312cdb8745d44049576350410c14 abcde30e0b421e372f9990ae8c58816ac56df4e71c288116aca799426c217bcabd06ca0ef51eadbe322ecf304f879a07a2b9 0774631023d020abd418c2d83e8a74e62cd6b444d61a110ca4a1b4ccc0c5424e188429b100b8e79c020ad8b80738639d4dbc 47309a79d6d600126ad14100e6e813ba9e4512c9e13ee35022cb22b97d40e496e058b7faa74c8202e6de571629af58608c8c f3e033801e9c04ad203aabed008c3c1f81813b6e8c1ab9c265f219f215a6dc8b51e9a2d87dfe8d5f3c71b45c24f5a643fde7 102642812c498096fca8667ed740d9ea0bcef340a0847ab180e1e926af83652c77def063aa0094fcc545248723aa3228d046 0d5c4e8ed10daf1f32c053cc2542fe1977100a0635c01a6335dbbe0f66088f603aad34732cd02d6f447e220826e5225251a5 2b6c25095a2c60c3503dbbab99ec071021865f81f28ede0fd5a7c0840f135c19a54f3e220685ac047e02debed0e0e0507bd3 c15d4ea5ffa56e68d7434e8c1a4d4db3593995f556466f57a107d2aaabd6217ab2f5c4b3a36c964637e713fb569050f9c1f4 76ef2f8363b754e6cd13078bc15020902727b02082e018521f2066f236cd949a981e27c9c0f90cb82f9a044d2609b8f96a57 40133527000624a9ec5520072b0486444e0cc22d2de9e0ac2bd321e172df4f1731333b9b8cd5111865dff0c7295495f0d365 dac30e1c7d3dc32163e7c97a77b243744a2188136ad91d5744474bdaf13b059bc80bc4442e2c9239c2988a020ed6aff14abd 6a5be677f190a86c4849c793245da01188ebf397f33fed26ae702b2ea47d7dca0e6b64a9f8029ddde27b407c0bc070895dcb 2dbca162b6944b2e02f7480ecb4c9806f4cd4a6644d7744512584f068849eaccae8d6d040c28249834dd9f32504a0d6f7923 9e831bd3b28f0bf47153ba851e43b012a0475adc27e5a55b6c0bfda629144695fe11ac5b1d520ef2203028241e331dbb4afb 86db7cdd21eec53463e195e88e02f5e272c16a5fe41af6ae0bc97485ad4b91ccf958590d567a99a7326441a1b0bb3769cd8d a63bc768b126774a4311871d8a2edc036de2032189d9f65a9a8303677ccaf22e621080ea5fd1e1237c3731f2332bb2eccb7c 1e6992851bd413e0b403df10444b3dfbe8792e0d88a147c8444e24c744b0891af5df0732028ff0cc222ef2a3018a720e8441 45d422c923057bb01dd38976f979cdad6c1c249f5beb8571a81e76b2a60918b68d1c06eb9c54571605eab737b5da11410c96 edd2299c023e1cb2e88090b8a5f9de8e963c13ecc205f90715c3a332ca0ed686a7e20b4e9ef8592415e6def045c6d3ebbb7a e67e90e162fb0e1c08434927509442906bdbe1a42922664ea2a5f8d162021628160bf09a1ae705a78d13a6dcab0acb5aea7a 362ecb226be06b796bc7eab246753727cbf36517012b5401d0fc044cc335beb4180182537c9ae54fece6ff318b972eba2383 3ead63b6c04a108883d5acc045dfd82d91246606d1b2c204f40117a1d274c2831ecb6aee92487aa04f658ba95674d7b202e4 19d67384a2ed2ac40e5086aae228474ac6820be8b7c6bb2bec9a3f3714c6b2d93e7c7666a8ef24ac0bd3cc16fe7006a00974 54878709701937593d1603f15e138051da50f6be34c3b75bb4ee0d7412654cfd933f5de1a6ed1ffdb97268697fa8a0801d08 22248f921b57608ea768bd15b63e0ac8e163a8b18476e269ce038ee1b81ec83547c26e78208513419dc6348c62013dbe8d0c 5c2183fef3782f000bc92887ebfb004d5be7b0f6cade05b3ecb694d31c54237ab1115f4805f2f0d566c2bb320e6661c2b925 b66556f86899d29fd0bf4f260aabcaed2501224e110eafc3574bd00cc15d73f54a3e5254f6c7518b033979626697241146a1 8412108336584fe4382b73ac5c64c4329e46d4d283fddb5bd10da0eb2b0ec8c37dc2f31457c71ba15c85147856d428e43d40 c77e104ca663e64d40fc8a3585c598c59248481ccc268018858563d82d9ceb6ba0001dca69ecb7aa33e6e21d4e41274e1bfb 304e124e85a5f4aec83d391e6a6b44811fc7c6131851002dd3f2a07efae70a2014180a6d9d9390a790ea710460345b2175e8 27e8300b1e88608c8524d7f35544a8b1e09030d8a2c012d904d6272f7ed52d66fc904809a74462d50888848a897af194c716 2b4b5f70102030206a8e7db88905f24ab291a8d350eca0e9980e0075c8da5c0168da50673d0bc068346b6355425b6105d321 6fb9610b0db49838fb78ac718d2876a7e044d25868d33932f80fd262dfdac822d90a31e844b4d26e7147d7f5695ede6ee093 0a7f0f90add4ed7eb098fc8ddff4483a26a7ebad251366f818a18ecb7bab91c8b948a26c14973516b30228332fccc514eacf 4910861c139b8af1aae2f4f940a272112b195c0969a88295ac0dcaf11f959408c9e834838af8d323ec034f671d6885b91e57 1856361522f785cd8c5884c2e865ef10b8c91ec4bb8d3f3eb60711ee1fc134709531e25146cdd350ff76c23be0801a14d020 000c052ceb9380ad93494854185b97ff10b4d23d76cf9ee65d19c1527beb9a2917a7312638c9ec9cf4ef3b1c021692a01380 548d99f893ca0115c9feb4988c267297c84b7355d8c445c5d0f37d3ed922f703e2b9fa9e22a73e8a98b30117b880ddaeb4da b109744cd9bb953dc6414bb2adb8093cc505580f9d14209c6b39523410536661ec0360960b0b67e84184e961f71ad7ae4ab1 5983fd6931134067fe08c0e2f88e35e2027b598308208629b5e910b041395006af30a24ff179b6efc457ccc0652c8375c5a9 1d3a6945aeff0d837d94800018ab00b72d9c5b59a1f316fa1cb0914d00bdfed9a5d88c3f4b188eca8369c656cddb8cc97b69 b53f0533e32f539c9226535ae20c286fd71648e13618532b5199c8613f1a0ed37153dd4ce2d2174908d579bb47a98206443e 3298714b0c33b28e152438ec14eedac381158c29ed04caae13430da83cd5e6baa939adc7af7c15c34adf97988e6b1a88ca38 096823ba2b26ec83ca941debdd054a6d70e1dbfad70be9c7307ad9e7b66c5a71f2073438de4ac00111ccd27462eb4cb25bdb 32459b6a2da3a179f56d88febf08965c27cbeb84053871b7a86c57c5cc14b66d16d9bbca6f9321f6d0e6c00a6685a025c4ad e0de819bff4e7c1f027e2948b5aba80e57c16c2ba7a5ceeecac4650f3b81e4b632fee5aaffae6238bca16c0f04fdff47e2c0 ff00c6af578ef51df23d0000000049454e44ae426082Different was the diadem, (from δια, around, and δεω, to bind,) which was originally a tie around the heads of oriental monarchs, and, being far more imperial, was adopted by the Emperor Diocletian and his successor as matter of regal pride. The Greek for diadem is used in only three passages in the New Testament, namely, Revelation 12:3, of the dragon; Revelation 13:1, of the beast; and Revelation 19:12, of the Messiah. 5. Proceeded—Greek, in the present tense, go forth, as an ordinary or constant phenomenon. The lightnings, thunderings, and voices, (for such is the order of the words by the best reading,) are symbols of God’s omnipotence. Seven lamps—Torches. Fire—The emblem of the searching, purifying power of the Spirit. Note Matthew 3:11. The Sitter on the throne, the seven Spirits, and the Lamb, present the three divine personalities. Seven spirits—See note on Revelation 1:4. 6. There was (as it were) a sea of glass—The Old Testament passage to which this seems to be analogous is Exodus 24:10 : “And they saw the God of Israel: and there was under his feet as it were a paved work of a sapphire-stone, and as it were the body of heaven in his clearness.” The idea, then, is, that this apparent sea of glass like unto crystal, is the transparent basis of the throne. God’s throne should not stand on base earth, but upon a condensed ethereality. So the Rabbies say: “The place on which his throne stands is seven clouds of glory.” The Orientals are proud to this day of the splendour of their tessellated pavements. The Koran (Sur. 27:44) tells us that the queen of Sheba mistook Solomon’s pavement, in his audience hall, for a sea. (See Stuart.) To the idea that this sea is a basal pavement of the throne, Dusterdieck objects that it is described as before the throne. But the seer being in the far front describes the part he more distinctly sees, the part which more specially isolates the occupant from the attendants surrounding him. This clear, tranquil sea symbolizes the divine purity and serenity; and, indeed, derives its character from his divine, everlasting nature. Hence, it may be held as the primal fountain of the crystal stream of life in Revelation 22:1. And its sympathy with the divine Mind is symbolized by the wrathful “fire,” infused into the glass, in Revelation 15:2. So small a crystal surface might hardly be called a sea, but our thought from this small revealed spot necessarily extends its existence beyond all limits. In the midst… round… the throne— Hengstenberg and Stuart represent the throne as upborne by the four beneath it. This is in clear contradiction to the words, ‘Ενμεσω, which mean in midst, namely, of the circular area, whose circumference was formed by the thrones of the twenty-four, and which belonged as basis to, and was held by the seer as part of, the throne itself. Within this area, at each of the four corners of the structure of the throne, stood one of the cherubim. But Dusterdieck understands by in the midst, that the cherubim stood one at each of the four sides, (at the mid-point between the two ends of the side,) so as to be round about the throne. Four beasts—The word beasts presents one of the most unfortunate translations to be found in our English Bible. It is altogether a different word from the “beast,” θηριον, of chap. 13; being ζωον, from which comes our word zoology, and comprehends every thing finite possessed of intelligent life. It is thence by some rendered living creatures; but better, by Alford, living beings. The creational number four immediately suggests that these beings must represent all the living beings of our creation. This is confirmed by the fact that the most eminent species of the animal world are selected to afford the four. Of wild beasts the lion is king; of tame, the ox; of birds, the eagle; and of all earthly creatures, man. Hence, their anthem of thanks sung with the elders, is thanks for our creation. And of the three series of seven symbols—the seals, the trumpets, and the vials, to be hereafter presented— it will be found that each first four (in which the four living beings are specially interested) will be mainly connected with points on earth, and of a creational character; while each last three rises into a more elevated and fuller strain, for good or evil more spiritual, and suited to the elders, as the previous song was to the beasts. The beasts, or cherubim; the four and twenty elders, Revelation 4:7-11.7. Lion… calf… man… eagle—These four are the cherubim, the precedent of which will be found in the first chapter of Ezekiel. But the old prophet’s cherubim had each one the four faces and the four wings. This, and the fact that in Revelation 5:8, they “fell down before the Lamb,” suggests that these were human in form and animal only in face. They thus symbolize the living creation in its highest aspects and its relations to its Creator.Cognate to this interpretation was the view of the early Church writers, that the cherubim represent the four Gospels. These Gospels are an earth-wide gospel; a gospel to be preached to every creature. They are to be spread to the “four corners of the earth.” That the four cherubim represent the four Gospels is an idea, as Wordsworth well remarks, coming from the school of John, being found in Irenaeus, the pupil of the pupil of John. It may be more than a coincidence that the Gospels are the creational number, four. But when writers have proceeded to assign either one of the four symbols to either one Gospel the want of individual resemblance has produced a variety of assignments. Irenaeus makes the lion, John; the steer, Luke; the man, Matthew: and the eagle, Mark. Augustine makes the lion, Matthew; the man, Mark; the ox, Luke; and the eagle, John. We suppose that most modern critics would concede the eagle to the soaring John; to Luke, the broad, Pauline, humanitarian friend of the Gentiles, if not himself a Gentile, most would concede the man; to the concise and vigorous Mark, the lion; and to plain, substantial, ultra-Jewish Matthew, both the sturdiness and the sacrificial character of the ox. 8. Six wings—Like the seraphim of Isa 6:2; which with two of their wings covered the face in reverence before Jehovah; with two, their feet, as a decorum; and with the intermediate two they flew. John, however, makes no such distinction; the six wings apparently symbolize intense activity in obeying the behests of the Creator. About him—A period should be put after wings, closing the sentence. Him should be struck out, and the reading should be: around and within (the wings) they (the cherubim) were full of eyes. In Revelation 4:6, their bodies were described as full of eyes before and behind. Here they are described as to their wings; which wings were also full of eyes; both around, that is, on their outer side, and within, that is, on their inner side, coming in contact with the body when closed, and revealed to John’s eye when expanded. So are these cherubim most swift, as is symbolized by their six wings; and most divinely perceptive, both in their nature, as symbolized by their many-eyed bodies, and in their activities, as symbolized by their many-eyed wings. These living beings represent, not merely the animal kingdom, but also the very structure of the earth, and all things known under physical philosophy. This is shown by their number four, which refers to the cardinal points, and so to the physical system. The term æùïí implies that the whole mundane system is, as Hengstenberg terms it, “inspirited.” The Spirit of God is the soul of nature. The whole is impregnate with his all-wise power, and is thereby enabled to move by the law of its true development. Each and every particle of matter thereby sees, with divine eyes, which way to move to incorporate itself into an organism; and so physiology and generative races are possible. Each chemical element sees how to act to carry out God’s prescribed affinities, and with all its six wings hasten to be in exact time. And so it is that matter and motion, under rule of intelligence, form a systematic universe.The living beings and the elders are here both present at the throne in this day of the divine levee, because the purpose of the day is to unfold the future of both the living world and the living Church. And to the eye and ear of faith, the creation and the Church are a perpetual choir, offering an endless anthem to the Creator. They rest not—A faulty translation, as suggesting weariness in the truly tireless. The literal Greek is, they have no cessation—no pause in their movements, no silence of their hymn. Day and night creation moves in rhythmic measures, and day and night the universal Church rolls up its trisagion. Saying—It may seem strange to some that it is not the Church, but creation, that first offers its praise to God. Not so thought the psalmist, (Psalms 145:10,) “All thy works shall praise thee, O Lord; and thy saints shall bless thee.” There is a desperate pessimism at present infecting our age, which finds in creation no proof of the goodness of God. The blessed faith of our Bible teaches a more benign philosophy. It holds that this is, on the whole, the best possible system, and beholds the world rejoicing in its existence and blessing its Creator. The permission of moral evil, and the partial production of natural evil, are methods and means of producing a higher result than could have existed without them. Holy, holy, holy—This trine ascription (called the trisagion, or thrice-holy) is based on Isaiah 6:3, but carried out to a New Testament and trinitarian completeness. The trinality is emphasized by the thrice-three of the entire verse. Stuart remarks that he would not “rest” or “risk” a leading doctrine on this verse. But there is no “risk” in corroborating the proof of the trinity derived from a whole body of texts, making three a number for the divine by this, which is perhaps a crowning instance.The word holy, thrice uttered, cannot well be applied to the three persons severally, as is shown by the fact that the second and third three in the verse cannot. It is the repetition of intensity. The divine holiness, omnipotence, and eternity, are sublimely recognised by the creational representatives. 9. Glory and honour and thanks—A threefold divine ascription. 10. Fall down—It is remarkable that all the Greek verbs of this verse are in the future tense, and should have been so rendered. The seer tells what will be according to divine rule. The verse reads like a rubric to the celestial liturgy. Cast… crowns before… throne—In token that they belonged to him who sat thereon, and are worn by themselves in fealty to him. This was the custom of petty kings toward their superior sovereigns. Thus, Tacitus tells us that Tiridates laid down his crown before the statue of Nero, in token that he held his throne in subjection to the emperor. 11. Hast created—As response to the creational representatives; it is the creation that the elders now celebrate. For thy pleasure—A decidedly incorrect translation. The Greek signifies, on account of thy will. The creation is the consequence of the divine volition. They are—They now exist. Were created—Were brought into existence at first. This verse is quoted in Dr. Hodge’s Theology to prove that God’s end in creation was solely his own good pleasure and glory. But, whether that doctrine is true or not, it is not contained in these words. The text only traces the creation to the divine volition, without explicitly declaring what was the end or motive of the volition. But the thanks rendered certainly imply that a moving influence was the divine goodness, and a moving end was the happiness of the created.SCENERY AND SCOPE OF THE VISION.—For a clear understanding of the movements of the book, it is all important to keep in mind the following view of the visional world into which John now enters.The door in heaven admits John into the symbolic heaven, or region and scene of Apocalyptic evolutions. The divine throne and state were on an ideal plain of vision from which a wide range on all sides can be seen.Above is the firmament, or firmamental heaven, in which the dragon is first seen, Revelation 12:2; and from which the angel of chap. 10, and Christ in Revelation 19:11, descend; and a midheaven where the birds fly. See note Revelation 19:17; Revelation 8:13; Revelation 14:6. Above the firmament is the highest heaven, whence the New Jerusalem comes down, Revelation 21:2. Below, in more or less distant view, are the earth and sea, and even the crater of the bottomless pit, (Revelation 9:1; Revelation 20:3,) and lake of fire, Revelation 20:10. Near at hand are Mount Zion, Revelation 9:1, and the temple, Revelation 9:10, with its court, sanctuary, and altar, 11. This divine throne in regal state maintains its permanent position through the whole Apocalypse. Even when the old heaven and earth disappear, and the great white throne of judgment (Revelation 20:11) and the new earth appear, (Revelation 21:1,) this throne of Revelation remains in its moveless, ideal position. And St. John is supposed to stand permanently in its front, at due distance to command, with his observant eye, the whole scene. We imagine the throne to be in the Holy of Holies, yet so as to be usually unconcealed by curtain or wall from the seer’s eye. But once does our seer leave the presence of the Apocalyptic throne; namely, when he visits the wilderness of the harlot, 17. Perhaps, also, a second time, when he scales the top of a high mountain to survey the New Jerusalem, Revelation 21:10.In the following passages John’s symbolic or scenic heaven is meant: Revelation 4:1-2; Revelation 8:1; Revelation 14:17; Revelation 15:5; Revelation 16:17.In the following, the astronomic, firmamental, or atmospheric heaven: Revelation 5:3; Revelation 5:13; Revelation 6:13-14; Revelation 8:10; Revelation 9:1; Revelation 10:1; Revelation 10:4-6; Revelation 10:8; Revelation 11:6; Revelation 11:12-13; Revelation 11:15; Revelation 11:19; Revelation 12:1; Revelation 12:3-4; Revelation 12:7-8; Revelation 12:10; Revelation 12:12; Revelation 13:6; Revelation 13:13; Revelation 15:1; Revelation 16:11; Revelation 16:21; Revelation 18:1; Revelation 18:4-5; Revelation 18:20; Revelation 19:1; Revelation 19:11; Revelation 19:14; Revelation 19:17; Revelation 20:1; Revelation 20:9; Revelation 20:11; Revelation 21:1. On this heaven, as a place of superhuman beings, see Ephesians 2:2; Ephesians 4:9-10. Highest heavens, God’s residence, Revelation 21:2-3; Revelation 21:10. God’s throne, Revelation 12:5. II. PRELUDE TO OPENING THE SEVEN SEALS, Revelation 5:1-14.The Book and unaccepted challenge, Revelation 5:1-4.1. And—In the fourth chapter we had St. John’s gorgeous description of the royal-divine Court, convened to unfold the future of the Church and world. We are now to have the production of the document under whose seals the future is closed. The right hand—Made visible, though the divine Person is curtained in glory. A book—Let not the English reader fashion in his mind a modern bound book, but a manuscript roll. It is disputed among commentators, whether this roll is a single sheet or seven sheets, each with its seal. The old commentators, Grotius, Vitringa, Wetstein, Storr, Ewald, and others, said seven; Stuart, Elliott, and Alford, say one. These latter hold it to be a single sheet rolled up and fastened with seven seals. The old view, as Ewald’s, is thus well given by Stuart: “Ewald objects to the idea of a scroll or roll here, and maintains that there were seven separate libelli rolled in succession around a piece of wood in the centre, the first of which was the longest and the rest successively shorter; so that the seals on the margin of the outside leaf might be seen by John.”We here agree with the old interpreters. The obvious idea is, that as each successive seal was broken, a new leaf was unrolled, unfolding a new leaf of futurity. That futurity was thickly written over both pages of each leaf. It must have been, that of each single seal the entire matter was written on each side, so requiring a single piece for its own record. And the symbol that came forth was the concentrated embodiment of the thoughts of its written record. Why should there be seven seals on a single sheet? The seals were seven, in order to close down the seven leaves. Stuart asks, What is the significance, then, of the written within and on the back side? Just the same, we say, with seven as with one. In both cases the inside writing would, when rolled up, be concealed under the seals, and in both cases the outside writing would alone be visible, and the inside writing be inferred until seen. Stuart’s remark that the old view implies “seven rolls,” ignores the fact that a whole volume, even the entire pentateuch, is called a roll. Within and… back side—Implies that the matter was so copious, that both pages of the leaf, inside and outside, were written.Seven seals—Signs of both divine authentication and divine secrecy. The sheets were so rolled on to a cylinder that each later sheet left an uncovered margin upon which the seal was stamped. 2. Strong angel—Personal physical vigour is implied in the word strong, as in Revelation 10:1; Revelation 18:21. The present angel is strong, as being herald and challenger for God. Who is competent to break the seals that Jehovah has stamped? Who may reveal the secrets of the future, “which the Father has reserved in his own power?” Acts 1:7. Dusterdieck’s statement, that as the seven trumpets spring from the seventh seal, and the seven vials from the seventh trumpet, so the Apocalyptic revelation is at first all enclosed in the seals, is nearly true. But the sixth chapter is not in the real series, but a contrastive picture without, and over against, the seals. And as this strong angel is without the real series, so the parallel strong angel of chapter x is outside the series, both being one of the personal managers of the panorama. And as the challenging question of this verse dimly suggests Michael, so Gabriel seems suggested by Revelation 10:1; where see note. A loud voice—Which (next verse) was so loud and strong as to peal through heaven and earth. Who is— This may be an allusion to the name Michael, which signifies, Who is like God? Worthy—If force could have torn up the divine seals, the strong angel who issues the challenge might, perhaps, have accepted the task. It was, however, the highest worthiness, desert, dignity, alone which could presume to open the divine seals of futurity. 3. No man—The word man is not in the Greek, and is a most unauthorized limitation. No one, whether man, spirit, demon, angel, or archangel, in heaven, earth, or under the earth, dared answer the all-pervading voice. Neither to look thereon—That is, to inspect its rolled-up pages. 4. I—Emphatic. My response was weeping; the sole echo in the universal silence—the silence of despair to the Church, for the revelation of her future, which was to have been her guiding star, is now forever shut up for want of a solver of the seals.Challenge accepted and the Book taken by the Lamb, 5-7. 5. One of the elders—The Lamb, as the next verse shows, had not yet been made visible to the seer; but one of the elders—exalted representative of the Church within the circle of the sacred twenty-four—is in the divine secret. The elder in his throned and crowned state is more knowing than the apostle still in the flesh. There is one, he declares, who in spite of all this silence, not only will prevail, but hath prevailed to open and loose book and seals. Lion… Judah—Judah, that is the tribe, which according to the patriarchal prophecy (Genesis 49:9) was to be a “lion;” and this is the lion of the “lion,” in whom all the lion in the tribe rises into completion. And as lion is a warlike image, so hath prevailed, is military: literally, hath conquered, to break the seals. The battle of revelation is identical with the battle of redemption. The fixedness of the seals consists in the natural impossibility of knowing the far future. The same agony by which the Lamb overcame the moral impossibility of saving the lost sinner, conquers the natural impossibility of revealing the last days to the saved Church. And this serves to help us to understand the depth in John’s weeping; somehow he identified the revelation of the future of the Church with its true redemption, and auspicated that in losing one he might lose both. The mighty Lion proved able to save both, and forthwith John was strong in his strength. Root of David—Not the root from which David sprung; but the root-sprout which germinates from David and culminates in Messiah. 6. Beheld, and lo—For the first time the Lamb dawns on the seer’s sight in the midst of the celestial group. He is at once Lion and Lamb. The repetition of the phrase in the midst, is a Hebraism, which obscures the sense of the English, in which it should be used but once. The Lamb stood centrally in the group of cherubim and elders, either between the sea and the lamps or outside the lamps. Hengstenberg emphasizes too strongly the fact that the Greek word for lamb is ‘αρνιον, arnion, a diminutive, little lamb, a lambkin. But it does not appear that St. John’s grammatical diminutives ending in on, denote a diminutive object. Thus the diminutive βιβλιον, biblion, does not signify a little roll, but has a diminutive βιβλαριδιον, biblaridion, (Revelation 10:2,) which does. The diminutive θηριον, therion, signifies a great beast. And this uniform use of this sort of diminutive seems, also, to invalidate Wordsworth’s ingenious idea, that St. John uses the forms ‘αρνιον and θηριον to mark an antithesis. This word for lamb is used by John in the Apocalypse twenty-seven times, and in his Gospel (Revelation 21:15) once, and occurs nowhere else in the New Testament. As it had been slain—By being the slain Lamb he had become the conquering Lion. St. John recognised the slain Lamb by his wounded side and hands, just as Thomas did after the resurrection. Seven horns—An undoubted antithesis to the seven horns of the dragon and of the beast, but without any reference here to the seven hills of Rome. As horns are, in biblical language, a symbol of power, they tell us that this slain Lamb is a mighty Being. The number marks divine perfection of power, as those of the dragon mark diabolic supremacy of power. The seven spirits of God, represented by the seven eyes, denote the all-pervasive, all-searching Holy Spirit, the third Person of the Trinity, dwelling in, and proceeding from, the Son. Their sevenfoldness are their perfect manifestation in manifold modes, and arise from their unity in him; just as the four winds are one atmosphere, one universal air. Sent forth—The spiritual Apostle (apostle signifies sent) sent forth, not only with every true apostle, but to many a clime and many a soul no apostle ever reached. The imagery is borrowed from Zechariah 4:10. 7. Took the book—Stuart, after Vitringa, and more persistently, raises the question, How could the Lamb take the roll without hands? And this question, Dusterdieck rejects as “unnothig und geschmacklos,” needless and tasteless. But Ezekiel did not think it geschmacklos to tell us that his cherubim “had the hands of a man,” Ezekiel 1:8. And the query of Stuart raises the question, What was the real form of the Lamb? and that is quite as legitimate as the question, What were the forms of the cherubim? which is much discussed by these critics. Alford argues that the cherubim were in human form, because they fall down in worship; and it seems as legitimate for us to argue that the Lamb could not have held a quadruped form in sitting on his “throne.” Stuart well discusses this perfectly necessary and aesthetic question. He rather favours the idea that the Lamb, at the first view of the seer, wore the quadruped form, but with the transformability of a dream-image, gradually changed to the form of the “Son of man,” as he approached to take the roll. Or, we may suppose that with visional liberty the two forms of lamb and man transparently enfolded and enclosed one the other, (as amber may enclose a diamond,) so as both to be recognisable by the seer’s eye. Nevertheless we rather prefer Stuart’s view; and holding the form of the Lamb with seven horns to be a transient symbol to the seer’s eye, we do not think it in connexion with the word Lamb as used in the rest of John’s twenty-seven instances. Successive songs of praise to the Lamb, Revelation 5:8-14.8. When he had taken—Greek aorist, when he took, making the triumphal chant of the cherubic beasts and the elders in instantaneous consequence. The four, as nearer the throne, and as creation is antecedent to the Church, precede in the act of grateful adoration. This remarkable prostration is before the Lamb—an unquestionable divine honour. Having—Probably referring to the elders alone; for, 1. The word would not well, grammatically, in the Greek, refer to beasts; 2. The words hast redeemed could hardly include the representatives of the creation; and 3. The part of the beasts seems to have been the final responsive Amen of Rev 5:14. Harps—The κιθαρα, (cithara, whence our guitar,) the Septuagint name for David’s harp, is described by Josephus as fitted with ten strings, and when played was usually struck with a plectrum or key: yet it is described in the Psalms as struck by David with the fingers. Probably both modes were used. Golden vials—Rather, saucers. They were the censers, or broad shallow bowls, exposing as much surface as practicable from which to roll up the incense. Odours—Incenses. For the composition of the incense, see note on Hebrews 9:14. Which are—That is, represent. The prayers—The censer, with its glowing ingredients, represents the human heart with its devout emotions, and the rise of the fragrant incense represents the ascent of acceptable prayers. 9. New song—As demanded by a new occasion. All the old melodies suited their occasion; but this event demands a fresh composition, fresh words, and fresh melody. Hast redeemed—Rather, Greek aorist, didst redeem, namely, at the crucifixion. Us is rejected by the best authorities, and so redeemed is without an expressed objective. So, also, the us of Rev 5:10 should, according to the best authorities, be them, thereby showing that the implied objective here should also be third person them. So, also, we in Revelation 5:10, should be they. The song does not express explicitly the thought that themselves had been redeemed and should reign. And this avoidance, perhaps, may imply that the cherubic beasts took share in the song, and thus necessitated the third person, since the earth was not redeemed, and could not reign. By thy blood—Deeply emphatic. Not by example or teaching of the Lamb were they redeemed, but also by blood. Kindred… nations—The earth-wide four. The limitation out of seems to imply that the redemption did not take effect with the entire race. All are not saved by it. 10. Hast made—Rather, didst make; coordinate with didst redeem, in Revelation 5:9. Us—Them, as said in our note on Revelation 5:9. Kings and priests— The true reading seems to be, Thou didst make them, unto God, a kingdom, instead of kings and priests. We shall reign should read, and they reign on the earth. Not that we shall reign, in the future, but they, the redeemed, do now reign on earth.The important changes made by textual criticisms in this song, suggest its reproduction thus:—Thou art worthy to take the roll, and to open the seals thereof; for thou wast slain, and didst redeem to God by thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, and people, and nation. And didst make them unto our God a kingdom and priests, and they reign on earth.These changes are important, as showing that the kingdom and the reign of the saints on earth are truly now already begun and existing, and waiting future enlargements, confirmations, and developments.To this song of the cherubic beasts and the elders, there now comes, by a sublime surprise, a reenforcement of an innumerable company of angels. It begins to dawn upon us that we have at this great hour a fivefold song. It begins, first, with the trisagion, Revelation 4:8, by the cherubim, which, second, is responded to by the elders. Third, the elders have just now celebrated the opening of the roll; and, fourth, peals the angelic anthem, and their peal wakens every creature in all parts of creation to a fifth and last reverberation. 11. I beheld… heard—In larger circle, around the circle of the elders, there now beams upon the eye an overwhelming assemblage of angels, pouring their song upon the ear of our apostle. They are now for the first time, and but transiently, visible. The number of them was, in the Greek, myriads of myriads and chiliads of chiliads, the sonorousness of which is still more sonorous in our English translation, the billowy roll of which is most magnificent. The Septuagint of Dan 7:10 reads, “Thousand of thousands ministered unto him, and myriads of myriads stood before him,” giving by climax the greater number last. John gives the lesser number last, as if not satisfied with the greater number alone without a supplement. 12. The angels furnish their sevenfold ascription to the Lamb; such ascription as Scripture never makes to angels. 13. Every creature—”By the very terms,” Alford well says, “animated creature; for heaven, earth, and sea themselves are mentioned as the abodes of these creatures.” And the threefoldness of these abodes is clear, notwithstanding the distinctions of on and under the surface of earth and sea. In the sea—Rather on, referring to surface marine animals, and distinction from in in the following clause. All that are in (as well as on and under) them, that is, in the earth and sea. This wide creational song ascribes to God the creational four things. 14. The fivefold songs are ended, and it comes back to the standing fixtures; namely, the cherubic beasts and the elders, to confirm and ratify the utterances; the former by their amen, and the latter by their profound adoration of the Eternal.On these two chapters we may note, that the theophany and the celestial rejoicing at the possibility of opening the seals imply a stupendous value in the revelations about to be made in the coming apocalypse. No book in the Bible has so magnificent an introduction, with such an assumption of the value of its own contents. However little some Christian periods or Christian thinkers may value this apocalypse, it sets a stupendous valuation upon itself. Its opening is occasion for glorious hymns to the opener. The burden of the hymns, indeed, is the great atonement by his sacrificial death; but this revelation is here a leading part of the results of that atonement. The same, indeed, is true of the entire New Testament canon—that the revelation of gospel truth results from the atonement; but this apocalypse, as crowning close of that canon, and standing prophecy for the Christian Church. This view may seem to justify the terrible warning against all mutilation or corruption in Revelation 22:18-19, and may suggest how, in speaking for the apocalypse, it speaks for the whole canon. Note on Revelation 22:6. III. OPENING OF THE SEVEN SEALS, Revelation 6:1 to Revelation 8:1.Four Creational Seals, Revelation 6:1-8.1. And—By decision of the divine court the seals are now, through the agency of the Lamb, about to be broken. And in each of the three series of sevens, the seals, the trumpets, and the vials—the distinction between the creational four and the divine three is decisively marked; so decisively, indeed, as to be an important aid in the interpretation.The first four of each seven have to do with external nature; and they so correspond with each other as to show that not so much chronological order, as mutual correlation, is the basis of their succession. This fact discards fatally those methods of interpretation according to which a long consecutive human history, with dates in chronological order, is here sought to be traced. The last three of each seven have to do with more spiritual interests dear to the hearts of the elders—with men rather than physical nature, and with the Church. The six seals, nevertheless, run through a series of successive phases of the entire moral history of the world under the Messianic dispensation. The first four present the world under the aspect of the fall of man; the second, the renovation through the final doom and retribution; which is completed in the picture of the redemption and the glory in chapter 7. We have thus in the six seals the cycle of man’s moral history briefly symbolized, to be more fully evolved under the seven trumpets. The unsealing of chapter vi is a dark and gloomy series, which is gloriously relieved by the pictorial sealing of Revelation 7. Hence chapters sixth and seventh should be read as one great antithetic tableau. It is the great judgment history and contrast; woe to the profane, grace to the holy. However much the Church has misread the Apocalypse, it has ever read this great assuring fact, that with God the finality will be the eternal triumph of the right. The Lamb opened—So that of this second apocalypse, which draws forth the third, as well as of the first, Christ is the real revealer. One of the four beasts—Each of the four creational seals is called forth by one of the cherubic beasts. Noise (rather, voice) of thunder—The movement of this great first unsealing thus signally announced. Come and see—Each of the four beasts utters a Come, and our English version adds, and see, as addressed to John. But the best authorities have only Come. To whom, then, was this Come addressed? Not to John, for the symbol was plainly visible to him without any coming. Clearly it is addressed to the symbol now to be released from detention by the opening of the seal, and ready to be called forth by the cherub. The fancy of Alford, that it is addressed to Jesus, (as in Revelation 22:20,) is very far-fetched.The first seal—of . 2. Behold—As each seal is opened, the symbol does not remain as a picture on the visible page, but with a visional freedom springs forth a living, moving object, or series of objects. A white horse—The white horse was, in antiquity, a symbol of victory. The conqueror, in triumphal processions, rode on a white horse. And hence the Messiah, in Revelation 19:11, rides a “white horse.” From this fact many commentators identify the two, and interpret this symbol as the going forth of a conquering gospel. Such a meaning would not allow it to coordinate with the rest of the four, which are all symbols of earthly woe. It would stand alone among all the first four symbols of the entire three serial sevens. Hengstenberg, indeed, replies, that Christ’s going forth would coordinate, because it is a judgment on the profane. But, 1. Hengstenberg emphasizes too strongly the phase of judgment, both in the theophany and this first four seals; and, 2. It would be equally true of the three spiritual seals that they are adverse, and even judgment, for the wicked. Crown— Not so much the diadem of royalty as the chaplet of victory. Was given unto him—By the force of events under divine permission. Similarly to the red horse of Rev 6:4, and the pale horse of Rev 6:8, power was given. Conquering—Now. And to conquer—In the future. Present success is stimulant and surety for a full career of success. This well describes the progress of a Charlemagne or a Napoleon. Second seal—of CARNAGE, attendant upon conquest, Revelation 6:3-4.4. Red—Etymologically, the word signifies fire-red, but by use it often signifies blood-red. Take peace from the earth—Not that the entire earth should be at war at once, but through the centuries, and through the earth, the blood-demon should roam, destroying the peace of the world. Third seal—of , Revelation 6:5-6.5. Black horse—Emblem of want of light, midnight, adversity. Pair of balances—Or scales. Emblem, not of absolute famine, but of “hard times;” of scarcity of provisions, when every thing is strictly weighed or measured. 6. Voice in the midst… beasts—Stuart infers unwisely that this voice came from God, whose throne was in the midst of the four. It would be a strange communication for the divine voice. Rather we think it the common voice of the suffering world, represented by the four, addressed to the rider of the black horse, and cautioning him to exact no higher price, and not to hurt the oil and wine crops. A penny, according to Matthew 20:2; Matthew 20:9, was price of a day’s labour, and a penny would now buy one measure or choenix of wheat, nearly equal to one quart of our measure, or three choenixes of barley. This would probably be very tight living, but we know how prices advance in times of scarcity. The preservation of oil and wine indicates some mitigation of the scarcity, as these, though much used as aliment, were nevertheless rather luxuries. Fourth seal—of fourfold DEATH, Revelation 6:7-8.8. A pale horse—Literally, a green horse; or, as Alford, “when used of flesh implies that greenish pallor which we know as livid; the colour of the corpse in incipient decay, or of the complexion extremely pale through disease.” Death, as riding the horse, was, of course, beheld as a personal being. Hell, hades, is supposed by Stuart to be personified here as well as in Revelation 20:14. It certainly is personified in 1 Corinthians 15:55. But that it is in either case so fully personified as to be shaped into form and figure we doubt. We rather conceive hades, here, to be a shadowy vague, a moving nebulous region, a ghostly receptacle for the souls of men slain by death, and for that purpose following in his track. Fourth part—A limitation divine in its origin, (as indicated by given in previous clause,) yet expressed by the creational fourth as being wrought through creational or secondary causations. Notes on Revelation 9:5; Revelation 9:15. To kill with—The creational four. Hunger—Unlike the third symbol, this is deadly famine. With death—Grotius says, “By the term death, here, according to a Hebraism, we are to understand pestilence. For so death is taken in Jeremiah 9:21; Jeremiah 18:21. So, in the Son of Sirach we read, (Sir 39:29,) ‘pestilence and death,’ where death undoubtedly signifies pestilence. The Syriac, also, as well here as on Luke, renders the Greek word for pestilence by the Hebrew death; and the Septuagint, as well as the Chaldaic and Latin, translate the Hebrew for pestilence by death.” In Ezekiel 14:21, God says, “I send my four sore judgments upon Jerusalem—the sword, and the famine, and the noisome beast, and the pestilence.”In conclusion, upon the four creational symbols we may note, that while there is nothing chronological, yet the last three are the ordinary sequents of the first; that is, from conquest result carnage, scarcity, and the fourfold destructions above mentioned. 9. Under the altar—The altar of the temple in Revelation 11:1, namely, of the scenic earthly Jerusalem. Note Revelation 4:11. It is not the altar of incense, but the grand altar of sacrifice. The law was, The whole blood of the bullock shall be poured at the bottom of the altar of burnt-offering, which is before the tabernacle of the congregation.Leviticus 4:7. And as the blood is the animal soul or life, so symbolically the souls of those who had been sacrificed for their faith are represented as lying below the altar, and crying to God for retribution. Not that the blood symbolizes souls, but the souls themselves are seen, shadowy forms, by the seer’s spiritual eye. Hengstenberg maintains that souls here means, not the disembodied spirits of the martyrs, but their blood, which cries for vengeance, poetically, like the blood of Abel. But how could blood speak of avenging our blood? Hengstenberg’s evasion, that it is the slain who thus speak, is inadmissible. Where were the slain, as seen by John, crying, if they were not the souls? Alford and Elliott both interpret this of really disembodied souls whose condition symbolizes the repression of the cause of Christ under power of antichrist. And yet, in Revelation 20:4, where these same souls reappear to reign, as symbol of the triumph of Christ over antichrist, these interpreters maintain the souls of the beheaded martyrs to be their bodies! 10. How long—Of course there was no literal utterance by martyred souls of these words. It is a dramatic form of expressing the profound thought that murdered innocence has a claim on the divine justice for timely retribution. The words are an inspired assurance that Jehovah holds himself bound to be not only holy and true, but retributively just. And this is strikingly recognised by Jesus himself in the parable of the unjust judge, and his closing words, so wonderfully like the present passage: “Shall not God avenge his own elect, which cry day and night unto him? I tell you that he will avenge them speedily.” Luke 18:7-8, where see our notes. Judge—An appeal for either temporal retribution or for a speedy final judgment throne. Them that dwell on the earth—The profane world; omitting all mention of the few saintly exceptions. So our Lord: “Ye shall be hated of all nations for my name’s sake.” Matthew 24:9. 11. White robes—Best reading, A white robe was given to them each. “The white robe in this book,” says Alford, “is the vestment of acknowledged and glorified righteousness in which the saints reign with Christ. Compare Revelation 3:4; Revelation 17:13.” Note Revelation 3:4. Neither this condition of the saints beneath the altar, nor this now first given robe, is so literal that we may suppose such humiliation and re-dressing to be actually undergone by glorified saints. Both the humiliation and re-dressing are symbol in action; the robes being really not bestowed until the disembodied saint first enters paradise. It was said unto them—By divine authority, but by unknown speakers. Note on Revelation 1:10. Should rest— Should wait in repose and full assurance of ultimate justice. For a little season—As reckoned by God’s chronology. Note 2 Peter 3:10. Fellow servants—The entire body of the elect. Brethren… killed—The glorious army of martyrs. Be fulfilled—Rather, should fulfil, that is, their career; and all gather in at the final glorious resurrection. Sixth seal—Final earthly AND DOOM, Revelation 6:12-17.12. And—”The interpretation of the sixth seal,” says Alford truly, “is a crucial point in apocalyptic exegesis. We may unhesitatingly set down all interpretations as wrong which view as the fulfilment of this passage any period except the coming of the Lord.” The parallel passages are Matthew 24:29-35; Matthew 25:31-46. Hengstenberg’s objection, that the resurrection and other things are omitted, is equally true of both these passages. No one picture in Scripture of the final day is complete. The completion must be attained by a blending of cognate passages. A great earthquake—The Greek word for earthquake does not limit the quake to the earth, but implies a concussion which, as here, may include heaven as well as earth. Sun… moon—On their obscuration by the atmospheric commotions of the day of dissolution, see our note on Matthew 24:29. Black as sackcloth—The cilicium, on which see note, Acts 18:3. 13. Stars of heaven fell—On the optical falling of the stars by the commotions of the earth and heaven see our note on “the stars shall fall from heaven.” Matthew 24:29. Untimely figs—Winter figs, which usually drop off in spring. Shaken of a mighty wind—A vivid figure of the rush of divine power sweeping the earth in the day of doom. 14. Heaven departed as a scroll—Compare our notes on the passing “away with a great noise,” of 2 Peter 3:10; and also on “the earth and the heaven fled away,” of Revelation 20:11. These parallels prove the identity of this dissolution with that of those two passages, as well as with that of Mat 24:29. This identity of the three is conclusive against a pre-millennial advent. A scroll—A sheet of parchment, papyrus, or paper, loosely crumpled and vanishing away. To the eye of the spectator, in this scene of rocking terrene convulsion, the apparent sky of clouds and firmament will seem to crumple and rush away. Mountain… island… moved—As seen from a bird’s-eye view, the prominent geographical points will appear to change their places. 15. Beginning with kings, and courtiers, and millionaires, and descending through all ranks, even to the slaves, our seer pictures the terror of all the profane race. His crown cannot save the king or emperor; the profane great men, whether railway kings, or statesmen, or philosophers, or literati, alike tremble. Rich men—Whether profane merchant princes, or bank presidents, or stock gamblers, are unable to buy salvation at any price. Chief captains—Profane military conquerors, great generals, heroic admirals and commodores, are all alike cowards before the wrath of the Lamb. Hid themselves—In the yawning dens and under the projecting rocks produced by the convulsions, they vainly seek protection from Him who convulses. 16. Fall on us—Begging the boon of death to escape a doom worse than death. Says Stuart: “In like manner Pliny represents some fugitives from the fiery shower of Vesuvius as praying for death that they might escape the igneous deluge of the mountain: Erant qui metu morris mortem precaventur—some, through fear of death, begged for death.” (Epis. 6:20.) The wish expressed in the text may be further illustrated by a reference to the very common cases of suicide in prisons, when persons are under sentence of death, or expect it with certainty. They thus escape a more horrible death, and, in their apprehension, a more disgraceful one, by an exit which is less appalling. Note on Revelation 9:6. Sitteth on the throne—Not the apocalyptic symbol throne of Rev 4:1, but the judgment throne of Rev 20:11. Wrath of the Lamb—The wrath of him on the throne is the wrath of rectoral justice; the wrath of the Lamb is the still more terrible wrath of abused grace and mercy. No vengeance so awful as divine love transformed to divine wrath. 17. The great day of his wrath—Can be no other than God’s day of judgment doom. Who—Of the trembling profane world. To stand—To meet the decision of the judge, without falling into the pit of the second death. IV. THE SEVEN , Revelation 7:1 to Revelation 20:10.Of the trumpets, the first four are mundane, or earthly; each of the four blasts draws down a judgment upon some creational point, as earth, sea, fountains and rivers; firmamental luminaries. It is the sins of men that draw down these bolts of wrath, rendering every point of creation hostile to our peace. “Cursed is the ground for thy sake,” (Genesis 3:17,) is the key-note. This sad status of humanity has existed through all past ages; but it is here represented to form a base from which the history of the renovation commences.The first four—the earthly trumpets—are each brief as well as terrible; the spiritual, the fifth and sixth, expand into wider dimensions and rise to more spiritual interests; while the seventh trumpet rolls forth its series of events, through all the future scenes of retribution and redemption to the judgment. 2. Another angel—Not, as Hengstenberg, the Lord Jesus Christ in person, but the impersonation of his redeeming and authenticating power. Ascending from the east—Literal Greek, from the rising of the sun. This quarter is designated as the source of redeeming light and glory. Notes on chap. 16 and Luke 1:78. So Malachi 4:2 : “To you that fear my name, the sun of righteousness shall arise with healing [salvation] in his wings.” Ascending—As if coming from a fountain of divine splendour at or beneath the horizon. Seal—The purpose of a seal is first to secure a thing, as the closure of the door of Christ’s sepulchre; and second, to authenticate a thing as truly belonging to the sealer. So, a seal is affixed to a signature to indicate that it is the signer’s own signature, deliberately made. The justified soul is sealed at his justification; his name being written then in the book of life, and the adoption into the sonship of God being bestowed. This seal may be forfeited by apostasy, as said in Ephesians 4:30, where see note. 4. And I heard the number—Omitting the element of time, the present verse assumes the sealing as all done and the number reported. The whole number, not including the great multitude of Rev 7:9; but the number of the sealed of all the tribes of… Israel is alone given. A hundred and forty and four thousand—A decisive instance of an exact for an inexact number, and decisive proof that there are symbol-numbers as well as symbol-objects. The basis is the symbol tribal-number, twelve; it is squared and multiplied by the cube of the number of universality, ten. It is, therefore, the churchly number, raised by multiplication of itself to a seemly magnitude, with the decimal symbolizing the inclusion of an immense whole. See notes on Revelation 9:16; Revelation 11:13; Revelation 20:4. 5-8. Of… tribe—Wordsworth gives a table of the six catalogues of the twelve tribes in scripture. 1. The births of the twelve patriarchs, Genesis 29:32; Genesis 30:1-24; Genesis 35:16 to Genesis 20:2. in the blessing of Jacob, Genesis 49:1 to Genesis 29:3. The list of Exo 1:4. The order of the twelve standards at the tabernacle, Numbers 2:5. Order of tribal inheritance; and 6. The present list in the order of sealing.Here, 1. Judah, as the tribe of the Messiah, stands first, in place of Reuben, first in all other lists, as being the firstborn. 2. For ethical reasons, the idolatrous tribes of Ephraim and Dan are excluded. Their place is filled by Levi and Joseph; Levi having been, as the uninheriting priestly tribe, omitted from the distribution of tribal territory, and Joseph having been omitted as being represented by his two sons Ephraim and Manasseh. 3. The order of birth and the division of names according to the concubine and legitimate mothers, is disregarded. These changes arise from the new view introduced by the gospel. b. The number of NEW SAINTS too great to be numbered, with song, Revelation 7:9-10.9. A great multitude—The question is debated, what do the above twelve tribes and this great multitude symbolize? Dusterdieck makes the former signify the natural Israel; Alford, the saints alive at Christ’s coming; Hengstenberg and Wordsworth identify both tribes and multitude as being, in fact, one body, and that the one Christian Church. Our view, as above stated, is, that they are the one universal Church, yet viewed under Old Testament and New Testament aspects. It is thus the twenty-four elders are representatives of the two-fold one Church, and these tribes and multitude are the constituency in mass of those twenty-four representatives. St. John thus is loyal to the old Church, from whom Christ sprang, yet expands the scope so as to take in the Church universal. And in this great multitude we are inclined to include, not only the redeemed since Christ, but all the redeemed before Christ without the pale of circumcision, even the patriarchal Church before Abraham, who was, in fact, a Gentile until he was circumcised. We find in the New Jerusalem a parallel to the twenty-four elders in the twelve apostolic names on its foundations, and its twelve tribal gates, Revelation 21:12; Revelation 21:14, where see notes. No man could number—The twelve tribes could be definitely, though symbolically, numbered; but the universal Church is innumerable. Bengel finely remarks, “The sealed were a great number, and the number of angels in Revelation 5:11 was greater, and of the horsemen in Revelation 9:16, where there are hundreds of millions; still, these companies were capable of being numbered; but the one before us could neither John nor any one number.” The idea that few are saved is probably true of the present age of the world, but not of the millennial ages, or of the whole final number. Note on Revelation 20:4. Nations… tongues—The creational four. Before the throne—The symbolic and temporary theophanic throne of this apocalypse, not the eternal throne of the eternal heavens. Yet this is symbolic of that, showing, in momentary exhibition, the eternal relations of things. White robes—Emblems of spotless purity. Note on Revelation 3:4. Palms—Usually held here as emblems of victory. To this Hengstenberg objects as a pagan symbolism, palms being the prize of victors in palestric games. He maintains that the allusion is to the palms of the feast of tabernacles, (Leviticus 23:40,) which were a token of harvest joy at the autumn ingathering. The yearly labour, at this feast, was done, the fruit was stored, and the ease and enjoyment of winter commenced. This feast also commemorated the taking possession of the Promised Land, after the journey through the wilderness. Hengstenberg’s finding the allusion to be drawn from the festal palms is right, and there is a double reference to the joy of the arrival in Canaan and to the yearly harvest. But this festal joy was also a joy of victory; victory over the foes and obstacles of the wilderness sojourn, and over the difficulties and dangers of agriculture. And so these palms betokened victory in the pilgrimage and battle of life. The Israelite use of festal palms was earlier than the pagan, and was doubtless appropriated by the latter from the Hebrews. The palm may still, therefore, be held in our Christian hymnology as symbol of heavenly triumph over foes.I asked them whence their victory came; They, with united breath, Ascribed their conquest to the Lamb, Their triumph to his death.—Watts. 10. Cried—Greek present tense, they cry; it is a constant chant they raise. Loud voice—Pealing through the air all over the uncovered temple enclosure. Salvation be ascribed to our God—As its primal source and author. And unto the Lamb—As its instrumental cause, by his sacrifice as symbolic lamb. c. Surrounding circle of ANGELS; with song, Revelation 7:11-12.11. All the angels—Of Revelation 5:11. Stood—Literally, Greek pluperfect, had stood; had been standing all the time while the seer was contemplating the great multitude, so that as he awakes from that reverie this angel throng break on his view as a sort of sublime surprise. The theophanic court is filled with the multitude, and then in larger circle the angel band surrounds the whole. It must have been with a very keen, intuitive eye that our seer could recognise the enfoldings of so many visions. On their faces—It was no decorous bow, no solemn kneel, but a total prostration, with their foreheads touching the celestial ground. 12. Amen—Their profound assent to the loud voice of the great multitude. Blessing—We have here the seven ascriptions; the first three headed by blessing, the remaining four by thanksgiving. The former refer more to the moral attributes of God—his glory and his wisdom; the latter to his physical attributes, his ôéìç, preciousness or infinite worth; his power in manifestation, his intrinsic strength. Be unto our God—Both in our ascription and in their intrinsic reality. d. ELDER’S explanation, and glorious picture of their STATE, Revelation 7:13-17.13. One of the elders—It was fitting that one of the representatives of the Church should unfold the mysteries of the Church triumphant. Nor must we puzzle ourselves to know how one of the circle of elders, enveloped in the crowd of the great multitude, and that girt round with the circle of countless angels, could address an outsider, as John, who stands surveying the whole assemblage. Allow the freedom of a celestial vision. The inner circles within the outer circles can transparently be seen with the supernatural eye, for the outer circles are transparent, though visible to its glance. And in the spirit-land distance is no obstacle to utterance and hearing. Celestials (and John was now a pro tem. celestial) can converse without voice, by pure impartation of thought. See our note on 2 Corinthians 12:4. Answered—He answered the unuttered questionings expressed in John’s eyes. So in Acts 3:12, Peter answered the “wondering” of the crowd in Solomon’s porch. What—The angel answers by first stating John’s mental question. The Greek is more elegant than our English. These, the arrayed in robes white, who are they, and whence came they? “In this,” says Bede, “he interrogates that he may teach.” Often the most skilful interrogator is the wisest teacher. Wetstein remarks that these questions occur in both Homer and Virgil as the ordinary queries put by ancient hospitality to strangers. Such was the early habit in America, as foreign travellers often tauntingly reported. Yet one English traveller justly remarked, that such questions had a different sound in our Western wilds from similar ones in the streets of London. 14. Sir—The Greek is the original of our sir, and in modern Greek is used for that word. But Bengel, Hengstenberg, and Alford consider it here as a more reverent my Lord, approaching nigh to the attempt at worship in a future passage or two. Thou knowest—The Greek thou, here expressly inserted, implies emphasis upon it. The knowledge to answer those questions is in thee, not in me. And the words imply a request for answer which the seer was too modest to make. Out of great tribulation—The epithet great is emphatic, by being placed with its article after the noun, which our English idiom does not permit. Yet it is done with proper names, as Alexander the Great; and similarly this is tribulation the great. But what tribulation is here meant? Some say the “great tribulation” of Matthew 24:21, just preceding the judgment-day. But plainly, this company robed in white is that of Rev 7:9, which embraces all the redeemed. The great tribulation is, therefore, the battle of probationary life under pressure of the world, the flesh, and the devil. Those fine lines of Wesley, therefore, Who are these arrayed in white, Brighter than the noonday sun, Foremost of the sons of light, Nearest the eternal throne?so far as they represent these as martyrs or special sufferers for Christ seem to be a mistake. All Christians are these martyrs. Washed their robes—Purified their characters. This is a very vivid image of sanctification through the atonement. It illustrates how deep the doctrine of the atonement maintained in the apocalypse. But we must look through the intense imagery at the literal fact, and not allow our imagination to be lost in the imagery. There is no literal robe, no literal washing the robe in blood. What is true is, that Christ died for our sins, and through the merit of his atonement the Holy Spirit is bestowed upon us, giving us power to resist temptation, to repress our disordered affections, and bring all into obedience to the law of Christ. And that is sanctification. 15. Therefore—In the next three verses we have a brief, exquisite glimpse of a heavenly pastoral, where the redeemed are the sheep and the Lamb is the shepherd. The passage is cognate with 21 and 22, describing the final heaven of the blessed. It is, indeed, said in 21 that there is no temple, as is here mentioned; but it is said, Revelation 21:22, that the Lamb is the temple. The present passage might be congenially inserted between Revelation 22:21 and Revelation 22:22. With regard to the symbolic numbers of this passage Hengstenberg says: “The delineation of the blessedness is completed in a threefold three: they are before the throne, they serve, they are tented;—they hunger not, they thirst not, they suffer no heat;—the Lamb feeds them, leads them, wipes their tears.” Therefore—Because of their purification through the sacrificial blood. Before the throne of God—And not driven from his presence into the “lake of fire,” Revelation 20:15, the awful reverse of the celestial state. Serve him… in his temple—As Stuart well explains, they are made priests unto God, and the ordinary phraseology regarding priests, they serve day and night in the temple, is applied to them. Shall dwell among them—Literally, Greek, shall spread tent (or tabernacle) over them. Perhaps the meaning is, shall spread himself as tent over them. 16. They—We may render literally, They will hunger never more, nor thirst ever; no, nor ever will fall upon them the sun or heat-blast. 17. In the midst of the throne—In the central point of the circle comprehended in the more extended sense of the word throne. For the term seems to mean not the seat only, but the entire royal space. Feed them—Will shepherd them, performing all the office of a shepherd to guard, protect, guide, fold, fodder, and water them. Living fountains of waters—Greek, ζωηςπηγαςυδατων, life’s fountains of waters. In the New Jerusalem, Revelation 22:1, there flows “a river of the water of life… proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb.” But in the rural regions of the “new earth” are many springs of the water of life, where the Lamb shall shepherd his flock, watering them at the fountains of immortality. All tears—When the fountain of immortality is opened the fountain of tears is closed. For, as in Revelation 21:4, where this promise is repeated, with death all pain, all sorrow disappear, and the eye forever forgets to weep. And he who thus forever banishes our tears is no less than our loving Father, God.The application of this chapter to the establishment of Christianity under Constantine in the Roman empire, as made by the over-historical interpreters, as Newton and Elliott, seems scarce to need a refutation. It appears inapplicable, both in position and in nature. In position, for there is nothing in the train of the narrative to bring us to the event. The four first seals are plainly correlative, and, though following in time-order, are not chronological. Equally unchronological is the martyr-cry of the fifth seal, or the mundane dissolution of the sixth. We have no bridge to carry us over to the age of Constantine. Nor in nature, for it is a heavenly, not an earthly, scene. It is in the spirit-world, before the divine throne, and not at the court of Constantine. Standing where it does, if it be made to figure any earthly event, it is so little specific that it might just as well figure any other period of religious triumph as the age of Constantine; as, for instance, the Reformation, or Wesleyan and Whitefieldian revival. As a counter picture to the dark scenes of the six seals it has its perfect place and nature. Far distant in time as its literal fulfilment is, it is ever present to the eye of vivid faith. Amid the gain-sayings of a profane world and the trials of our earthly life, this vision dawns directly before the eye of our soul, with its consolations and its glory.Thy saints in all this glorious war Shall conquer, though they die; They see the triumph from afar, By faith they bring it nigh! Seventh seal issues no revelation, but inaugurates the seven trumpets, Revelation 8:1-6.1. And—The cycle of the six seals being finished, the office of the seventh seal is simply to inaugurate the next seven-series—that of the trumpets.Just so it is the office of the seventh trumpet to issue the seven-series of the vials, with all the events of which they are a central part. Again, as the purpose of the opening of the seals is revelation, so the sounding of the trumpets is proclamation. That is, the cycle of world-destiny, briefly disclosed by the seals, is, with a new round, enlarged and proclaimed by the trumpets. And thus the revealing part of the apocalypse is a double cycle, a lesser and a larger; the lesser is given in chapters vi and vii; the larger, commencing here, fills the rest of the book. The following tabulation will show this parallelism:— These two columns verify each other, demonstrating that our interpretation must be generically correct. See further in note on Revelation 12:1. 89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d4948445200000269000001620802000000223cd8db000000017352474200aece1ce900000009 70485973000012740000127401de661f780000ffb549444154785eecfd77d86ddd55d07fbf88bd17142b084a515111a4a382 082a48971a4a407a277409202574091d0c0485402891201d020490260605292208880405293610bbfe3ef0f51ad77cd7daf7 bef7ddce73ce79f6fa635f6baf35cb98638e3ec79ceb39feeffffdbfffbff375c6c01903670c9c3170c6c019032763e0579d 5cf25cf08c813306ce183863e08c8133067e190367dd79a6833306ce183863e08c813306ae8681b3eebc1abecea5cf183863 e08c813306ce1838ebce330d9c3170c6c01903670c9c3170350c9c75e7d5f0752e7dc6c01903670c9c3170c6c059779e69e0 8c813306ce183863e08c81ab61e039ce7b54ae86b073e9fb1b03e8f9399ee397a9fafffc9fffb342ea617fdd54609edcdf03 ba0e748d0e06fef7fffedfe1e1399ff339fdbaffd5bffa57ffaa5ff5cb16f3c38d81eb60ed5ce78c81ab60e0ac3baf82ad73 d9fb1b03a7e883fff5bffe17e5f1b0ea8fc10035d918cfd71903670cdc0506cebaf32eb07a6ef311c3407114fed6fff81fff 839a0c0e5ed7affb75bf8ecb35608d6a3945dd3e6283b962c71bc569f8dffddddffd633ff663bfe6d7fc9a177dd117fd0dbf e137fce88ffee89ff9337fe637fda6df347ee7b8e9d3d5b8e36b44aa87fb18d545cf57c0f3f207b66ea6e243ecfd5f71f6ce c51f300c9c75e703366167708f60a0502d4df9addffaad5ffdd55f4d7d5299fff37ffe4faaf477fecedf494c3ff7733ff78b bff88bbff00bbfb0e769828d64ef6f5dcccd2adf27de7b91d6494facaa68553017bd3aa8a80e6aa6e38a67da31e4cffddccf 7dbff77bbf9ffee99f06cc2bbdd22b3deff33eefd77dddd77dc6677cc6abbccaabacca2c50f73a4c993cd7a2be6bd07bf0b3 5781b53c152b70569067b67df83070d69d0fdf9c3e7a47446ad31974e7539ef2940ff9900fe166858bdff81b7f23cdf1afff f5bffea55ffaa5e77ffee7a751def00ddff037ffe6dfac30297fba645fd5ed7ed1f4917561374ee1e77ffee7bfeddbbe2d13 e1b55ffbb5ffcb7ff92f5ff2255ff2dffedb7fe371befbbbbffb877ee8871e27912b0de4c4c27affb5bff6d7c23683e6bce6 fae865d18768e467ddf9104de67928bfe22ce6f7fcf00ffff0fbbffffb3ffde94f7f9ee7799e4ff8844f78855778851ffff1 1f7fabb77aabeffaaeefa2423eebb33eebaffff5bf9ea2559e6f9a273a7ea7806721dfb26c3c77b3ae924e618d5006f35753 2a8e3ef66a62c5b5398d783e293c135e0ef8c05080cfe7952e82c1f5eb7ffdaf1f7779a3f527102d54fb17ffe25fa4320dff affdb5bfa6fca77eeaa7bedbbbbd9beedeeccddeec533ee553fefb7fffef6307e8eebffed7ffaab0d644777ff7effedd9e68 eae77eeee760ecb7fdb6dff67b7fefeff51c3020f1f03ffec7fff8333ff333bfe7f7fc1eeebbe76ab148b24b20d693dff5bb 7ed7bff937ff465f7ff00ffe41560be0bfe55bbee59ffc937ff2c7fed81ff3f7477ee4475eecc55eeccffed93f9b477b5e94 3d73ed038a81b3ee7c4027ee0cf6610ca412e8063a467cf26ddee66d0469bfeddbbe2dd5f8611ff6611ff7711f47fabfc77b bc07c7d412a0c2a4f9a77ddaa7bdcbbbbc0bdf94262844f98c673ce38bbee88bb4f3022ff002bff5b7fe5675ffc81ff923af f99aafe955ea8d22a14ebefddbbffd077ee007def44ddf54fb29bcaffaaaaffac22ffcc25ffcc55ff4978279fdd77f7d6a5b 2d8e97e722c9a922e0bddeebbdde9ffa537fcaabeffddeef7ddad39e46f7d4f2effb7dbf8f8b06c8577bb55703e1177cc117 0841ebeef7fffedfff47ffe81f7ddff77d5f2a6aeff58e2a02ff5bbff55b330ea8c98ffaa88fd29d57cf7ef6b3557cea539f 6abd93ee345ea306d28bbcc88b18d7777cc7773ceb59cfd2d74bbff44b7ff2277f32f56914caffd44ffd14379d16fcedbffd b7bff99bbf39d83ee0033e8096f5dc022ac5fc87fff01f0689ea90f98ffff13f4e77aaae3b9dd2df4f7ce213a1f1718f7bdc 733dd7736904ae0c1c789ff8899f78d69d671e7eb031909d7ebece18780830406d348af410dd89397939ffe93ffd27de8f27 1ff3311f43887bf8411ff4419ef01155f9d22ffd525af0b55eebb5fa2ba8a824894fa9d016d4c3ebbeeeebbee00bbe209fe9 955ff9956b994e55926bfb97fed25fe26629dc8610aff87c161453a52ffbb22ffb9ddff99d81f40bbff00beff33eefa36b7d a58a64f1f4ea99cf7ce61fffe37fdc73b568d3d7788dd750808ef9c00ffc40ddbdd33bbd53b59eeff99e8fe237966ad5dd5c 0068f87cbe3ff127fe842a066b2c1e06ed577cc5577848b1fdab7ff5aff8a0d4b3bf8f79cc633ef3333f33ed6e80c2b9aad0 7c06e5c9277dd227517274b9b1d0b8dc53fade73cbc6d470880286a1d1a9b4a6577ff5affe55f161c6847ba3e0effec93ff9 27697dea9f728546cfdff99ddf39b067be1e02da3b0fe1d18681ff17e37ab40dfb3cde871503a91052deefa77ffaa793d47f e80ffd21823eadc68bca1fe2ea25f75d15a3bd92e63c3c0e197df08eeff88e69979ff8899f78f2939fec9e07460395c4ab30 bd52c8f14ddee44d46137b454fd0739eaba5295771d79ffcc99f7ca3377a23cf858bffc5bff817457795e7c9d1df9e5b82fd 97fff25ffebb7ff7ef449bfde534ebe51bbff11bffc01ff803dcc72ffbb22fa3380bfcba523ca37e52a5fe7ed3377d134759 756da6d175e4d57ff80fffe16ffdadbf65a157dd9ffff99f7f8337788320f18a3bcee7e643ffe7fffc9f01f3766ff7765ed1 a3fec2e47bbdd77bd19d34b1929ff7799fe715673a1b22f8dd88d9c22a38857975a70a9b43c9577ff557a7ad056fffd93ffb 678a716acfbaf36165bd47dbb8ce3bc01eecb0c119fa0d06260d75a2af028c9639799f2ff3322fc3277bec631f2b90285649 c42bf36fffedbfe5f66944b17ffa4fffa91bea90bea1c6b84dfe729b68df577dd55755b8e76e525d1cb802bc14865ac90eee 97c8aa629e5378c58abba8164151d539672ff4422fd42aa9a6387c7aa1f0dca80b244e216717c08014657dc9977c490ad8d2 a3323aa2c25d9b14d6a2b82e5a4d61bd5396fe86103702aa549a2c2a75651d53cf90f0b55ffbb514211dc9a3d5dd6ff92dbf c55ae6e77ccee7a8fec66ffcc6fe727f69597a9131a1913422386779b8255b80d191da111ee7ee4be8e58bd3fab0ad5fd680 1b5ebb58b15158f81c2f599baaf77bbece1878803070d69d0fd0649d413d09032388d32ef4c4dff81b7fc372a68ca12ffff2 2ffff00fff7071d1513c925f941165a56938a693b353a8d32b4e27e52ac8a9590ac03a9fba9dae4085e477fefb7fffef2d1f a6cff27ae93ccb87292d054a0bf2fc677ff6673da159d3739eb7e64a337948f7bcfddbbf3dd79022e7230a236bdfabdc3b8a 3fb758fe30378e8edc6b1d3dd261d659bda2b1d44ae5fb2b122bfc6b0554bf9ed0d6966f3568a915b4d271695c7ffdd6b2d1 a5e1b8a4eff00eeff017fec25f984c25e55d810d54f76a79ebaf58b4c290f9122ff11242c1aff33aafc3ec68a7e9d77ffdd7 5bef645b1869f95039cdda19449d34c1e742670cdc071838ebcefb6012ce20dc12065248690b6a23c566b1ed233ee223a83d 2150ae8fd5bb34905744bcc0a6cc5bfac65fd14eea6d1ac9a312dea41ea40ef13e3ffee33f9edb44a7ea8226b36099df4923 6a244d50efd489454185dd0bb45a021471e54d2aa97c5a0a0c00103de6eae9aba02b5dfe433ff443fe029bf672a3309deade 1aa402748fd41b893c6a692abd9812cdc5e42ea73b8104f8d173a0fdbb7ff7ef1a82579a05c09ffff37f9e1f094b5af65749 f7145b4ba13a1d4c7aeba1be580955efe889eff99eef11da956764a40a704605a539b286fccffff93fff866ff8066b9cbaf8 e88ffe68fdf2a4e1c400ed9f81e7f293c75fcf9a395f670c3c281838ebce0765a6ce705e8e81353e4994a703289b4ed221ac a9bd369050069e3b374068915a4a777ecdd77c8de5c682a2e3bccabb91ef2a274875aa48311a42cb1403f5c95de3c5ca89b5 c69926504c6bee85315d6ec4601ffff8c77ff6677fb6ba36ccf8a5de74010069b7effddeef4d83ca60a2bac0f9a4273d8986 935363ad5484535d8e29b0f528e4ab166f921ab636497b692ae5ed9a982d459863cd5db6aadaf0fdb54b44f53ff7e7fe5c25 816a934998914bdcd14beec5690dd9df2ffee22f0e7b5cea8ffdd88fb5cfc4c3f4ab5fc5bc120196d06bf880e4ad0af00a05 4b271694b6186c1995caf457c0fc5ddff55d25253de1094f60137040c575dff33ddf5319aa7420bf7c82cf25ce18b86f3070 d69df7cd549c01b93106721935c3bdb371e29bbff99b897bf7b4d1f77ffff7b73d7ff66b4a6f21cd3dcc2bf59c1c27d3f973 7440fe90876d85fc1dbfe37750631c3e2a4df851c894dae0517de4477e646a95a2d285c294e5f77ddff7c9b8a111ad83ea85 7ae684d1bb856dfdf2dedc48d3058015475a4d6478a2a080d1c8dff93b7f479aab7640e5ad5a528df8731ffcc11fcc35a4b7 40be2e13a681fc0255e0d4baa91e356211976e93e2c4db0367f9478a712bd90a2dd9fea37ff48f8cc813a86b0f8992149b10 37b758acdb5b915b006844798682a421c0fb0536d8a843ea1c7836ab7ce5577ea52e74cd8f377ca3a338990e46ddf61b5528 4ecd7a0eb0169ec708b831159c1b3863e09e60207173bece1878083050b0d4afdd1d79517371ad68d0d956418ebfc55bbc85 b71c26ae5ee9425d1c41ca86b6b362e72f4565ad54e2cc14e054c976f1d7b103fc5427f5f4ca434dd146edda743901c03261 f700a053cb3fe2f069d3d2e914a380bbe7173a0f88e6732f4a4cf1b4b3852e572698bb283c53966a774df64da163c9c37a51 8c827fcbb77ccb1cebb26a0b0ed3f452900c5fb8551918a3cb6b8ad2b5295679b1df1c65c956943d4f94e6a39b79c93d871c a94cbc675605275b3ead4b5d6dca347ef9977f796a58494eaa0c67e3a5f25d926fedffd194ead90745b01f020a3c0fe1d183 81e7949230dc78be3963e021c000412c5394fee3e590da72858431e95431cf977bb9972bb22af229e84a1f501e1c44725c02 0eade0a25f2d043a1c40b2a88a22ba1a91f6f2833ff883d483ad2cb26caaa26511488d584aac22852d74c94b538b8201838b 0692704b296a8166558bcba80c90a8340d6ac4738dab42b5582304a17b0b879aa5236917c0d32e54a91bf00823538465f3b6 ac5bbcbae9a31de9451a91dbc74a10b905d82bbee22bf214b55f9e8e627a641f18ac1da51433556d50641f9c681f4894a8bf 12a9e86fc8d48870ae54619684f4ab977aa997a20e697a87e552994c0719b9b4bbf2f6774a444a67f3fbf9973275ffe13ffc 87d0225f894bcaa400983422af4a4a2a1e70bece18785030703e57e84199a9339cb78381e29c473253a8b4b6f97772d0daab 054eaa6b0f4727eda5c3eec145d3d457d1d7e971fd3bc0a7bfe9304b9b74ea292aea208aa6d3fd0037601c8467adb582317d 5dd4c83dc0e7b98b3306ae8181b3eebc06d2ce551e600c3c4c32fac8586e7d98b7dee0034c4367d0cf18607f67f79daf3306 1e020c1c21e6d94198a376bce4ea39ad68b9681be2387ff7869bd6b11c54693ddcb88f53727dbb99f423c8b968ec37279bc9 72ba7953e716ce18b8671838ebce7b86ea73478f0006367a62c4f446bbac7a65af4ef68d8cf6dd6b94bbd304178de5205af7 0af2aa805d84a2476016cf5d9e3170ff61e0ac3befbf39394374c6c01903670c9c31707f63e01e6537dcdf48384377c6c019 03670c9c3170c6c0153070d69d5740d6b9e81903670c9c3170c6c019033070d69d67323863e08c813306ce183863e06a1838 ebceabe1eb5cfa8c813306ce183863e08c81b3ee3cd3c01903670c9c3170c6c0190357c3c059775e0d5fe7d2670c9c3170c6 c01903670c9cf7a83c7834b0dff97e3ef3e5c19bc55b85f8e0710757ddd079ab10dd478d1d390be23894971ea3b1af7e7a95 eb9d3571fc748eb31cb8976477f63bef25b6cf7d9d3170c6c01903670c3c0c1838fb9d0fd22c8e05ed663dfead6f68f4703d 1faefb79bb96590de43e9d386e4ae53da98be9a89bbec271b670ef1fba39722cdffd03e4230ec9064b1bf689ce57dee9eff8 799b130dd7e1accc52f9f5b33053d1c329e9e17ccd66586c7a8f1fe7b8ff816d9a9a9281d158360f1f71843ff4009c75e703 33c5a338affac1a68bf4dc11fdb70f0b3f30687a5402da474e7caaec694f7b9a4f58bff66bbfb60f8a6df4c1a31231ff4fb5 d02b3edef2233ff223be3de7db383ea6e67b38a9289f97813a5fedf6d7a7e514f3f1515f79f3e5b87412acfec22ffc825abe 0aae70c57c78aecfcc79e5136f5ef90a9b6fbaf5991a8df8b0ab5e3cd19acf8ffb55d8135fe9f18937e57de8c6b7577d54ce f7e93cf739395fa6f37d75d57de4ce13df80eb1bb480f75647be55e72f507d5ace5f1f8cd3825f5f82abe4d9a2bd97447ed6 9df712db37ed6b0c529f787cfad39ffe733ff7733e92fcdccffddcbe24ec33cb3ed78cdf08051f7dc4debe8f88af7026564c 7690113ff9933f497ca8d5479835f8433ff443dff99ddfe94395581a2be2761f62c4e7f1a1cf577dc7777c877b5df8e4a406 7d8752e1235fa4bae920cff5af888171744c90cf7113ca3ea2f937ffe6df2470cfd304977d8ecdd7433fe2233e829ec30534 1ce4d03754a02f89fa76e9677ff667631f8a8d568b11def11ddff1318f790c65f9f11ffff19ff7799fa785e77ddee77d9997 7919eaed6bbee66b344b77bef33bbf3346fba88ffa28b57ccdf4f18f7ffc0bbdd00bd19a9ff0099fe0e3afbe64e743a7be78 faa11ffaa1bff88bbfe8bbadaa6bf9c77ffcc77d3e5dfb3ff1133fe123ac7dfadb27c47dff1578eedfeccdde0c785ff0055f 8091a9497de14a2af3b18f7daccfa67ed8877dd8539ffa541f67fde99ffe691c4a2bfba8bbcfadbb3f4ff71559e766c50bf4 9daffb1f0318c3054e5af34fffe93ffd7ccff77cd895294a77d267b4e6a77ccaa7508a34e5cbbeeccbbedeebbdde8bbff88b bfc00bbc009deaab936a1113d4e7139ff84456ea877ff88713282485067d5a19df6aed855ff8859ffff99fdfb7d0a9e43a22 267c15993850c5abe7799ee7f105638ad62b22e0fec7d8c30a61b36336cd826975f142782da62661f0deeffdde24b23266f9 6145c2e9e3a29314a61d69385a33abd1e5cbdb7eb10cbff0c94f7e721f6d65737cc8877c881b36a86f7443f5dffffb7fbff0 29bdf5ac673dcb431f43f5f7c55eecc59ef18c677cebb77eeb6bbdd66be51d7efee77fbe49f9f44ffff49ad2feb77ddbb7fd f00ffff0e31ef7b87afcc44ffc441d3167f1ac76ccda9bbcc99b784e313fe9494ffadccffddca205f8da07c97d6cdcc7c3ab 489bfaf599f4b77ffbb7e713d3b85ff9955f49b5f7f61ffc837fa0df910fa763e65cf22618f86537ff7c3d1018a0eac0c90e 7db5577b350c837fc4a0fededffb7b7c41f6e9f77ffff77fdff77ddf8bbcc88b78f5a66ffaa65ff1155ff1e66ffee6b116c7 115fa5eddee66ddec6139a356dea977bfa199ff119c57cdee88dde8847ebb9f2240e7bd643edb8e1cab8673b7ff3377fb3b7 24f50381b4471b90a6f2fddeeffd7ef0077f70f4eba30d03fbf146f91ff7711f8780e92a1a0eb53307c54b19193c36c11805 589c0ccdaa630485999e741252f78ad2150ff7cadfbffdb7ffb6d8cc377ee337a69569475ea0f21ffbb11feb2fefd63d4efc 966ff9965a13e9a18969be1ffdd11ff5f7dddeeddd147889977809f7dff00ddf40717243ddf36ec1f3caaffccaeafee5bffc 979ff08427606a6a98ca7ff6b39fadd3577ff557e713ab6b8a95ff999ff9198c2c4494eef4a4493f5ff70603d7c9b30599f9 9ba9eabe87e7ebee3050c0f6a77eeaa7f00c7efbd99ffd59378242d88c1e15e4c1721c50af3ca45f0985b77ddbb755455487 518c0939a085806847011f25b549efbed55bbd15b7d25f71242cdd84fed22ffd9218a08a167e048b3eebb33e4b6bee4b7938 2726dcdd445fda72bcc6b3e47c509694c1e77ccee7884608219847621d31d4c8799a0699dc35d74bbff44b7307f33ea9cff7 799ff741d5892f2a4a5c94efceeefcb11ffb3121590e250452b43828c78e1fefaf30acd54dfc85a73ce4204238dfd4f28710 6e6628f6c1a16ab934c5f0d53b1613b0e5e62af0f22ffff23ae5836a53d0485cf77ddff77d058d4480dfebbddeeb5ddee55d 309dc5116514c077eff00eefa0002dabeea77ddaa73182458675275c6420056c47089fa5f1a54c740b05aea4a2c7ae590d9c b3b173251c5ebb3016c287f425be6ae2f124b5f78aaff88a0428f75101cacf730cc6f5b4f465e9c513767766e9577dd55729 8c87858c54317158da2bbf64ae8a1669dc63fb80249171bbe7d67544ae849e3ef0033f109f172d3c9bbad79eca1b5634d1e6 4ef44f1860150156c5a20ad17bee9132cdd1a3fc2a708d173ee6633e46d0957614aa61680a997a3ec4fc4aaff44ad41e22e7 6542e3fbbffffba7b714b054e1091b25943253b098060b93fefccfffbc1553052c7c88c4f20285737521425b014a94df89ef 4c1985274a2c068b8fbc123a6a0699b07e736de7b2fc493d672827662dcab28c353ef3fe722ff772b3c8720edbde4b52bf9a df3939d6a56217f49b34ee5bd0e4e7262ec600c3166f586b114a8273cb9002389ff9999f2976c4ffc0c015d0803598a73ce5 29d27c70a9504fcf633c06ac8782488cdf6c55bf2de774b9274178a50c64e99a1c5916fa277dd227716d45bd7032bdab0cee f53bb37fb673ef31e59a35b329a596e32203c53491f848824b648e688566f61e43757f76c7cb449fc8fe3ddff33d4565718a 582bd98541e297c81eba981d8a498bc3650560d4f59c4bda7d04efe2118e02f390eb29762af62b3cc30cb532aa0bd351e394 9fcb1353664513cf721c8579b5936daaa475567c0d002b2cec5a1e30255defda67d12ae657a71ce50ffaa00fa2cea52900ec dbbffddb2de5566c0242677ebc07a47835ddd99464ac592df8e44ffee4affddaaf45131e0e15de03a01f9d5dc0304e13a963 3bd367d88f329353c09e65ea527538c7bc408e84020ee20bbee00b3257dfe33dde43a856456128997b8c65a983ca88fd9a47 ac98ee4c7de2553758542e9f55194a9431ae294b9e4243feba6f7185a9cbf5dc70eca3735eeefda843bb209eb01ef788f494 442a2dc55a3592b006268c6fb212a6f71ebcfbadc7f0807df00ed8684dbf4c403e652a1377147df16b4dd1a223c641f3f260 e95705a84655107ce5e5d059fb502b5dc591d5e6ebbcceeb080358d1b4d281d7b012255d0131216100697da68c3d8a67f15d ac8a6dfd3280defaaddf9a85aa249794bdcbba6dbb4b22173cda611589284871a09b2d944af7b538aa802768007733880d6a 6add6f13f190c173b9ee1c7d39eeb05934b50220884c348fdfe3497376beee0e03f98e308f6fe93fa6313683fc024ade3262 845bdd5b9e79f7777f777c25e88ad958bbd89eb52ba901df96f8f03ddff33d4568b5e96dd32793defd977ff9972b6c29e57b bff77b2da1c99bc09c04848534853dfcfaaffffa0ff8800ff8a22ffaa2352a7877033fb7bcc140860eff86fdf4766ff77626 9129c3e9f9a66ffa2633ce7721a6d39a67ff031232355cb80685333d3da4e1bef00bbf1037798e8c85617107e52ae18ecf87 41fc72ecb08f0276a7a802bd1ed276f4167e61b37ac506b554f9a55ffaa5ee61de3a288dcb77a41a29333a155762282d0bd2 d270262b6743177a17d7752fff0e30823d22baa2b81cdf823ae2076974612453ec090697b887bb6959e38af7851fe43788e5 b277a96d4f52cce7eb6e31301af1a29b447691f4c984fe811ff801c18d20a3419bd44b9b3a17b80906b09c29c0e1aff99aaf 09ed54a0343c0978963cfd2546d9ad0c58f71657d8349c922688aab3478da94b9b62f5c9d4a57df12171609186ba55520202 8f938be9decaa835cee6b74cc5fa95e36089c58da096d6cec9f13799d36bd78d2bcbf32491c950fab2bdf3b61291c5c3b3d7 eee261aa58ce8e112166286a0f09c791034039f1d72d55c62c1632d9a31c3bf758a6022cc80a08898bb5aa6e2b972920f4a8 abe2aec2e612117090103ab5ea89254cd157f1002e6c515fbe29d5a86236eb577ff557b7446d25e5255ff225456e29540b31 d28594a17745802b20444cbbab528ebd87d66bc59f3d17e9d56f30607fc4a0d8390dfe1e50ef25672380601ff6c998fdd44f fd54795fa219f63391b3c5e2a3bff3751718688b375b5518563a3b7e639c0ae6c8f17bc3377c43c9f7f2036503b15ec5eb30 b09beffaaeefe2359a295bc74478feca5ff92baffbbaaf8baffcd5821b99842651a847f85d240aff635a5ea670138786447e fdd77f7d63c1cfd812a38a06fb2b17df2e087b4c59e2f1b66b5d34bd8be19fdb1c0cc495ad92f8450fdc1762376f83ebf325 5ff22576f74e44fd8cba2c0924ca2974b114f96af0c37717bce58c4a91c50e2498bf4c4f6fb907f848e22be22f47cf6a85e4 1dba93d242fc25df5a04e91012be294ed491bf251f749c8279e9092395b5ea89665b8de68c8af12a8089fc2deac339c66b39 b5d4277e57d15bca5b310e2e3960d114eb091d9965fa18cc521c6c890118fb98fbdb60cff37ea718b8fc5ca144b635334296 78651f49e0b40ce0fe233ff2233d17262261cd7ac9d9e7eb8e3090c9822b448d04e8f00f66e34452a26c4f7c8bc78abee234 ccecc6656594fd2bf8c34721055a06632fabab297f6944c5d42dffde438243617c6edef13699c273c5c66ff0066fc0ee262f beeccbbe0caf5ab971268bd6e2d2f3d2da1dcdfbc166a1dd4498209a80db2159cc2c9835f34e77b28d184f11cc795e42e041 37e0c8f33dda4b41c723399117357829199c322f17350e869212f023d58beb03c685a369cdb3cabc14ffb755e012dd996d6b 3e70a3ddf1c42bf94baae252ac6bf210d3477ff447db9044c2ce2cde1670e7763618b81ebb5eafd6dab5e976cdae410c4cbf 52ba379120e7c9bd2106266c6bf5aba83b23895dc571c1ad0e849a44e81b76f41054dfb0c0118e48b18dcd317fc746bc4813 4fb264f9415371b0372bd063cdac8d6f4c9c4d0b47420805274765de9cd91f82e9be3743b8c4af9f59e1e8944e82443831fc 1b92b4272d1e9cafbbc6405c51f4c9955b397fbbe9619bd25cdd346b2d4cc669fdf5769e547e9e5731e7c6c59be970d42e33 be2acedabcebe19fdbdf602019cd9615b3b518f6cc673e5358de029bdd0e228ae75ca1155da38a8656bbd95fabd68caac364 41f2ae55e74d0b0a4cbefa145835e2ca261b7e39181bd8d46d3803c07074b0c5d42b60677eb96b0c5cbede694a440904859c c1f10aaff00a96c4440b052eacb4594897fd65f54b90bd78d15d83fb286f7fd4e730cc6ad5dea2c9b976a48bd8be04fd1878 fede62a78ff2c9bdc6f047b85b4e9360296ad7a1e736e30ae39ffdce4877f5e18e3870d7c0ffb9caa3190397af77723b3061 a755d19db4a67be99d16aba58149ea7374b2e3a95a163d88ca957c89ddece533113f9ac9ee3cf69b63005b613a31000962ce 50a53b3120fbd512b5f36b1c2cd5998bfb05b0d5e91967259fe961b284c6b03046d83e2f04de9ce4ce2dac18b83c66dbd916 524e6cb8c68df2442c7c4aee92edfddddffddd96be66196c8fd9fc950977b869a17bc2209bd8c5897333d18f221513c7d847 600e3ec91a5dc32f9b58c75aabc2270256b1b5b535347a8da6aed4ef4d0a07f38ad89bb4f600d59d81cf368679729f8f221a f62b4d5aea96689023c2a5553b73bce32f8e18b2133fc08f9d7a33095f1a0c1507aff4d045ec732b181bfcebab0588e9749d ac7975d17c8d81be865287c287da7b525fad539cc8a71b38d7bac725c6bcadd32631b4ef077b2b28bd46235742f5f1f637f2 70ccb5abcad56b8ce24eab5ca23bf30e5d26b52dd8760dca80ef2c4744c9efec23b107cddbc8b7921d9361c7bdc8d210eeb4 bfd164c7d15ab31a993586f4f1fe0a779be71a9f8a41326074b356e93e249cc857c156b3c9a6414eafeeb76b30306231081f 74e29ef9ba68fa1a78536ca6e608b41521f7db640d3c43d51893f76923bfad62361dd9f82b6968c875857fc655f8c778e52e d831ec124c52729e878dfd35be690a69b0778b585a597bf47a90af9335afe6e1865c0703f2da9c666013a77cc661f08d5868 4b4904d0ab4b47b481738867e0bca88569bc4e47768dac58077b29187754e020aa43e9c8b753ba5ea5abf2b7e23b9dd2ef3d 2873f91ea04122fe447c693e9774219c661361e745651baed7a81cc4c1a4926d64afbd8c5cdb078788874a36ac789c764714 ba018674df4ebe8ef913faab0adc03069e0eec88d0078c3dd50eb9acac7b7c62a60a60d80ab6f1747cdd7da88d064b174dc4 3d20c1bbeb62a868d4cc462c8e24357cdbaed21fc9b2fb5f7d82304d0672c46c9bb5432d6cf8932e6403fe41f867bc197336 35da6666d7af7c852ffee22ff624bfc77ec4f81a4298cbeebb6c4b6bafa1c629a4b639dd3a550f77eb82d0108bb61f638489 b7800489d0b40b3cd1f0c8f421a76143e1b10ffee00f16d91ed7b032d391e7868c4f716bb975b5790a9b2b49fe58c302929c 8f81f348dd914e362974ec9f27ee1b14ac9ed2c865d0ddf47d40a22be79f9802136198c31a1b3eda74363332379577c1735f 963d38653705fa1ed71f023a7e13d919b673e0aca9b8faa48e40ae53acb0502765cc951f592da4ef4c29074d199a00af5336 3af8bf0238a1a399d37fca5f1a839df09a8c7c27e6c83394b5e413048ef070d49603b1a41ddac82cedd08e66963593d3b9bb 8e0bc13f566d6932e7721131cec1c22d8151a75da8d979750a77585250cdcdfcbd08638d5a31c0388b806bee80ca3eda5066 ecb4b68e77467d69fb274ed9e9c5662ec8477bb1fb4af6a5b3707afb8f48c90dfc07d13b246ae0ce974099b25509af5388f0 1119d4da695c80771c58617b1877f3555ee555eca017b0c56e7dd83c525ce92d3c788b4d448cb0a4f20e627510ae62ca5303 16651c862cb9c1f13a0858b37d15c049024eccc0a7d0e5001d6757b9a9b5957d5654ef9f1f7912da83d9b82ce2764e96733c 465078a553502527ed6d4df7a4f50f5ecea474a440f644843d1d85434ada31f182de826a4e3ff0f6e088a6f1154ed52d6339 f1807c13909b14f755686ca09a4961af74b63b8924eaee1c0623eaeb2b6d027c0469ac23abe8f28efdb366677fff7c556d28 6a0fe1a077f3ca7353202ee248a6ce175ce3d58fe048afddf5a9dfbe1e7d60333e5d65fc8e3cc55d1ffee11f1e39ae5a6168 2b856aff19eca32d3cc08a59a9dc3d3546b5905c4eb7d2f829622b465212b1d24c1a2fc5d7ce7de7d2f53d20368e7d14a4a1 d3261dc4ea6fa94c448c9c6127cff597b51e9fccf20956c4485949cee5091e36a99374f0587f8fa33b5c69963c9af3223af1 723d2beba08839a5fd6b4ff645159b4168e90b2de6cb483792f7d63bbdeb0607bde355ecb97aca30ad92c5866f2d9f37904a b86b206fd2fe282de6a013e11dcac864b4b313376586cee846d2f504a9237bd2d078494663cf5a8af6f0a3bda163c1bfd44b bd147df9f8c73f9e6fea2165266ea44a9bb9b97409fabdd21a463eacd00e3d5d751275820debc50d7f653a02bf0856df5f73 8e9d0380528a1b0bf848bfabee8cfd098476aecf07ae4fa95ebff0cfdd070c0ba323f742c806edd3e088cabe2d4f2231d7d8 acc497bf3e1a783f705fc4cf4c7148fd100341caa958c7754477ae14084b0e20ec0be16c1486c2a34577ae4c882c0859897c d8d5e155926cc3c2de4a2aa84b67e05247f761ecb54cb4ceb17bea539fea6cc6942b5d386c7044acccaca8de59cc7dfd8ef6 4585ce5ca689fd250445a5387c142ae5aa8c631cbc2559b0220b4819673da7248c2b9ae65b6b3072e1aaa6a7c57c08144919 48aac35d9341febac6801ae91c849a6267e81ab938675253ab906a803592e65edb99962b10eafcf6bc6bf0a92f7f0da18703 c6e0709ee4e5d7e3c81a7fe184946cd44e0bb29eadeeaa3c06e70343e81a1911a236008c441b69b57254f733f00aaf726dc0 aef1b5af3de657c002a32a0c3284415b64cb4f1723dcdd9056bece88a4fbc29ae9ee335ef7b9699c73e06c3653c61664faf0 0eedef1cd2da3051c3f1dbf65c6c52e2c2148b110442598a50a10c66c753e89643663d152f630ae8e29b72988419a393d574 1ec26866875c23b9bda01859bc5136fa351630989798aed6a276110233e5f82476ed1e8698651dd77abfb243cfd1bf881af7 d1115afd3dc8472bc10f2503864671609e2fd8087405cc5a7d454e18e82dec392fd361b90d4aa84c300f1833d8cdf4ddcbbf 8d0e9c1841cc1677a4da1d671dcd447b07afd0ab001bd434f1a4a5b04dfe9a53973b6f397ab89783baddbeaee677d2559c12 2a73569258491ec6902b649e64fcfad41c8cf7b5875877bd50093f4fec429bce1213745d25daf1a10ecf23411bdaf462869a 121fb4b33a6be78cc9f344f4d5c40befac6e9fedaa4c5716f4f412adf86b4440f21984bef0e7891891556e31de61ef55afc4 a8c3902bdf328ac92927385b30988e22bb64fd668cd3ce7eecfbc295d9cba3998b15a415aa697cda14782f959aaf8c87c9ca c1c6cc57fcb002d6df64d9fa7c430c20cc905226493ab58679365536b43468af85f5ed48a28b302664278fe6094f78c2dac8 3ae9834662c2ce2b361611464300b82fd4de9f17f0c2aa6fdaf099848298f34583cc60aecf2a9b9a4763a16b1133e22facb2 227078ca73069f664976f76c505a8100c5653d617d4e17d5424258a698e7d0c99e68e95d8a5983ac58668df51407b1b24a5b b90ce001db2c88dcc81f6622abd287f37a2b9c48773a0d1424d323b1ce5066108f333a48108bc6d436bfe2ee74702467384f 7ad2931009c79a5857a0e9262be80c0dda3b4b8c702ebd02f008b1154ec85197dad31d8b59b1316d438ea9a145ac316dbe49 ee730ef1825fd8332fe2c6f783ee1ca8c286519360fc72929f188ce5576a191e093f466a1d8d39ce02635518173158a88f58 462aca5fd4c2fdc96e7ba82ecf15ca1751d32fb263bf33f49ef8c427f217054cda52367934e3ddbb29f14c0a9ffb177dd117 55125a53ba93bb81fa9d25e60863169f2e4e3cd5af616824339953db479710ba393373ada7e21f7ca50cd2270d9dc48b0f53 9fadea9395422582f8164d8dab8513bfa252568cf06a43f39648d58e00b5f0d1339ef10cc50c07adfbea02ffd5d269e90c0d 30d8622dd2c778e355d13067a7e1527a1d7865d971c7312d9f1b1204dcaa85cfdff55ddf555fce0a66b5118b784c61df4c15 17f28941263f46c58dca6b47ef0a330905583cec58705d0cb6dd47d3c41f8019c8427c7d83d043f8111ee87b497c17c2d744 d4f24c961b2c0d72e20c6cbe442848e06fcd6a07cc16a8bc620001c07895c7244c720e044c76fa6ee991cda01b3db26c04ca b40333e4a9e766442d22d53c0600d9aa5874a89692b648418255003459ca0cc12a13cd457ac203fd010c0c2fd8a0bcf8186f d2dc2100ed80b9d6425183b518cf81f35d1a8441507a05ec4ade87572404302c66eeb098efdb98384326e8276f65853c9611 5754d167708aa179b2e6818f8a4d32d2a09a4281be3480c0f8b5d85fd84950878a82286de6202263448838e11961a058df27 109064d7ba7cfccec75f35e28bb0fe2242005be17348b2a553c62505968c1ec5090094600a90076a6785d32b4cde0a94b7ef 37d1a44776031b5738173f6adf0c4618b4b55ac01304123d1284d04259b5966c654ba13a748bb011405ff1433c82611ae16a f3162c030100eb21398a3f340e9bbba180418eba5029cfd53ab1c879a4656a301481098d848c1e7dc52fa4e1c1c73ce63158 afd6cc1d9098b0aba87ca4086f4697f10130ee8ded4f9ee7900ce637102a6c74ec3356383a2460e19fbec4c2168649605aa3 85f658fb911ae02df49b14bbf4ca7e645ee91285914d8803ef218b83b94219b34c30c4c75ae1a4a7e7c6548945b3ce30339e b472495df5fca045b301b2627948e60960e0a1cf12973af584a5e92dc245cd359e45acdfbe4664210790a42dfb08cf7b85a6 b19357d42d8f56157563546a9e9f2ddf1dcc381057930e96d0e91bbf25e94dc04a53ea92fe3ed6265e414702ccfa2b99059e c64ecdf42937e203c01693c0af229452a53a2d168de0881b6a8f6022bf1ef7b8c76564903bdac1f9989c7107d57c77591e34 ae4606dbca64c9d21f86893939e82ffdd22f6dee10b4b7589a85d8d98ac404ed1b7833178337660461aa2ff68af972a45493 623183674f3631263c67227848ca1094923f89ad777aa77772e32225a1a2f9a51dadb7b556ad0ccc10af9eb3581943340139 e82fc3e5c55eecc520b9500fb996b1255e8709051eadcac0bcbe5026195db0114a0d817c1f26c1c05acebfd9bbe60518bd82 13bd13ebf92e4762530709b2796f80a790f1a5acb72f50fb868cf88dd18754c935f403636db6f6c1c81876f53b33a70c07b5 532ae1cd93ac9f7a5921474b449b442444cb04649468934c243a7340b10314a9e29b594e2137f53c123e2218d003a149d4ae 120aa92ba09d1e1220bede9371c964b1a8315407d4c88f3a8c91d96a3413d5a57cd4c556039e8f56162615404293141e95c9 06250a041bfa3c2790b460bcc8c99111ee2930d5e1c13d59c1f8e009e80885e48b1b97e1784b2e41a6dedde33e7a2e991062 076f28b96f7cc20c698631b959e2b1ca3840a6f152997ac4cbd0e5399654c0736a3b839ef28646aadafdb8add7208fdbaa32 349c3007922923943abd7c65a2b5c70a231273c7468f20d1a779816a6601115aa86025bcdb82f95eb6736acc76d59d2b3f90 d4a63c52d86010ea99a5b802cfc8388d2036634b30794b5429c66b5c19f81444d42f18c8741a85e5cbfba426e909f344e5e8 d47a09c333e1987cd46fba93be4cc3e173fc868bbc45e55e912fc588b09303429135bf0a4d88e1945a225e94ab8a4ba9132b 43e1611540b85776a2f81869e2ad6fdbaa48ffb927c4690b7f999ffe3296d11930f4ae598079450fd18bf88d8c607783b0c2 54b5b70481bea87ff7921d8842bac13d458881c7848f46458d246152c6d409d7014e94644d4385b819e303f67c2187cf9d40 4cd4ea2b83c06580c4251d46c19302ca6b108a687a8a1312dc503ca612ab10e8e0a10ba3160173ae09edee1e476999ca2fc3 c24803c665be8c9df2ee1ba29e0380caec2d4bc86c4afbac967929df920a37dec410d756788054353485659372560aee317b 4138cbd52b75ad56022234dd5a137bf0fc1a61dbd075a7ea73c31a52ca79455239f831594e7b3e8af2f9554c1ca3435791f7 862b471f6028c5cc6cf96e22c3d3294fa2b7691abb5cdc43af7bdce71e02dd53120c23860e938bcdc4aca1e774cab84148b5 6636996b9929c1dcb2747f2dbe28c953c114feb6910615b9374da695866bbdd3c0bd12a4a911fceeafd088d60475d8588920 fc28fe84744d2eb019b5a8b4be50888ef0427fc52ae83fdadabd780ff2ce74abfdf5c65f9a3863ae90757032e6dc6304f784 0048f038caa4cb9b0bd823a3ac26a48ad4f23789349b0eeae891bd66bcc6c27679d5577d555cd64c1d046ca60f57324a0801 382737e021c69c25ea47765c37ecfdd4986dce35a3030a045b84623003ae40bb89b93cb3b980e51ea396994200f9dbc37d31 6f797b6d9b9d32ab457cb06e0f8b4f92d7640182133ce1ffd1e824265122848281998ac0aee4843173b32827e061124e1807 548c489b7d081acbe51211f13c428a8d939486c693da618712f42ef4449ae03a3017ad9d315290e0519149eb2d90f445952a 0333a2b8b89a17a83ca781cec3b10c5500905999d5541d4545416a84d061f912286e205fdccc8828722c0748da5db3eec92f 7858832a14063390ba326bbae357b9d1bef8522a9c63879fdba7516466dde6083c7fe95785851c98d5e49727f970cc7cb28f 6191068516bcc10007241b93396f8cde9211466168ed60a3650b41632d8abf53ab082fd3a1f1c0cb29014f3179c8e7f70806 b221f40266f8548027aa2eb7831cf4d6734a1d301e72af295498a76555e197985330cf343559133b72337b8541727a4c69f8 b00057ec50471b9abff9df11dc64136b403c0375098190fea60f2fe41b6d3a5ac7e895f0432cb04238a4db8d2916e4900fa8 0cf5e0216bd8003d476c5a109bf104f1fb4b9ed24f88414537989a2e0186993505ac3afe0a62a0899968788de64009a6987e 32c59a1560509299a55373aa3b106a9f9233b9b96220f14417ada7b46bc25f240718ed28a6594eb329e032727794c72c080f c701009167082a8632fb5a9f5afa321097d6808de5f1234eb7eac998433ca84eb1a862e5717f39522ab218102a783af1a085 0f9622fb0000d4768ba92449e4d192c7e09f51eeefc4cfc7f96e1ef7c2f3e68474d516b086a11586dd20619a4a74043c114a dab00658b792cb08076f11520e462af63e19da5551f1cbdc714a9d1101cc34ae003222e36823fe13424464b1d3da5455a80d 5846d37d487d23474684256b50926263e3b41cb8aec4ec41d5a002293f1313d3d225b94a040a06662f2356b65293da54e925 26c1f351b0e9d43b87c9430d265c2a8ccf8b0cb7099d6f4a5ae95a1089f26369624b7c850f8367683dd5aea2577d5acf88e6 fb330ae35b90f37a23237f95294129f788c8805eea8a928070bdf03098059450155d4400f845c3048e0043313308b2424602 9a08f6bedee933d24a79809162edcef657f4d8afbffa5d4fae688e5c18bb2ffac292021042a2bde55bbe250879b45a6bcf40 765282c3a080c723ef989b3958436bfaa2e7609e3a54de5cc0bc877ea1dd4d0e3d49e717485a00bca64831be8b1b1c688384 41b1f7d5f20b1e48a074c96252326f4953924adc001e3c645c267f02379a5ca5927b1595f15becf7b8f25b993faa830a3a80 9952c5bb1079b56944c840ec413c9c0982ce513ee71e7b0a722494f7bd03cf94a90ea5ebc71b2a59959083081510b4e4a78a 1eb510082d26b7f4c026c5ec98f41eb2a50a9b5318265761bf9e9b5f044c656a592d9e07f08854ba8d43c6a04980d0a6cc44 2b08c2332d5ec4aadad111d8d24639ca7d1d1a8544eaa8dad0ccbbbfb1559284310ac20c2605dca76e81aac01cad004ef844 a27de0d64835687114b1b1f92cd3f09ce8c524554c31539f9b6844785c75af72c870ab5fdd41385ac20b7859b3dad4570cae a3723234622c1a2f73c28d2183eab8003c457adf629942022b54076572a8ce324b56a022de363780454b77240cc3d58acc5b 04f51e347592ee1cf191c01520658e098a726ed874ad4c6c600d296926570ec4c132114a765f195969202d937a1938476450 923dfd44876154e045e24816a36a0ad1bb8f3fa3576fb14dd4e9af9bc441892459859e783b9c00c2e77aaee7c22162624976 bcc1e7d6854c0ae2401783870822361e859a20d06c63f4172d66b37b422eb442c983cc2088f2f418c962369a4620084b6342 8292a0e16695fc0d1800c86766dc70bc1a575713917d5d17ba23e33cf45717ba6b137af22e2c6d7446f103759501aa81f32c 3913c2e3461478b95c263191e157499d9aca5051965058554b83ec92bec89dbc660778383653e10a6db2fde1997001b6ba2c 5f92c8782d5c0965732edb12c721e65fd2bec493b4146e99a69a53b5b42c21854f0698a620fc6c46daabe4fe110e1cb5948c 5625723204deb695bcdceb3d6bdc9cab0338ec2163060484d0254580045d60e6a0e28c18f2db92d703cc941fe4c4050584e8 392190c6e8b7e9d694c9c514684f315a90d6b468623d5b680a78e52b99442d283959ee3c6332d404492c60eba8d82c08dea2 5e4108de2703d1936402e3cc74eb3a7b979516fdf8453c2e37d81f57d294c9a856d4d876a4b611b17701ec953578d627cd2a c62bd2a398d86f449253a5b0d6408b74590c1a170732043ea5eac990f01fc6e2ee9009dacc5f7535955e17a7152802069cb0 f0309d955de4814152211aefc63524a741e69748754b064ddccd29e7862d3058cd69326dcf38236d7a0bb74c04a818e12f0e c10d95d980660c306b6cd07843d8ee7df59374a769ebc2a81612644f71372d2d204194214268cac7905fb931ca2e6eb91f5b d4804cb58092b0344f2296c078c80bbb5ade4b515d2483b27154a172c4ac8041a03425e5bf7882d90a1178d8852275073654 5b7738079c9cb091779ccb38b0f6bd1595e2db892671ec3c578b0de52a4a56fafb6a96a2b39694d4c5ba1ac97b0b994aea5d ac49a70006360988aab406d4d406ccc00f625518ff8b589235c2b63c1b244852e891c052125df2bc455f2d1b2371b2a691c6 75ac8abee9c831cd6906b0d179ce21c0b4245430f88d37920bddc01efb233f8cbfe8b78c44f9962c0942c11373971c690189 324ecec2124d96d01905a900381568ec7a4cc3118e90e6262102395a309672809511992f0724dd29b480080dcabc9050b4a6 7c106b9c8a0909b412af174dd1bee20484b5d0baf268185d799ee65b89b6990249050ecaac90d3aba49ea1290ff3f229e86c 3014e4bc23dda9653382fbc4bd11243dc49065ce8aabcbee11650981e3b5cc00c1097bbd5a87d688b2edd046c17c08178d37 10b1505ea332d5c208260eb5745a563bff0060ea519785120180b6846a01ef67a7460f4ae23b995cb9a434bd9bb08490284e ead3faa82882c238578f948db5464a8e12554c5c1a51e9c2584cb1b7a68c9e23a639b28a09a24005f21018d3266ec5291e1a b8153b848a6ce84ea1540c8824c029a8887fc199088a43a93a3a2fe62ae76545dad0008ec692b001573814b5bb0121cd87c5 3c51917c2b66ab30cae455c346beaf500a3509935809ba0c07c25d82f0e06f79e8223a9c69bd373745958579121701b6b99a 4a93ceb2b71c63b0b8b8331d0d0d5f080dba4c04d96ee166cf83f7662cb7d04b5472e4820b1794f9e508c2978537cc937d8d bce6248eb5912263cae32be18ee4480fe72af6a24c296d0c674b23a4808e20b730af40253da1d818ad7b5095af29ebfff807 cd25b3b037ce44f45af037c7c82bbf600e77a47f01cfa2b5b267f13cc1d15b72b0433bad2cfa4bdc73e908269237474d8f84 ac20a17bd8c8419c5e108ae0157ec327c2688640ae29092ae2d55fb4458e9005d84c648c8224534088ce2ac9d9221c93eff8 d3e8f85830a63ce6a72af039867443e3125e840b2b9ed4206b321742854b9b9db8c4fa212c080e80e914ea107aa787c03fab bcecc44ce9aa776fd99f2ce3fb8244157fad6740116ce02513ddda1b0849439ca31645158f910b6d15d02985ad05c3e7401b 911c13632cf7847f93bd226aa7964568c6079c341dfc7b182616e95a63346bc474db7ba8ccfc24730d360e875e8afb1991e7 ac8a728085e07274c406bd1daa084b2e5353826859be1711de20470118a3c0987af34d217df1c8558f326ff71a50f33b2193 214b7323788b852801490c114ed73d5105a11a1ddf0ea2862b9b62d0d246285c0148363bb48be486b8b2a0858b1522da6182 2ca2fb6bde3b9ca164697525a66a592439f18acba67af06007af446bda4e9664e8c6058ce0319b0883aa7395708b6e954415 3811b6b10f139937e9a1a820a8d021a18150adbcd60e208b9a72343582a710ade7c380cc2fd48286b5a6d9c909521d19a32b 2a79f868834fed8893b7bd04c66c70b2ac4b98c01be3464ab0d9d129d161c91f53f3d1812d3ea41d80e994f12abb0d953622 7f250d610a5071a04556a2b4a6ef11b902c085ba4c8135823907710f4ff16a960aae8c6d0d0443b5a1c085484a89774f0240 b2197f0447776d945e9e671bb7a43b19471dc783ee336ce9d112d836395731033b85e2e411b625e8a0ee2462086ece040dc4 de446a7a61a174f4099e64b8a9bbc9e3dd0cb896f1212a5f0f5890054eb23704d35331423c718cc7301855945271897a4934 25a399abb423aec84de4d6b03d15c0c32933d6a27c047c280a817338e20468d2273a7043430fc5701104394b64d732c51354 c64b82306f9594d694a466a546a62eec97218ca3880068c9cfc39cede8807985e7f03f3ccc725f2119d944c4e4a4e68e8870 525486560a9cab0530abfa4dd6aa7a939bc453d2304565f6eb4890003c9e4415e50ab237b32aba48525e75f7d0a50b3874bf 5aaf301f5b727dd82b10cbb0e8d82917c948c468b99d060d99c431042a21ff52ec4e24c08d2044c766f238d9efb5801e48c6 d268e52a4757eb303de1eb9fa23b538aba2010871d348b2afc0a5d36903bd29dcd0e2a42368507e016af854f0cb51e3510b3 9ca23be1965ae28ad1af6c14121c2d99cdf2cf0bdabb308501dabb6585b2276a615eca09c3a65011add9a4d85ef3355f93ae cda61c11492902d5f3e4f25e74d66c7d796bd6d00f1d131d1a3ec59f278aaa4bef728113bfd0f46dbfe9525d233c5a6a15af 9157b5a05f375c1fa606f8cd17538fe950ac28cee21e81bfb34293812379c63ae11ac20691c282312ef281f842936e34a58a b9c068511aa6b0ce92d53238991b60035515320a3e05aeb32d0ea2682303efeeef8c9a22376ba7e84e6ec350e348806ec810 ee4d9eab6046e3dda886bb1bcb2db67c209b601daa9e2662d08d49e51330f9dd60153b3da813c5d60524c550832762112c0b 5295dc27537a38edabe51ee290be57b3045da0155710a0ba6078261d0e86086aada60a3ab99915bb96512be06dc5fc12b518 83b4cd602cdda62eca47c8ec6da5b6885c290f0acc6252b168d55b0a2ded7ec59e2e5a46f590dcf7b610bf0635db1e4d6fcb 4676cf162ba9c1c5fd2d8c097b4aea57993e62030ccab5c5bfb451f1316ce62ff0b8a18d229cccf0f565e0248ef23251c1a0 052c5d68141197a7c03983f399fab505203135786c1c5f8c6d4b490b9060031261612ccc208d1b08a40158080b608c06ddb1 9354a4fe8954f4001e0109b2cf58f8fa9499d0193ba0e09e5afa3210f0804d45960d2fb3afaff30e5d82131c9d90c0eda638 cd08016452b85f919ca6c0c089f49647050c768ce9a69bcb8a6c056bd045d7225a61377253d8c0909ba9f58a92e10dfd5360 bd820dd68c36e509f341bd8a72569adfb473bdbfd1a766e18419c1ed9b768c0eba446e85101480e109db766fba795d34a210 0ba54884d5d40c3f9de1b7c5bf74ff2c710d4565e4b5bc178528d9820b8a6d615b5f9ad278490f5eb1142927d94c296644bb 998226629d8e6170a4abbb4993dea06ec815187a9c51cf73c0206fd533f2e6f9da4eac4a8966c1b30304661018715f1ae35e 7c293f56e62c97ee43e5fb893e08c05acc405c25cf0f5aae473037ac35a0da7b4aa30b2a08de94d397c1ba5e3d142477b229 1b94878d06661dd7404a11c28358cc5b9e55883d22de6f08ff5d554f521fb9d22208979720785da21a39d591b6655d57666d 241b8d7463e30b5192aade5ed5061f6364d3f806da8bdecef3e3d52f43c0811dee97f678699b0a64149f38968b1a3cd8488d 4f95eeaf8a84157b9b16286f4e76b3b399fa4b715e587b0f8f1382b01ce6acd9bd1d3aaec9c12ef6e36df8f37cfc4b0f89f8 89c4ee8789c8db92db01520763b66a21666d7271f825f4b4501bb1529482e5413355f18e0ceae61d008c0fb62c878c1ee2d0 08d250a883e1152d4102aaf6bf72fd3b556085f014223985683765facb7b6352d0ee2d9c0bf08ceb76111734cc83c47c1c8c b5e29e47869e372d17dc32ef3416ab829147767512f54129773a9bef071271c63efbebd296f7433865ee2e6df6608169b96f aaf0e0b3ae0ed2760f99b0e697f37d518fe8b0c5f2fdec5c0fc87b5feb925c2103cb1b2323843bf8daac304b0e649c944511 7c714842641cbed1f046e221caf096cbd5e2e5de54cc005c496750e055e6704df95d1b9f62853b32fde65a6b4df51e4e8f15 ee61449c344ceb0f594f950a201a056a64d4c64c7f704e95caac1dad7f43ec0cbfd6c6ca0e8081707adca8901ad9546cd6a6 f7eacec08370801f0056f4ba5f6dff317be322b3c9875bdd9a1a995a0340e53d9fd1155d68521aa3b794b1b54988c56ff65a 701cbd0dcfaed05bada9585fbded61f7f37c0a779387d47d99bd01b6272d2029c9632e4870f0524b196d4a699179cff57456 1495695957fc9f61c179ed9cf47ab9dd6bc60b00beb5f8aa301acf1ee4e2a55463cb289b4e439159b36400f8b2a3373c1536 1079610f3773618db6a34c9922a52b696d1861f8ba8ec801ab7d5aa6b3ad8658ec184ad8403b7c14cc2b9b0c3177b35e536b 66769ddc0126ecf5bba9529b1d3004368b0565ad0f9cc1d335037753e32836f9105a8602a7cabebb3c5425d52a24be19ef90 d0a0689a85d566244db6a1e4db25b95a6bbb9730cc20e4a25e00269224948d35ecf071c4268b44c0439056bcc1b21a558268 3bd264a5c3bb00fbaedadcd0dfe6afb9cc5934feb2635ca282dc768a136a3afd6b15c4b590dc2713251af0ca3b097d63a744 61d15c1115bfc37eabf65a697185f0a2e7e5644efbc7c7d8dbb5a97db39b27f37718f24a7d9d02cfc132d3cb2a080e3e84fc 59811e665e4bce90d721ec9bdd63bb795957434776eca76c8f9f082348ba710923b3ccac538abe622a8ac7dbc94c59db9fc9 9abef6c33f889c4dbf03c34ce5582a96d6c49cd1f9c124b8955a3654416572fb3ae609cdf7b909019b595abbf6bcef2bd675 ceb49511ea13a3b5d0ebb20237189eba3dc1ad143cd927ab658e46bb12601bdd704add6604a864a580bf806d1f49ddcb8d53 5abbbb32c103abe6d132133a1c072b9b7533e34764d19192c7e11fe3f878b17dfb33bf178576ae8db7e9ab844acbe1298583 7e67afac22972b949dcd1c995c070cde5e7c97059ac8f8dae8baf6a06e5ef192f54ec333aa9649a0c34a009fc03280a016ea 17b0955429ba35cb8aa3e1630c51b80ecd728a07ab7c8d8f2b30bec2ba3c703086be311cd4cd585311375afd92b3d3caa51e adc09545322b1fd3d7410324246acae8acbd9963b93355e9170672830829494f6c67c31fa3753545efcac039b9dd01389476 f67a147f1c0927f7709b050724361622e1a899329699fc9796794e5937ba2d80222a734d05b6c585c9cc373ab8deb9c727cb af7d6c3845c0560b920967152726badd2948dc204b29667dad4817921845443d61e936a2a1cf60f02bdfca8aa3bc0f0706ed d73b71018f41d20da92762898b79a8ad85731c51be7169563208eae2765bf7aae5e313b11f7b6c355c765bf378c376f670c2 40cb9cab4cd8f4d25898803295185e93197e5c3834412e946f554b9c136ecb353b422a53cb761a711ab0490a914815815d3a 11d7c0cf006329bd7380f94e4ddcbebb7481453d597ea4a5302f5d1e1ec822f466838058ae0d2a340843131156e5be12a427 61e9b8fa1d13be1b8aca79be3606b0583198ec5009d9b069f01b1b242bbe1325e4851eccb3cd140580b796bb38b2e5828f89 77913152e3ae3e90298584869657e93219f21e3d94e8d1d056837186d3abb1cd952122851464e2a1fb3eb43b751b1af96eb0 22637264fae4ef14585b3bd8c5fab0fb7adf5c03d245cf67b20eb6d0db3c42d032f0a5c3a0d4bec73bfd1e9ff17bfcf6a229 9e01de63785af16ad39460acfbd9edb78124fb1a6e515a5bb0e692e6662da3cd70c2530789ffe6e332cbda47b71de5da8538 6509e1cdbcf6d5891954cb3c27c588bf75a7c11496cdd0d1e76499455c2b9434b1c4ddb688c8586e2712a623b5f9672a4eb8 6875ee23e67932f73d9994dd4d99e18bb91966df94ecefca4dd323b4cccacb1052853750ed81acd96269056095211088b220 59abcce8221b888222763c0cfb9bff57bfeb2886cd6bcd2f22e18430fa4d6527e28e2b36b3b63612edd9e7d3a45b6eef0805 d05af31623ec50c6db0a780c0c6d2493e613d82b750d3d071b0989898862a4c2a470b1b4a2b72e02bf83b503fbe6ec70ef5b b8c45ac43f10e457d223b5642d47f6a06445113637cc0719439227b1a2627b5ddd78e6f9e65e15668bac6eb9ddf4b1751a49 830862d6002eb24432575da8939567495f2d224c8c85bf426d981591019be529d72835f7d17d15e73e13cf6fccc6ab16a923 11ea7a7ebd621971e04852b34e386676cd006bb9a6f65d8481086e08b18775314d4db363924fb1c1def4b5c1678d3458090e 72d89cf0025ac9abf0d0a867bc5378e581deae8a76601b51b511585378a4d8dac5dad40affa670d2aaa5b5a46ab81abced49 ebd69f8490b014a23a9ee222220c3c5292a6918769b3930d30b0ed46d21087950293ae6916e07fbede7a8b60c79b422c8ecb 60f3b1506d3ac28c0e9c228b63db83dd25f2e6a48221b0cae326e15ccc286f5c1846e48de2ecbc7ebe2cd6a03b6146984778 a69cc961139ceb5af9ab27a1717c1437f5de35b5a69df5a6b735dbcd70590f370ce221a59ec73f9c52dd0d9c11ea343b9c3b 3003523b589e5b2fe6347249c9816a46a729f281e3483ca64a4bbbadc0945fa11d08f97326d12bf4234335160e8d95e9661a 8956b92500b3e63d9f1906ad95452e5d67bc0ca26e91ea3415fd4cfb9bc643b2188cd5629656e765ba8c916446999d93d307 dd6459bb9f34efdb85f3ce5b1ba97dd14db2cc4625b1e9a27f82394237984aacc09227aa1a1b671a81dfb4119f1d57efd73b 1397b0d967aaac428bebc2b8905d6b21235e8f40d82c4a3d3049621de24815b6ded3fe2171667f0fc6d33762bd8ab6491007 d467e27bf4dc6408b7c151d4625e4db179b27f7564086be1b5c7b5ca8a8a016c53b1f2c169bc0dc4ca3ce4e7497bbeae54ed ab1f44f8c15e8ed3cc067553f8e0f30daef696ecf1f15e4abd572dd0fa16d70df1d8e9e13e8b7e25c810d511c796ee0eb228 3543713a7fc05b94d957746eddbe1e9f06c5f2065848ac46ba9c37bc023cf0f7d0822e69b559ef9c8998296095b217fbae48 7e18858af73b3a805ae55b8484a94bcd64ad4e8f07bdf68db848148c8b368cd90d622e21d3354bf8ee954f456d46aa47c26a 4eef0a3685a7ae1b1266d2a74d4aa756d5d40cbf1bc5a8229308b16b2dcfb9137ad90cb0e396c29836bd6dd23b31bf36f7Ecclesiastes 5cd7589573dfa769068d2b8368aadd740af44be2814d78203074ea187d01f9f63534a86bb0f0cce00aad768a279fe277220f 3604edceb99206c815b65240d453ff4232324f6de862eab5177fa4ebdaeffd7fbfdd9db31704ac2758230ba4c2f30be5139a e33ec247235a0211a340139b4d6c460e4d2826e3dd4c67e54dfbdad432ce646791f268d102b2a5449e1fdb596edb985d7b90 a69d916200a02c519e8e40c2e4b16c895823c18c3833a471e135dda1b6d93815ff83567936113b2e1361aec6929fd1712a0a f82d8cd306c740f2b76f7201c6de26bf99c996d0842cac0c598bcadb76af969005c5dfd631cbc61e66826904128c85bd6647 e3e41beba2be0209d2b490616b166a53fb2224e41a438418b550dfa7beaab25aa33a6db746eb10b5e322923cd4e90caddcab 5a089f6d39855e4f74a429653aea76ac694d752a93323515fc21aa2eda3a390b1e4d139c18bb2aa0d2663ddeb915b97470b0 bb1e0e30794ebc34193ad2329929280a81192c6b5218cd2651eb85328644ba1cac11f66e71144306a65b2fb6a65099cc5032 0b7daebcb6e91486418ed4ddccab75d652c926b4dd7b9ab298c2a825ef24493273fb2a8827b3bdcf5f148b8330057aee843c f281156bf868582d7cc7dad6208929320c48585206f02a2a266e898c75ad0c5c459f5c3158257330b5c0928e080a4da98850 95548b8b9c08f290094ea4201e7d8993453fbc3193022a8ccf75360a6a80eb4362086f0212d79b231c14df6119acaaa2082a 9fdb3085b500638b01303425e49658936ce110ab584f384a86b3ba8e0550d78ce817961c8fe5150960211f0c2304427eca03 f006052dc6085d50c4272343dacf6a74c2180030c01a44789e131ac68ec79b6edd419729a0ae20adef2ade907d460e2745f5 d229fc66675d066e20fdba581500e0ba84a8aee41e09cce2a45c3d3152396ea7e4b8dc22e3dc5a530df5c895d9e277ac0313 2c9500fd91177960d98c6b233dc11268c5fc654cad66633e90d0625f98929a816a4961cc43168ced791cb64062eba17b11a4 3e3c49615bea33afc8aeef72eb179b39cf01f33b2bdcb2280bba6357012962ec403584ee215dc54a68d36aa3ee66560e04ae 1190a63c644c09642185ec6824cbbd10a3b3caa80ba98f3c8fec41a1154443ae39b2c776402648a93132d63837dab40b5645 3ca9305b92f82320b087581ce21bdb399042b5618a0d2aa911c62635d981299eb391311556b4b55f0831b77b6cde31848dda 56016b1216c94477e93965285da3636b5b7eee8be5eae2015107817a2e2c49a18a783846b5ae0c6ca6a59c05bbbe1c0d5f10 22378261e4103e5ba4a50318d478bdc428dbd31c1173c43db1c292955cd02e08bb2cf4c526956e43606967d6ae2e23d55b78 1f89f641ca8bfc4e201960fea831b2269bb8cd75437bffd2c10c66ecea491c5018a80ba571439be5952be71ea95306728536 9f01dfd07c6760996571691e8388b4361d4229268c6db1097d564634530f8523451903661ceda149dde1a3b22b1d85d157dc b1185a4a83529c3484404e39561ddf132b0dfb63d20ebd323404594a14c0b018f31df9d11c4ebd08d5180ae5800a4df2bda8 28993b4c349385f155ecb3d286e09e6a372240e29adc294e927d7788dc3d3e0d126419e434224d0cb140b22a49d3234e5c10 9d142aeb1c4d749bc98e8f9a17da17f000a375489bbdb42cb6175a6874fa4f3ccf10facab757d2d6084900786bf83aeaa823 72983e5631d75c2c21fb8ce8a35f6f25dad15c444b218aa9e1ef64f306e1906b64862f441c097fc8419f30e090292787401a 7f1de611061197a45df5c2a5647fff14d8ee91ba08b23042b459bc11cc6133b6655354aa89dfc4a32ed59d3588b209f78ebb 64db6a10890ce75c2a7dd29d14334398b274321c896662103a5b8c5eef581f173d417559046548d2faf88ab23167d659390d a85c19021de5199df5f68d1c19ddd9c79cb9e00a9878fac9c9649dc6f7cc673e933890e84837102ee42f2cb53b982829862c d6eda1d03fb226472464e23a0116b624f0d8cb08cbb1793853012a4d150df2c306c329b31101a412fec190ec6b8bf3baf616 ef915f1ded6b686169a33b294b55182e92bf082fc254523e6589a099176e3a33c829301a84900e0274656c8296b2eccba39e 107cd2ea34e8a6d424029a45498e9302a208a603e63d37e33086b7ad979b294e5be734e99714231c892a030795e7ccd24e40 1c06be6bce3945770a800b40d1f12c336834047ec66c03bf94686f6b08d1240a67399929a8268f3aab169526bef7ba137888 d374db5d775c779618622e92e91d611843b19e89ec72853cc45cc883d6d45ddf8d47510050b2e837e9c9e472c356f3d09749 dcb3bcd9d6ca93c81cf40e9d36a8287c2e18c6ada802bbc13c6f3e3d976e36108db7e087a1bc62897a45b5f45519aa3a8e40 63080fb40ae33b7f69cafac2cedaa16c784b0c853ef09e15e8ea5c491ab7c258ccb951ec5ab30f1eaf28890c713440b1d901 5fcc9c2ea73c1420d9d4a5683108f83ba86f1598515d274782cd5bfea51550bd30b2bd256c218184d10ebb5c31eca3189681 6a159b6e1e08c89101c3140c9d7db1d2c035686f58cfa4b73c096f353b2daf341f96884446b3dd50ee2795ccfde811f34e20 aca2e91ab03db2554e0d221936acb16eb025aa32a3289e681330c14266771f8f2afeb68fd626828b11d13d64343f4c319b67 3595b1b646902a7ff0d282e7e6a3982a2dd23737409b9f447f34c70c378cc19c24e9c87474c0d72144380d88af4341897854 68a63da9e5b956788ad47965ecc274ac304ce22135ac5963a120f99174272c89b46890982089700edd20d64f3174942ea6c2 dbb435dd2f16040c7a1d07d288840e33452d0c635c054c22593778860b480331b1b9f50493ea043a4fd75bd539e26023cef0 6a21dfa90e57b0c45a3704e630694b38c23fc3d05f7ea759a6bf6588d0eb98503162483bf9075d268ed9c4900fff320c0920 833222ee7810422f91aa59963836eef86fca982063102024a686e74449e159f28e54a54479f3f401c220a74c5c906f66e408 55dcd1ab31a7e081d0473f4025c8c44ba81083d5ef1166eeed2dc2661ef1170a475d44369580c29923443fdb717f8e600137 57673e10f71dfa78d19591648eda94325f5fd18e2e680834d08a631fc7a0bc81a459644920f45d1dc4a9ae48294396698866 3c34fbd63ef03baaeba0441114ead0df96159af1308611748737c560685032c7735594a471cd056dc708508599c564e49c79 2518db79aad8137db2565ba3f1446b42af58b88e5c79d846a43ae66583523cf8b4b7ea7a4b6d68d6b8c83d82850c31e971c7 d067c7611a454f4c41f60748d43552a3d602c412506c026c8b71f04ba1ef26c800c330cc9bd03e788025d92ef8ba512b06bd c66550ba08360f6149172ae2385245232b78d7a3bd21dabe75e882ed44eecc51e345578201a6184700dbd0e007963ad0b16b dc624012c50dfc76d732ae37cc6bd43a49778ee485b5396cc5dc907a3c92c1c8a6fb480125f5e5c5218e8af5160df5615b2e 234b043bd15e438b456f62a18372a746346e7afc621bd699402536135d29d74ee345d810a2203b4a45fa9af550b895c451b7 45111ea18a2da26cba0b0324a6f8b0e19878653aa5b3fd7fec0924eea66f74a06912471560e80247e1195c81b8a9138e1d38 b11fdd4027612d062cff4c6b7d110278a0a50b41884c85b63a6976ecbb1692f58291501eb2a67e54ec18eb3e9b6af8026beb 02a416626c0d625d4281c05258e40dcc0063c2b3b2a9705862337ad849cd9a6241773806379d3c2259f4183b198251635424 9199090683629718a9a8575fad813a386f31953055b7b81f00b4c6e93722b8eafc5bb104e258ad8e0bcf1d195ebd5d251441 0e8dad372b490fff779c903035fb43989aa343639183e09c32fb9b0dfd5f8357f7fc95a661fa9838ea84c14472f57dba5999 9e5a210d26cbe4ccef59db9cbf6e605b01bc894a5126be683b41b3a0534acb6f2c868c3d34d1ac22c6a2098d023de43fd119 f48d2726bd95397a4b940247200c413c2648da65905617c10654369c316222cffbc43a6d17b4de7ac2f062b6ea2b230c2171 850b8ca16d224b79f439ab4e9ecf07e6623783eda44070f2db700dce8a12fae85e820842cc3e4b17f078338f3cab22124a76 4509e8dc2bcd768895b1f7e53e0204c1c300bbd0c409c3c66b29928e02c61dd0e5af08395675c31e4afd9b0b0d820a9b980e 03ef130e5d9ef8db29dc9d29dd02ca407855de6944aa779c909b1a5fa965066e4249726861fe9a3506250fc1db6293ab7b3a f0ac14f860dd9fa43b0d29b236fdb91aec1a4cc5cf68c97af03b838fec5cb08c5c3ac47cbd427d934a505ae3144412fd60f1 21f7e47549deb53fbc148d7679a8858aa127c0e05812994543f2926e4219b43bdf4eb10e76e7425926113f21d98beac4b469 f1ce739f938ba7af6e9a7e80e598a6dafdd538cd9d34018ce7580b734ea27cc10afc30eca1b068188f41d4d49029334121a4 465765350306b7887b3008f06aec119e43458dfb2da3af8164e24d3885a2f22a4e1ea4b9a17a31b6f2180fb45c463a804f6c 4e5de09cf932c5b9ad9e301de87e4eb3d9ef24f7bef749d6e4ebe764185a08618b3005304f879507a4c20a3035dc43913c11 5d7073d9ecfc4e70a204e54d04481852fa6a5ced9ede13c36df15b3456fbc98895e486052ad687a605a8ad1a8a9e9183c655 f94daddb026fdfce4ca85531363e6a816a4bcbcc91099c6cb84623a8a5e0395e9ecf2444de158e564d7a7e2df230584188ce 328dea14980f95c4170ad3dca60c555bc61632514b4964c6642c036848116d2b664e919ce5064a825e2c5f66f8baf16a8139 a891c835e4ab5e3254e73bf62985be20e69e7daf223543b528405d11fab43bce4af71811332e1fb781175001b071a164a4ee 1ed8e144d77e41c8b8b7f8628149e41901dbf9da377141c81cd160dce7773df151a779f07d75ab042b56267f5a17d40c2758 04cbab846168674ceb02fcf808b41e1a8ed179c588d11778c270671c66d3b8c1f29ed0eb708b2c4bfb98fd4821f04a343955 e6a64596acf02178bdc333ddc920889d9944d665252e0cd96ccaa7029a822b81749f143e497786352334fd842c72e7ba116a 4282acdd8322a32aa6dcb4458e1b1c857dc4d161d6e80fe3d173bc7ebfa61c73b2a0fb867306cba0acc60329159b568bf850 0fa1ec21574623024a5445618d043a2900fedc23448ca96805ed8081f6a2399205235002c02f165566bee4d0f62f7ce21766 f85e68576b9e2ba32903e47db28b01e089b7ad8b684d8f62b3dc32a6baa82c478101de6743bcc56f49e7166fd60f5937ea60 70517eaaf8ab8a8aa5bc26a782caabd10443fd05f4c29e1b2a9c6f01334430d2a7ceadfd6069e5858be5ece15830e067fe41 4b382654b3a551784e7219239da70a431b068c4eb4d62bebca45eaa01a0654d10895c94232fbe466474b1b667ead027d519c 4e829ffa25ee99178a35fcbb60b69a85100641c1954d2fa3aba287a495f2662a0a8c11ee02b683c262d40cb211c183223308 5710550c335c6dea0238074bd4219d31fc5be118ca3244f799471608683b2533fef27ba2430f518b7b60986213cad4e37d2a 80c5d0099368262ed4a11cf3eba132428e4caee870f87ae574413fa82e3506d74842416cee35c2cc020f8e032490f00b6a11 c2352e60b0c8d12d060424f3b4eed40200af149b9b657f5dec6c6588a9c6cb7f4599faca702fad545a32c5a0a240085f10f6 f8b2f9e2dac135ba80018a562f2db268d0131589387fe9c26c593c2b7045e831eead1d8a6677986236627ea42118a9419187 4eed0733b73eaf178410a2802128ac65bfe5ff27662101278a5a316218af1c412b29c5e7afc13b43425337f77d84c9dcc09e b8b71c086118b2d7a2861421cc3ed3baa9b2febd4fd4e1d5c0188970fc669413ceb46a28cf8d9f44ba4110a1398ece345244 08d130872dc515269a9889570585b068490444bf15f83e404fec9a7e72d35f565e823551d535c06850cbe20345f611991e91 7e6762999b1238454ec43de830565e9bbb25a4e1730b2416e178ab0c49d2dc8a825ad886ac5fcff80f547d21741d113dc8Daniel 436d267d100aa82c55529ff41090443515e39c9560cce0485db15b1b02b6070f73a11da87c6e6f692963e7c1102822c0a400 95e6b9084f301481511eb718ac57889592c6cfdc085d00c95b593ff41025c4ca014ceb13212d8b015440a559f155f05886b4 429c18b55681d35278c62b3e492ef84b4e31954a05020cd120d71cc3b34b8815b2b531c22d6b8055ee9effa1713871cfd222 26b8ad9c57c8910c0c72018048c52fa1e31501a159c34469c259cc73020b0c460a27f92e2b319c48c097168bc680410095b5 11f0b3bf7325bf9508279e9c85770fae3aca4932a1b24ba2761c440ab3f7a9ae50b422aa7b82be4fc3a2c9a2053d8f3cdc60 c9561f932356404c6ef9b451911b1299dfe32df30875a9c205e76af8349538b61574e4c74b4366a5c86950ad181969819902 68eb1439db5eaf693c04068fcb1abc62a842601324f52b3b972ac2b6ee91689fe6464ecc6266a86536f078c5446e673321d0 32218622d08be2204b730df8e2252a120e083232267f3a2e8a5ef4843256cb43cc2e52e26f11fb0ad3af3808847de00c0b30 dfb1613894976bc89d3a04fef254d72baeecabb1c206e0b7de8fb320df73dad74aa79645a18087736929928d90ec6bca2edc d487d0fbf6b84670259b465c04d80429391056afc13b43d82ddf125309f30de578688a63e79559aade6c7a1bbfcc74df33ae b975c67c4ed41ff68f5c8dbc101f29c61dc43ca5c990a43896e086918c47d75a9e1c24c411d3e684526594d720fbc83d8f90 e844824294b4297692dc6cbe49b1d291349b64affd6e4c0009cb63f3aa8f35a2128d142d04b0bf524e3cc1d8a81c0b31cf25 915acf631fa13c1cc5c06c6d864fa94c1f80146a282412c60100a43431850709342ecd4405625d9202c93211587f2c4d348d 91b025464d6de06dac6e8cb3b44382d0b5943703964d8d25c06ce09844795a93e801a7dc1fab89f416d9610a8a9829d07208 7d4f5e80817641ca6496d4154c4b237aae0b960165ccf4eb1ba80692dd6d46284ed3074e7c4bd43283b4093cfb7c52b79218 c90e6f71bbe012f5ac3b17f566a4f4a8111107c6cbcea02cdb85023699024c72d8b3f9043e096bcca61d2d97a001b676c19a 3b7da9081ef20b48080948bca89287b122c00043489171ba86e79cbc9ce95bbc86a810836000ac12a6e290886ad05e774387 e3b1e5a0ccf34874dcbe6ed6b737047bfa2df2818938f418a74db41801e439f163da47c6b926108be46897b2d357d814a06c e800e4c7d04463a6cc2c14b0897e9441e1264517088398ee7be3ec48d24075c29af18a73b192d96f87b1f06675831992d183 02143fe26c42370804bf87f994f894c6428a4805755974a71bd09b21bbc7921a71b9c7a7481759529c326f0b172b9c56d305 750e1e58221c0089fd5906c88f2fe8171f2966b02406c661e0b2f30c0d3df06b0521a5bf1aa071b1718d1a2f8001266d2969 438ef2068b95d03ce281224a5147ed01734fa0e9282b3051092a23654697660878f40ff9c24eb0575a03dc6219e20b4fb54f 0ca713144095a0a06b309045b81e93622bf1214692e9c08f460abccc8e21892b116153639d0bbaa44342c5f0450dc63e13d2 4f354e77bd4d8235d1aeca44812b5b5d09b047b0f081a8ce1e9a26d820c528905d6be3a418d14f8bb01c11620a6690d87202 1665a9a11ed2331c8dc81b6c9a69cd620f048a0210227685561a9add4af798f8c86b586bc49c5e74919ac4121a89d6096e72 b95337919de7f58ba9842fc87acde281a0c52d44b98704443a037b03bb58cdc841c5c440e84e9e90b183969447e228127d63 5abfe0f484dcc136bac63ffa35704f50309643e5b081fa9138ad866971ac2a78808eecf47075a9769205fc98937f399f2088 c286d4e836ae583e3de6140c2092b426a644b1611b2d1897f530026e6a419a017acea25752770a2b40a452e45c076867bf13 55b49af839e70f5b9a261680e1883a08e7a63b79a8f8dcec932c26cea0da1bc328217a38d92064fc925c302081de62392497 894702121f24633bfa211302b5cf8c80990ea9b0c7c634c11229601279aec82f457547ba3389c0eb423fbc2566fbe45def55 63b4310a7594d07ad37db3b6b670139eaf29d846fc1427ab0272e8c24282e5c8acf2a87b04dc020a923377e8dc3057ce1a08 c968e481001273da9c64b46143d4555fadad429aa61083f651f8e4645218788a4ca700b406bda6dbe4220f844de749b7c6b9 89971527033fb0d3b8bdcd081849edc6a873fe52c0ba435daa442a49f068a65d9808d5dfbc9f4cd2b45af94d0a17b40755eb 1dcd9d4547832d53a9bf18bf70971ecba55052b32dd0840173a4e5c1469b4d41abfc6aff750f7bd052360090b003eb64e067 d0333a15c3aa39ca5aebec11fdaa550a4fa6b0a6d8522427a38a09ae4adb64af478443e4381db1d9c52bbdbf70fde06715ce 23a3d609ad405107689f3cf0eb817413f6b9b5ba438bc76fb2115c649c29494d4265a704b483a716561f9cfd4ecd74a676a9 56a77477307a734ac529b306877b58ac606d64e206a704314e815c994d539b811c19c2540caa4dc930bfa2d7dffd1855dc8c 31b43729b5d0af62dd504be2543468c706edaff908e595f03f85c99101a930389f989a170e25f4713eab85f38a9778e10707 35c36c816d4360d783ea482dfac0dbe2e100735f44f12079afed84e1cd35054ea19fd3c712853092da85c539b68800cf1c7d fa9edc6c7e57b299c6d96486c6fba1c056849f32c0696443a2ea4ee0ba32eb96be9e041262ebb09442fae4c304e12f42516c 55fb7534d43bf7c1d3db0172aaf46a26716d64ed749dbb95cc56b6aacde9a534bda9b822a11eeb34d1377f8f50c586fdeb68 cf17132fddd3cc3aa288b96ba6ec1aa4387559e7668de9dce70d66960372a5b7f5be4181995297a7e9120f10db60f733a9d7 a9399d05ee8792279d8d3078810281824e5ab7be458f8697a1dd86a43cb1c89b84652b6473d6cc3ae0a6303a2e9daf6b9af2 7025918ba8bc59992b629d66e7ef7060bdac8a7cc83aae4070f37665a715d4e9a2c2aba8aaf16924b07bd87066e0151b6e1c 8910ab4ccb6b9541ef88838a75d5f220646d615371cf9083fc998b910b83b17a59e10c5d5d393ddd441223167bae304a6078 31a8dbe5cdba5798352decdf1343a8e45045b3d3e8f6a8b845169a39d58b00352f04f552f07b4957c90895e787ff2f1261ac 7ed649cb8a2b01df10ec44aa109fc0869824a73c4548830a6b73f4e764ae917aa5ed50abd6deda147410a52bef4499736d78 216659f96b586c3add7016982dafcc868acedf89da0f22703865d3f51e92c1edcae683f369a7b1ccf44d3bebf3e1ac293962 6a25bfaaec0b0f954e2ffb5a03cf86b4068c0d6e47f9ed19703341c3d731d148839567af417b83284955a2ca42472cddd5Daniel 5e69fb2252072a5d5050642e8984ca6bea16b9e31a03bc5e95937467d2dfaf60b75080c0634ec0e8b641ae87b814662d5009 000a42960b13a3ee51bc566ce2f757cf2f124f47867d51ad95d32eaabe61bcd13d7bba5f5bb81205ac5d6cee37a838888181 64c5e1fee1450359bb98fb830f0fc279d164adf8d90096154c6aa31fd9f316354baf706f5da7ef13ad52ec20311c1ccef548 ffa25a1da3683d4964450e5711bcb2396622c0d91321473e5c9f3a58e92a23434a0b65c62c8805f6a472648c475e258e694a eb9a1ddb167bba60d50218e73ef0ea54f0c0f6152b8b7d735862f3587bd7a6deabe23c08d92202efe287d6e63ba268555157 6df316cb6fa4d33ad7b7d8cb83db54ea1cfc1662583fe5fa597c658dad9e7713aa9838769be9f1b8283d3f2a5deb5ed84904 5ed41a7744a2636c3d58f8b99aee942390c980392d5f59c5b4b4d0f887f8aca34c2c1b87a8e2d57845839de3927195441721 f4b8a25a05f735a6e4b8cab91e48d700e38eaaac2a76c4c49514ff35001ba6c24ed6c8ed44b46bd062aa3469baa7de57237d a37a37137a77d08e0b2e2702a95bfa95cfe904be86dc2846774a7d54c6616f16895d96c32d12d36ad68999051d8f2ce16bd4 d84aff11f935ae349f344e66472782d29489366eae3533f0648ba44125857564878bd350bf83ea0d489ecf774bd80dda39e8 175e950056921ba76d3070d5d66ebd7cb360a456e8db6a728a08ba7530eedb06c7a8b5c8528274ebbb762b20efd5068a0e1d b152aa875f178d809b2cf051a8e222aacbc3eab357a9defb76e04700bb2457484de36c0ddc2f4558fe9eab9d88126859221d 6a531e0176958f83e570352b989929c00bf525776cd225b4b049fad83fd92fed0e54ac1ba68df950cb1c58c967d2ba31aff2 df267f4f54902bec897c8a32804eccda08181130e25e0684dc8a23491f15266ef46505519a1cd3a17d57a7f7786bebd81737 14300392842fb101d9c8a27f21763f4d37846ae66bba5e03e3ed66d3c5a6584f0e62efeef059cb5c22814dbbcb29f8c68e72 8a370e8a4a51b1be2801cacd80aa700914e881089651c2cf139b2297275c790d7cae43c68c2c77f965dce27c3873a771ec09 48c990f60e96cd5149fac0522896a4da69740950d2c4ca3b9de9062d98016951caf63385e365a97652d550759f84243725d1 703b141381e7e31aa3055779e9b4f245cc7bd17cdddd3c5e15c3218abc22cda4aa594876d3c3ab36f550968f3c0c8dee445a 24bc3c29972c3fb90bb2cf1468e02942e71a92cc1b54e00bf21056ad6288dfda4981bafc6d9bc38932f9fe41ef4979b623c5 f009abd63e0aa2d69829097e431b34539c8d3f33c4628fc51549b9b676f4a1995576a4cf61933122a88521e53e40a22d8038 73f07810a1cd935796792c384b10b5e6a429160d174184aa7d0e62027262c935704a9a374f8e4b15303c5d3dd7911d5d7df8 9748925f4ebeac070fcd5c56d8a01862d274891279b96db73aa5c72bd1c42aa943c595882f4e309b761049ac3522a145bb57 591b26ee119117037f6616b2111432bf26b113a82576e25be4d761c2571aef95704baf2354414eeb88c8b2cfd676e670e99a 211cff53f94882ee1486b28eaba2e7ca8033c7540a3466911921aeebc99a4ada5f0a89a2528cf441a8b6f91bac2eb0400245 31e2c6a8d97ce60b42d0157d991fc07de7f89a4d524c6b5634311d806d3c1b4b28dac07dc056c08c43a96405928bfa9ce98e 445182846a2a96726532aaa53599d5929f4d87bf327d0a08732c585d96ae1d22c338e69d83b349c9352f9db0debbfa1b9b84 c924c0fa76846f981c793212a6c2a3f2fbabcd4d776050667d18248926f7b9444348c1cc66b2fb136658c94cff8b38fd4ae4 f4a0171e6c431d02b0d705669004bb2daa43902b61275bac8c0abdc06a99d888d9321f63cb8e44ee26cc530d680c676973b3 07ec81c1d850f6c19b48cd2b4c4eabe149a956c2dc9e1010426d1d72f12b018f0379b67d36969dab3cc9b2c6b58be2d29a2c 597ccec66f8bb7259c20391204af3b171e266eb89574b3ba341ceaf7a4035445cc029514a0c3388e4598cd56d92b9bb5f73a f59c90eab7456c6ad85e91d4bc32864c6e764d2c3a788a6e31f33b3e9bee046169d92b7e00e049c9356b8e8f92ed76efa657 7e6b21780a8978aeae32959cb8c7da4bf7959c960bf7f52b36d561605d7ce5a6693395d1400084b175d48d258c3565b5bfcf 6be879432ea5a8a50e57e57b589891ee24df59af7d22c3431c6bf72aab2824d4d4e0302ced27e53879af6f9bc1e061c649eb 17c66867eaa658632cac27ac2249586e11ad66310fedd1f1ac370b3cd288a49596b65395b59d48c514f4a511d4b53a82abf8 10d491d02e3755dcd52f1310b3c83c50dd2f3f12cbb44ac2f461a7f6d9e786b31f7e0706310e28c8ca0c780d1f6231116cb7 01836d1a4967229b117fe119aff9cb742010fbaa73d3147d766d566a94e9a0890a57662d1f814df5112c158ed29aa0caaced cc93cd7c0d3d47309b29989627f305813198888be0df23f051f864106eae5948027854e3457858a5c73ab9caa32becc08d41 ae4cf624c611397f9fa3fa92f5cec6061dd486d00d2527dd20ece02eba01a326c862d761daf022211eb7db644dac243a57be 72dfd73c080e0128662cf1411275dee645cc7f10a1c208bca539b043d76d81d2ac76cc99dd93acf5be0db499d10daf6eda6f 2042768c2901b183f268df429f33eb50a1ae19ce9e568e10d04584b51fc2c8911542f77bfe1f69424c10cabc10f297922055 939e338f03f9419c2bb6114643036bf9f4f4456ca0bb3d843d1181b47a376f290ccacc52e29d7254c8e94b5e8eb608f83d42 d21320e1f9d9814a715e15aaf0aca2b030f56974a6c0b15022ae8c54a160377e05c41ce261bf3c5d2ef2c17e2777fac4d860 953cea188da1b7cd24360443331c582d426eb93498571a5b674a1407cd33432bc6ddc462fcce3888a5c5e3ecbca195bcdd63 43cbc31de853fbd8dfba40d4c2184a51318ffaf2012490c5a97c1753550beb275175d7e7b4ba90842a590f668181026fcce2 015ed752a838ca9509e0699cb9e370abc05bb52f6342649b87cdb0e85be567dd39331bc113832890bf98659c15bb8afdf57e 26ab6db573f1b8789f1db2782521bf36723fdc5f1ecd0725356090250a096840192ee26e73433b002ff62bc0526ca4780b23 a5539e3b8663b5a68bd5087691118895a1870fcd845a3c5ac675e19d83315b156b2aae309df1c0a4326145f90eecc7ce064a 402baf4c108ac577666927da904a4654cc8a2b4c1259add41ab7ac48dd1ceca0470c66ee092f603b63019bb5d379869f85eb 895eb03414917df293a71156bc5eb420dcc19968ed9d286149f0ef45f9ace376d8b4e504dd31535a5136101b27040035a505 1a9a7410d043d31d33abd3892b8622e3e23a8893741a2d1ba2935600c94629106a162c3f54bdc0dacc637f219368d617799a f90f3f40327058121227f83a05d78cc3a1f21dcb6074c06ba6b4c39f332e01001df58545ae1280cd0560a0059b09210890aa 4eda8a1c801f32adae391acd5b3b028d85f76366195b9ed02522873a25fb88547d39af43239bede72bed1dbc1fa20227f1ad 8c447178364d1d89155ae6a63815cc9bafb45157bc30f4597830a6588919060ccda4776e0624c00c8a854fe6a31e876ed934 30d0713cc545ad3b7432be51bb81a5bea21578d1c0dae3b064814ae165a88370689f53e3032fa6ab2956b2f349f002e34049 0726987a009b5610c236fa444b494fe001c63956c81231a8e8ac2b07cbb19bbdb253563ba65b45c37123342ae39a458e3cd0 3f0ca0fc3ec34717f2e3dd588be9a01f7163f44080206023b5b8006c1545561186ba2c2a076a5aaf4100e844f5567fc1231f 0dfc8643bc088fe385381d9cec150c6ebe8044acb901189302b63707355c4a3c0f7d816803b64d47d272c86cc4c54af3c829 a23535821318b68f8a4332c5e15a59e941c5de71056ea87883b2640b23385498399629c1efb6334fc8344cad4d65b2751c14 cd9155b8b1e3c6e04d55301551bc6867fbf14f3149c0a6118c2db1d004d8d22e2844ca637bd3c6522e9aa480c9c38df99da6 d33140381f7b5bac1209cc6027149cce4c6d93bc0c67eadc8df36540d21777f36bfb3abc0bcf77f46b5a2d45ee97b4951ea2 009da41d6bc3f48af5b30256f4ba1ee144d4cb45e731904168d47dda6ce4206a032a4d608d81b1dcc1eb36ff688437a03012 2c58ad3569cf0190e9370103f2827ea2ea60c0d00442493d0560c6f78f1a88d55992b42aabcbd2a0cc9ad9ef1363d639c82f 7e1287de5b083416e071414c348108000c663a04ea894e175936b13b028e78525d7961708302060c33bf1cdde9f83d0f6dfb 33ea3ec441195b7e83e1f0e9320468674f4023abc5daa7b966c375207017b22c53f4a200c3419a9fe19b0b129f4440901eb6 3b735365ff0485f36648ed887c75e60e7617e9227b383110177aebc8c63e4b0980b272882ac8efe02da3638c9afd263a986b bfa077d337bcb3c25949c419b338dd297779e5cada8cfb503b00446b4c015d8bb95842889085074544415fab1ebe460c0812 cdb3a5fa0cb541b196b466a25b5c14e73010377c6574d27c59d9611265639127fcefe4acec849603d05225712be5d7fab705 333d76f230c354a73a1219d2112a125371cfb00073045f46346589de74c73aa17a737665727965fad80725577bb5c1ccc149 7c943c1c2a220120c719e31bdadbe32177453106902aaca2214bcf27b67f8a90bf6f917c49cc36be2289280c44d999ce5d86 4df822418ea3fbcd91d9f136df82a443be85da56fdeaad32da9728e1ec63b21273526f166c6aff52e93365384f1d5322651f a824387f8ed0a14e9a63acceaf4a777a42b92acc98d542ab38754a1ff4d5f52251d2a0bc22d0ddcb86c0875ff7755fa77d29 85643a9d44a6742656d8187874d701d675d122016dc1c3335eeac42b36b257f003811c3862c85f41429205ba84e94852c321 e0d46d9d55158ac73d53c358542caed58219fb9aa11dc38f04e4c9117f5a00b957c905beb20898f98aac990510d2b2e24aca a3448939da977b87675cbc317f4d68478811eb5c0a574b6e30eccb0f6eac8bcb57246115e65aa5c61252ae0c4f328e93915b 20742cb9a06f161a29410615d406f9a822a146621a080a94e3d7c70b4952c6167860cf1000c0a3a56509fa59573b9df166f8 400a0c425cf50d61aff41f4943385cc18c2a688372f2fc14b53d146e71940d5153c40a0f8cc3444519171a16bd406c788405 63232c4dd376d2a13734899050ddaf2c9efcbfd593bd761fc32ee34f86fc10cc8aa5f000366cc5265312ce99802cd108065f 986eb464be529c7e314247429af45a43900a5b0ed014caa7475990a686de621ea5b4cc29651918e2e448dabcbb17cb6dff5f c874412c6268b3b8283759c4cc75ef579a52d63604ca602a37b05a7265c1c0efa1801543ab14b6e7b0dde722d80778c17326 4b86b5ba9e53c96313ec31793a513d04254726b8e92cf8f5939c170d306233f5ed07655857f26142e625076a17ad45d3e8Deuteronomy 0db3ba6fc48b22121688921d2a6655602ab1d8958f3fc75d66757685c43c7dde21e16e1d8b45837cdd13caa4552543f45459 db5f9b72df9792e8277a88958ad5c95932023f34847a2c26cca824f4690ba13962abe09e8beb406bcabc000cee52d24d5fd9 This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 2. I saw… seven angels which stood—From this phraseology, Stuart identifies them with “the seven presence-angels,” or amshaspends of the Persians. He quotes the words of Raphael, in the apocryphal Book of Tobit: “I am… one of the seven angels… which go in and out before the glory of the Holy One.” And so, also, he quotes the seven “watchers” of the Book of Enoch, who wait and watch for the divine commands. Alford draws the strong inference that the existence of these angels is a part of the additional revelation derived by the Jews from the captivity. See our note on Matthew 1:20. Hengstenberg takes a different view. He shows that there are, indeed, ranks and gradations of angels: “For God’s creations are no democratic chaos.” He quotes the seraphim of Isaiah 6; the “angel-princes” of Daniel 10:13; the “thrones, dominions, principalities, powers,” of St. Paul; also 1 Peter 3:22, and Jude Revelation 8:8, in proof of these ranks. Yet this particular seven he believes to be only occasional, arising from the sevenfold arrangements of the book, and this seven would indeed have been ten, had there been ten trumpets. Agreeing with Hengstenberg in this occasional character of the seven, and in the existence of angel ranks, we doubt whether this standing implies any permanent rank of this seven. The seven had been standing before John saw them; and they had stood before the throne for a definite purpose; namely, the receiving and blowing the trumpets. They stood before the theophanic throne just as the another angel, Revelation 8:3, stood before the altar, both to perform a given task. The Greek for stood is in the perfect tense, who have stood, or have been standing. Just so in Revelation 8:5, took is perfect—has taken. The seer’s eye watches and tells what has been done, as soon as it is done. So, “I saw the seven angels who have been for some time standing” to receive the trumpets. 3. Another angel—Who serves as priest to burn the incense. Compare our notes of Luk 1:8-11. We suppose the theophanic throne, with its court assemblage, to occupy the holy of holies. As the crowds of the last chapter have disappeared, the golden altar of incense is seen in its place in the front apartment. Censer… incense—See note on Hebrews 9:4. Should offer it with the prayers—Literal Greek, should give it to the prayers. The prayers are ascending, and the angel-priest gives the incense as accessory to the prayers, to imbue them with its acceptable fragrance and buoy them up to an approving God. All the saints—Not of the martyrs alone. The martyrs called once for retribution (Revelation 6:9) on their persecutors; but the great body of saints always, with the martyrs often, call for grace and mercy, both on themselves and on the world. Altar… before… throne—And, therefore, the incense and prayers coming direct to God. 4. Came—Greek, “And the smoke of the incense went up to the prayers of the saints, out of the hand of the angel.” The incense went up to the ascending prayers to perfume and reinforce them. Before God—The ascending incense was in the theophanic presence. 5. The censer has now been emptied of its incense. The angel then fills it with altar-fire, and flings the fire upon the earth, and terrible detonations arise. A most striking symbol. But we do not agree with Hengstenberg and Alford, that these vengeful voices and the judgments that follow are consequences of the prayers of all the saints. No. Save the martyrs’ cry for justice, the ascending prayer of the universal Church is for the world’s conversion, reformation, salvation. But on the contrary there is the terrible fire—the reverse of the incense—the ordinary Scripture symbol of divine wrath. And this emblem of wrath, fire, will, as will soon appear, be found in three if not in all four of the judgments of the four creational trumpets. In each appears, as it were, a coal from the angel’s censer. Yet this fire is more deeply the symbol of divine purity, indicating on the one side its purifying power in the believer, and on the other side its condemnatory and consuming power upon the profane. The earth, in its now fallen state, is, as it were, impregnated with sin, and when the fire of divine purity is cast upon it, then, as when two opposite chemical elements come together, a terrible explosion results. The incense of saintly prayer goes up to heaven; the fire of divine wrath is cast down upon the earth. Voices… earthquake—The creational four in something of climax. These are but monitions of judgments soon to be realized. 6. Prepared… to sound—From the nature of trumpets and from the frequent mention of blood in the judgments of the first four, Hengstenberg concludes that the whole six are a “war” series, entirely “war.” But the trumpets of 2 Chronicles 29:25-28, were not war trumpets, but ceremonial and proclamation trumpets. The sevenfold trumpets overthrowing Jericho, typical of the overthrow of the antichristic capital, Babylon, was a bloodless overthrow. And blood within the bodily frame is “the life,” but without it, it is the symbol of death, death by any method. Four Creational Trumpets, Revelation 8:7-12. THE FIRST TRUMPET—The scorched earth, Revelation 8:7.7. Hail… fire… blood—Based upon the hail plague, Exodus 19:18-25, with fearful variations. That was “hail, and fire mingled with hail,” “and the fire ran along the ground.” But in that, the “hail” was the main destroyer, in this, the fire. Here the fall of “hail” indicates descent from God; the fire is the token of wrath, the blood of death. The third part in each of the four mundane plagues, being the trinitarian number, indicates the divine limitation of the evil; and the proportion of one third indicates that mercy spares more than wrath destroys, even in this sin-filled world. SECOND TRUMPET—The curse-struck sea, Revelation 8:8-9.8, 9. As it were—Not really a mountain, but a burning bolt, mountain-shaped and mountain-sized. Fire again indicates that it is a bolt of wrath; its size is necessary to its doing such damage to so vast a domain as the sea. The third part symbolizes a divine proportioning, leaving a major part in beneficence. To the fisherman, the seaman, the merchant-man, the beneficence of the sea is thus much despoiled; while the images of blood and the third of lost ships, may suggest ideas of naval slaughter. THIRD TRUMPET—The wormwood waters, Revelation 8:10-11.10. Fell a great star—As the star fall of Rev 9:1, is based on the first fall of Satan, so this fall may be based on the apostasy of Adam and his race. Burning… lamp, or rather torch, is emblem, as in previous trumpets, of divine wrath. Rivers… fountains—The sources of draughts to quench thirst. 11. Name… wormwood—Wormwood, (often associated with gall,) seems to have been either the trouble produced by an apostate, or an emblematic penalty for apostasy. So, in Deuteronomy 29:18, the apostate from Jehovah is a “root that beareth gall and wormwood,” producing on Israel the guilt and punishment of apostasy. In Jeremiah 23:15, God threatens against apostate prophets, “I will feed them with wormwood, and make them drink the water of gall.” And as Jeremiah, personating the apostasy and downfall of Israel, says, Lamentations 3:15, “He hath filled me with bitterness, he hath made me drunken with wormwood.” This explains that “root of bitterness,” of Hebrews 12:15, where the “root” is the apostate, and the “bitterness” the result of his apostasy. Says Wordsworth, “Wormwood is very bitter, and in certain cases produces convulsions, delirium, epilepsy, and death,” a fit emblem of the ruin of mind and body produced by the primal apostasy and by sin. The symbolism of our seer in this passage represents vividly how, by this means, those springs and streams which should, in the ideal, be the sources of delight, nourishment, health, and buoyant vitality, become a bitterness, a miasm, a death. FOURTH TRUMPET—The smitten luminaries, Revelation 8:12.12. Smitten—The wrath expressed by fire and burning in previous trumpets is expressed by a smite in this. This may arise from the fact that to darken luminaries by a fire is a contradictory conception. Third part of the sun—It is the third part of the sun and of each star that is darkened, not the one third of the number of luminaries, nor the whole number one third of the time. Assuming a natural, healthful standard of the amount of light, the perpetual diminution of one third would produce a ghastly twilight, a chill, and a depression of spirits and health provocative of disease and death. Vivid picture of the sad effects of our loss of divine favour by apostasy and persistent sin. Day… third part of it—Not a third part of the time but of the degree of light. Night likewise—This smite of the moon and stars darkens the dimness of night, as that of the sun the brightness of day. 13. Annunciation of the three woe trumpets—The four creational are succeeded by the three spiritual trumpets. An angel—The reading now adopted by all scholars is an eagle. Alford rejects Ewald’s idea that the eagle is a bird of ill-omen, as also Hengstenberg’s idea that it is the contrast to the dove, (John 1:32;) and holds it to be “the symbol of judgment rushing to its prey, as in Deuteronomy 28:49; Hosea 8:1; Habakkuk 1:8. We see not why all these Scripture uses do not blend together to characterize the eagle as a symbol. He is here certainly a bird of evil omen, the reverse of the dove, and an announcer of judgment; yet all this does not impute to the present announcer an evil or demoniac character, for a good messenger, a prophet, may be the divine announcer of woe. Hence we venture to suggest that an eagle messenger is not here a strange thing, as the fourth living being (Revelation 4:7) was like a flying eagle, the very phrase here used; and as this living being represents not, like an angel, the celestial, but the earthly, so he announces that even the three spiritual trumpets are to bring woes to the inhabitants of the earth. Midst of heaven—A single Greek compound for which the English compound mid-heaven is an exact equivalent. To an English reader the natural idea suggested by the word would be mid-air, the space conceptually half way between sky and earth. But Wetstein shows by copious examples that it means in classic Greek the middle or highest point of the sun’s course in the sky, the zenith. But the same word in Revelation 19:17, clearly means the heavens where all the birds fly. The angel in that passage stands in the zenith, and the birds fly in the mid-air below. And in Revelation 14:6, it is the region where an angel flies so low as to be supposed to be heard from the earth. It is in these three places alone of the Greek Testament that the word occurs, and we hold it to be unquestionable that St. John uses it in a sense of his own, and not the classic, meaning the mid-space between earth and the apparent sky. Inhabiters of the earth—An adverse descriptive phrase. The earthy announcer utters a menace against earthy men. The woes are for the evil and profane, “who have not the seal of God,” Revelation 9:4. The third woe trumpet will be terrible to such, but ultimately glorious for the sealed. The three woes are, 1. The infernal locust demons of Rev 9:1-11; Revelation 2. The war-horse demons of Rev 9:12-21; Revelation , 3. The antichristic dragon of Rev 12:1-12; entailing as consequences the war between Christ and antichrist, resulting in the eternal triumph of the former. 1. Star fall from heaven—Rather star fallen from heaven. Note Revelation 4:11. The seer did not see the fall, for that had taken place ages ago. Jesus in spirit saw Satan falling as lightning from heaven. Luke 10:18. He beholds the fallen star on the earth, as king of the infernal locusts, and his name is Abaddon. Revelation 9:11. Was given— Originally by the Supreme. Key—As keeper and sovereign. Bottomless pit—In the Greek the αβυσσος, or abyss, etymologically signifying, a depth without a bottom. Note Revelation 13:1. But the Greek phrase here is very peculiar—φρεστοςτηςαβυσσου, the well of the abyss. The abyss is the under world, consisting largely of waters, yet the abode of evil spirits and wicked souls. It is entered from the earth through a narrow descending passage or well; and this well has a key to it held by Abaddon, the fallen star. 2. A smoke—As from the crater of a volcano, indicating that there is a hellish fire in the under world as well as water. This smoke images the infernal darkening power of error, in which sin becomes predominant over our world. Sun… air… darkened—The moral atmosphere is in a demoniac twilight. 3. Came out—Emerging from the smoky volume are flying locustine forms, the demoniac embodiments of hell-born error and seduction, authors of human misery. Was given—By divine destiny. Scorpions of the earth—Not in distinction from “scorpions of the sea,” as Stuart and others; but these supernatural or infernal locusts had a power symbolized by that of a natural earthly scorpion. They could poison and inflame the interior of humanity, the inner man, without killing immediately. So fiery flying serpents and scorpions are associated in Deuteronomy 8:15; Numbers 21:6. A similar association of serpents and scorpions, as symbols of the infernal to be trodden on by the holy, is Luke 10:19. 4. Commanded—Divine limitation over the powers of evil. Not hurt the grass—And so unlike the natural locusts. Their hurt was for men— profane men—without the seal of justifying grace. The blessed Spirit given through the atonement is the great preserver from sin and deliverer from hell. 5. Not kill—As the war-demons (Revelation 9:18) would. These inflict agonies; agonies from which, indeed, natural death may naturally, in time, result: but it is not the work of these error-demons, as of the war-demons, to slaughter and slay. Tormented—For misery is the outflow of error and sin. Five months—A divine limitation again, based on the nature of the locust, whose ravages last usually about five months; that is, from May to September. And so temptation, error, and sin have not limitless control over all the life of humanity. Gospel truths take their turn of influence and offer. Even the smoke of the bottomless pit produces but twilight here, not total darkness. Torment of a scorpion—The wounds of a scorpion are not usually fatal unless they are neglected; but the poison is so acrid that it occasions great agony. Like to this are the images of the hornet, the bee, and the wasp. See the Old Testament, for example Deuteronomy 7:20; Exodus 23:28; Joshua 24:12; Deuteronomy 1:44. Torments— A frequent word in the Greek in the Apocalypse. Its noun-form, βασανος, signifies the Libyan touchstone, by which the purity of metals was claimed to be tested. Thence the verb signified any examination of a thing by criticism, or of a person by torture. Thence it signifies any torment or suffering. In the New Testament it never signifies infliction on an inanimate object but once, Matthew 14:24, where it speaks of a ship as “tossed by the waves.” Our seer applies the term here to the sting of the locusts; to the torment of the people by the two witnesses, Revelation 11:10; to the pains of child-birth, Revelation 12:2; and to the fiery torment of the wicked, Revelation 14:10; Revelation 20:10. 6. In those days—The days of the five locustine months; the periods of a man’s subjection to infernal error. Seek death—A most intense trait of misery under sin. Life is a pessimism, and death is subjectively looked for as a deliverer. Not find it—Not but that death will find them: for men will die. But they will subjectively prefer the sudden death of slaughter (ver.19) to their long, scorpion-like agonies. Note on Revelation 6:16. Flee from them—A slight personification. Their imaginary deliverer takes to flight. Indeed, should he make the serious offer, he might not be so welcome, after all. 89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d4948445200000128000000ca0802000000999e4a73000000017352474200aece1ce900000009 70485973000012740000127401de661f7800009b8f49444154785eeddd77bc6c5951f7ff1f8239e79c73ce39a228a8204a16 0c04d1010610c141048421884a920114158191244a50249873ce39e7ec63d69f59f179dff9cc536ebbfb9c7b629f7b2fbdff e8d7eebd57a855abbe55b56a857d9dfffeeffffefff6b85ef6b297bdc22bbcc23ffee33ffee88ffee82ffdd22fbde66bbee6 bbbccbbbbcc66bbcc67ffee77ffef55fffb54cd7b9ce7564bfdef5aef7377ff33752bef66bbfb6df377ee33776e3edebbeee ebfed33ffdd39ffcc99fbce99bbea9fbfffaaffffa8ffff88fbff88bbf90fdeddeeeed94f0977ff99715e2f7dffffddf657c bdd77b3d0f5d7ff7777fe7b994d7bdee75fd7db5577b3565561aaadcffe99ffea9baca2ef19ffdd99fbdeaabbeeaebbcceeb a04445aff55aaff5577ff5575ebdc11bbc81ecca79ebb77e6b34fcfddfff3d02fee55ffe4546947beee6155ff115dd0c1fdc a854de7ffee77f8e060d7423d9bffddbbfb979e5577e6555b87993377913c428415bba512f32dc20552d6aefb9325ffff55f 5f396e90fd4aaff44afee227b27ff7777f571ab544ad57d2e0c6abbffaabbbffe55ffee57ff8877f508257d2683856fcdeef fddedffeeddfba51d7ffb9e6c2d89af0ff5f7369e6abbccaab60bbf45af1877ff887fffaafff5a27e383aa65c46aafd0e91e 016aaf45b2bfdbbbbd9bb73ff7733f879958a1b1ca51becb13add00475a942514a8ed50a97327928b192314415ca8c7b6a44 ea3bbee33b7a48ae6497519f7ab894410f91a4fc377aa337226f12e0921294afb152beeddbbeeddbbccddbe8f75ff9955f51 9172aa5a458984bf6ff8866f8875b2ebf7d8a515b227b41a485afc55388291aaa57af6cffffccf95a0812894e5cddeeccd22 5b02dda140550c33a554a68c1eea2f05aa575e95c61f7fd1a975bff55bbfa540693ef4433ff48637bce18d6f7ce373446cc4 9de735e67ef7bbdf739ffbdc3ff8833f40b15250e0b9ae9d5c2ac6029c2249d26892a67a8853848fa07be25515e9242d2113 f8ae90e4d2857d6ff1166fa1197ffcc77fac79de7a289772e29a4a3d0c3347b810961004b6835f759bbca84286564403fe4e a3c2860baf759e1b7da3999a934ca72cb4c58503ca7cdff77d5f2dfab55ffbb5dff99ddfd14f44070ff15609fac92f352423 8ca1598108904b8d44e18ffee88f2426944ac313890999f2dda0907c90a418eb210c2358ca302fa30b91527aae0b109f0a43 b08cbff99bbff91eeff11e6a57754a4a6711f4146e7a33d95588871290cb9a5f7f2149d390a17664638526a45c34cd13f227 8b340856b504e136325c5e299cd82043467a2d514cebf945276e78956a506f12efbe12bc020325bb41a45ff4b8d195112f8b c2d1e392b1f225abfba4911279f14d7512d4a814bd349a89756ffee66f4e2762b2c4ca8ced52ba49ede29e86936a8c9286d2 f17bae8abd80274f36e1f6b7bffdf77ccff72845f5f89524b997395e646114a77a7ff51f4ee1b52ad1ed952c993b8cd0dff8 1e7d12d7928a92d25f72a91ca095577f7b9bfd512629a9f13848fea6108c23b258a60a0fe58daafa320155a6276e4661bb27 eeea55a34e526c05caa2992e6ffdf52b0121c0e58c839bfaa32a5c71a3fe9e42943320478ffb68d310bcd261a91e3cc15b97 eed437e5d2405cca6854977b340460bff917098dc24369341cf6aa34b95042dab269e80c992e66107f0615537e1cf07cfdd5 94b9424c0273580a2fb1f400724eecf7b178e9482af0177ff117734e72b156184126740cb8e7194ac383d285146766377411 65a2061e122b4df5c0a0772b5057b97743988860fe983297752981a4e6525e629d71cce6848181fd9496765f16eec9402518 0c6cf687445dbf92669466558cb2abdea9ba9bea1a6db5dee4495ff654986ba3882eab5e6f66d5ad343c31ebf9b4651ff9df 8b21cb762d95cec61a47bc2326b37c8ef37b553c6d3e0d15359a6f597bbc5e8ac5b07e888e981c83255ba79f64afcbe7262e afe8da83abde8d798f8c931191257923254bc95baf622466e47809b0e9a67582975db9ceb715366e645462babfa89cb715eb 649f978d7bb5e5bc19571a35c42f85f9e03270a8ea0e98783f8b371d364edd3e85ae74ccb4eae04d5d519feb4a6b7fb9dc8b b613e9bc03727397ecac3890bc2d55c3126c83f9823a7cb78258eb32b635facfafc6b646caaea21d074e90034baf2a0f480c f3aaabae32d8b9f5ad6ffd4eeff44eeada6b2c7a8264ec55d4b571a42dd4b4ab62c781d3e640a38caea9abd129d4ddf39ef7 7cf8c31ffec217beb0b0e4d95e3be09d2dff77b51f8503e16a00b6449a889db85d4f0aa70bd28af63ded694f7323e0f7feef fffe42ca653f4add27946707bc1362e4ae986d7160e94316cb9de19cb8fa739ef39cc73dee71e2f0c51b25367ff3cc673ed3 14fc6d6f7bdbb77ffbb76f26bd57a711383c201b76c03b20a376c92e140e04b3866dcdca36a71f962cb1bafaeaab1ff4a007 bde0052f60fd24b044e1b77ffbb72dbaf2d694acc483c91df02e944eddd171e173201f12667ee8877ee8d9cf7e766bbe5a3b 8178b832dffb6ddff66d8f7dec639ffffce75b73f7e217bfd8c3777ff777b700cbdaae957997b36aef751ffce0079f55ddbb 7a771c3802071a9b41da377cc3373cfef18fb7165788d2d21f8862e27ef6677fd6b2ac0ffff00fffb11ffb316b8c7fe3377e e3fbbffffb2dbeb9f9cd6f6ec991d57656327ddcc77d5cd309eb6b6e8e40cfd1b2ec5ccda3f16d976b1b1c98204a8b72f230 010c60008f65b3a28d1d7be8431f6a7d552becccd1bddffbbddf031ef0803bdce10ed63989614ad6b2c99bdce426ad793adb b04a8cdb59bc6d08d0ae8ea3716016ebb474663927ce7cb166b6b9bce55bbee50ffee00f029e058670f5e33ffee396b9bee7 7bbee7077ee0075afd2ba6f2566ff5561ff2211fc230fefaafff3a7b6841f90d6e7083339f40df01ef6822b1cbb50d0e64df 182b968d896bf97b033c21133b66ecb2f9d44ffd5400fbe99ffe6961152bbced03b0adc9f27af08331dbc7247ee7777e67c0 b387c85f9b60004f5167387b8e773b57731b02b4abe3081c288822a3455edff99ddff98c673c0372ccd1b55bc5e22f3e242b 076377bffbdd852af899a60d0430ed5d62d07eeaa77eea1bbff11badd17f87777807a0357d77a31bdd081479a4b3c9e80c7d ce1df08e2012bb2cdbe0c0389680f75ddff55d4f78c2138cdcc08f930930f063e40648a068f7eac77cccc7d8382aacc2ee35 8bf0c33ffcc326cded9211593126b40398ad03cb367c8ee37a56d8dbb99adb90a15d1d47e3405b28adf6323160446701ca0f fcc00ffcfeefffbe088a5fa03296032a9690b963d9dee77ddea78da0260f80500c9349b4e75821f0260cf3f33ffff3d27fd4 477d548b57660c7934f28e936b07bce3706f97f7881c68f0b60c5a16b1ec2af038014c033383b70ffaa00f123b811ca3bbef feeeeffe999ff91961150ea4e9011194873ce42170f8b11ffbb1a616389f525a9e02602ca10416b27cebb77e2bb83a42018c 6d4406d1b63e9fd58cc2ced53ca2e8ecb21d8703cb70657b4397577b329b3f60f43a5406f06e77bbdb7dc7777cc74d6f7a53 ce27e0fdc22ffc82d97329c1cc09315ffdd55fcdcfb4288c57992729e8c2303efde94f17cffc888ff8883bdef18e1ff6611f c61e9ae2f3bc69899dab799c7edce5bdc83890350327c3338b4b7ef5577fd57c805119fcb06f760f883af212432027f3252f 7989274eb878eff77e6fa64c2e6f19b4777dd7770524af78a19eb0789df4e152202bf7d297be146ecd3abcd77bbd170cf348 e5e58e4ae661930a67b2706cb71fef2213d94b83dc7c3ccee1b39ef52c43af8e1212f3300760bf1c68c1986118b4305f2c9b a11d53c63f14a514ae3433cec934780324a114e031b5c0e13469ee2fab288b19082116b0b42a9a49f40bde80aa28315203c2 473ce211a6f8dabeb07daeee80b77d9eef6abc76072aa4d94c205c99e3077566ba052a01d21967c295466570e802392337c6 10d29ef4a427b175dc4ecf452c1d5ec8e164eb5836b00463f3e90a716f8007b7de2a4a14d40a69253bd9cd223260b3a80574 3deff8c62df7ca2eb8b26586efaabb9603649dc40bf19bdd66fd808ae7690c0651d7bffef52512b164f79c7d2688026040c8 9f142661a3dc732f8df4983291125ea5c0a6552910a51c07c3dde31ef7904621cdbcf32dbd95dd797940ce2955e02d6f794b 13123b8bb793c8973b0e4c501172ece5f9f66fff7646ec56b7ba9505cdac1668b1722d58b1a7aee34cbff77bbf971d9351ca 8ed365d0389f06871c54aea9631d6c413084e35b42233328a558a8c2854639a21ffff11fcfc3f4fc2e77b90b43da0985dbb7 783b57f3e54edc2f84064f48a39dac9d12fdbce73dcf908f37f8d11ffdd1ce4db5000542a08b470a8112988beb387337fc46 0063be84372580c64ffaa44f3284033f1055d4277cc22788a388ca9834b7a08c2504c58ffcc88fbcf2ca2bf9ab575c718551 e29def7c67feed9960ef5276358b14cf7cd1dc6f5fbd5d08b27e41d15017e8a09939c8b774340350197d3153e21f6c1483c6 3ab16cac132075d6b0793c5ea5d19a5cf622409d09ba397e5b99723935fd477ee447a4ec2c7a6ead01e4031ff840137dd06b 46413046999d163b47506f8d4b9732f09acc096fcbfbad317757d1fe1c189d385bc20dea982391159b0c0cc0f8990c1acb66 468e0db4d0d938cd649d2529c227800a45ac9ce3dccd4080136b29bcf9133ff1133ff9933f692e01ea184618e6a982d67def 7b5fb6b4f59f229c76ebd9c100b179bc5b56c73b5773878eb3e4c0ba57821a93014f79ca5380476412303ab5be0398bbfc65 a9a00eaec42d399fcc1a28fa854c433ef0632401d2240444990914c074160b6097fdfef7bfff377dd3373dfad18fbed9cd6e 06dedb0f6c5eca2b5766fd11a79fefd1d73fce6aa5c2594af7055cf72c565e1a1c1ee065975dd6624be337234028723f1d9a 8dea234d7ad6126a90b324da890fcc1d5f142cc5420deacc16b09690c92385bab62630a12621928795c1c8d6587529036f98 688102bfa5afb4ecae0b9003f99c331c800d0ea4e888f9373ea49974d1c830e397013419a0438d06410ed89efce4279b0cb4 f08565337213d264e878982c5edf9c316921525a14c7c59b654b456ec6006ed9cfd4052f1763bc398e2af576014ade8ea419 efb9c9b1841628326c8310768fe1b20cc540ceaa3106d0084d70052ce783757d794b32de29641a10b6ae4544d4cc01242bf6 452f7a91b38f983b45192b9a4234502cc6b365c1b89481b78b6a5e5c781eb7b32355000942d83437392c7df4533c13ea98bb 0eea6b169e33096f9ff6699f662c077e0617867950c7e1bccd6d6ef3c11ffcc156843ef5a94ffdfaafff7a6ba64dbbdff5ae 77954076537f6ce0f89c5be3d8a50cbc5d54736b62748215d56b7dfacf341d1b6532a0c5cd4291ec18dfd2780fbafae4aaa1 a0e0249752d8d31604bf3c4c169287c96c5a0ac36515267520928ca6d479a1975f7eb9219ff29d53c636b27bed9ddde682e9 978b31de098ac5aea82d7000000a337ec0077c8023553896ec9558a5c937860e964cf10512b68e31844c4883430fe133c829 81a9343fcefac96b6ed07c20b0993737a9c05a7259c1fb5bbee55bfaeef7c66f3f9e5e632f658b777a5cdb957caa1c189f93 1d33670012ad9966dc9c6ec4ab049b3ea16ea7b9bd76761b3074d068a70f07d2e0cda402ac8299c44a005d5eab34a61c0c02 d9c030c96c9a27644e4ddc7786d2d6467a3b8b77aa22b42bfc581c00397062a0c4a5cdd7d98260a565cb5020844b29c26952 81ff2901ebd7b7af9938bbd40b5d9a571047e18b5ab3f2a55ffaa5f7b9cf7d843741aeb9049b6b614f3854082757f358e41e 26f30e7887e1d62eed163900063c46968d05032d2064f4c08cc369a86654c6e2019ec90300e334b26c306965a65770d5e6d7 be832701f45a32768b5bdcc2226c53f35ff3355f234863e79e793fb153f6b089f5adb56f07bcadb17a57d12138d0ec820b84 c00902d934137af619d819d449ec067582960c1a040a5df224ed7230930e489ff8899fc899349c9bd9820e924081808df0e6 a31ef52820b4541aaad93a937e5b9e6ada01ef10d2b04bba7d0e889a088ab488b9800a38b166466bc66f422960264ce2ad53 34a14e1ae340f1124035c1e0f9444d02b334c681b21b31f2393ff7733fd7523281cd66f3b6d6c0edd5b4b526ed2aba343810 cc008f7b0912002610226a32c722f1429938c9a0488805a2bc6215992f130fe6eef8990548fbf482bc0e44b2d34f82cffeec cfb62a0d74054e99ca3ef4b5b5c88a0eda01efd290d24bb015798620077b2c187441a0a8497111064d44a4152d2d64b1c71c ba0cf6183a674358f00987c52ab9a6e6cdb997dc5481d07bddeb5e36ef9999b0eaa5cf98946c9bc195dd74c22528b2974693 da26c74c992db08dd5ca2f3378a022bc698fac5780c70c8ab858272da6626599047e3b0749b2bcd39683b17202989dfc6770 08a882992609219049cc95dd59bc4b437276ad3816078201c0304a1d0406692ef831a9205069720f382df8caee59b6c27574 ef78081b142c98169569665cf013147d16cf7031d367db518bce943f86f158e41e32f3cee21d9261bbe4dbe240c60a6ccc1f 08faf32dc106083ff9933f99c9022dfea1a93cb03171673867f2c08dcfc4f2394d0f48cffac1277a5bd5c9309ac763e8789e ed7c37689445644594659bebc57663bc6d09d1ae9ec373208bd7d7b642605b13c4544c2a008ced763c4f033fe832bb205629 bee22f4bc893e49ddac66eb640392d837623bb30268b27b80299b2888b16f6dce6000f313b8b777889d8e5387d0e0c0c1834 9115360a02993b711413df4d91c30cc79235833a6b9d3d812536508493ad73e82de32681c59c20ea951200cf38d09147f23a 91453c930db46368fb9bd07751cdd317a25d0d87e740e6ae5fc8b1a5806f69ee9b05134de9146aa60f60da17ebade7568df9 fa79c7a838ec08265d0e5f31ea6bb600386d77b07cec894f7ca2d5304ce8ec1ddbb2d1db01eff042b1cb71fa1c68d98a4bdc d2e17c7d8cd2f24bb110e14d4b5598afbe810e96166442a07b96d07c83e97546d2e5d3b0c66f10c8f394c0134539c2dd5fa0 e57fc2de1cf6de8cc2e9b7ecda1a76aee6d658bdabe8101c68a1a6d1179008818084c88ac971e061d3ac967623016889648a 79429143fe0cf0d4c199ec7c31ebc5946020c72a7241194cf0034e069355843d1eaccbba33b19902305bc3decee21d421a76 49b7cc01b00118b113a1ff39fa324b0842ec1e03c8dc811f1499f1031b3195f69e8b7cba814086112c0dfcfa18a5a52a2e73 7d2c67dff112aa91719bebc57651cd2d0bd2aeba437000ba9835908325b8122f69d4674b81f88a78a67b014f0f4dd9315ca6 1c844c3c34fd60230274c11bbbe7955faf6491dee47b0746c0ad559de22be03d9eed21e83b5ed29dc53b1eff76b94f87038d b8a0aeaf4f9a97e36ab6855ca0d252cc568ab17bccda0b5ef00210750f3f7005a586767025dcc25ac2987d40be9d609aa16f a04b6374c72f650695c9119571cb3bd077c03b1dc1d9957a0c0e647f1460dc250e096cf0036f30c387b40893d3e84920b43c 4584933f999f098d9eb76c45d0b2ef7b995a803127d89a5b5748a74dc36ae199ce77d9f229ee3be01d434076594f870313e1 00bcbe92678d655fae14c3ecab5dbc478031ae63fd78a1e228fe0a7bc28f1d7ade426c476b8268474ac3a745d292b19650c7 9042a92ce0aa9c36319c4e833694ba03ded658bdabe8a01cc8dc8101cfd0d129706806dc5fc740700b3bb596e93327ce5d04 1e960dcc8ce81af281289328b8d2d41c80b9779e9f6f2718d1c9a210337eb243208f9401ac966d2e5ed901efa0d2b04b77Daniel 1c5846380aee7305614f7404ae60c6ba130f3bf80808d931e68b0d841987dbcacea621d2c41d0712d8e47248844b2ee7f9dd f08637bced6d6fab64d8eb785ce6ae25d4d6beecd66a9e76ff5e9ae58fd4aedccc91079abd4d8d7e582e27f7e36482045005 3f7e601f03f250e08403d9610d7dd74eb23e0deba1949df42e7602b4c675adea94d1af57168b19f241b2f80a0a152b0b0c83 f47c25f3b0941f2dfdcee21d8d6f1750ae59f4144d89ef5c4d0a87c62d7b5307e7d1d0565b204768c45671e7611aa1b950Deuteronomy 9602360d7e843a3be50166d8aebec565a4c7d5b4a2c520b08fc8ba78921e0295e7867f8ca464e6159426e2a24019db9aa0d2 83137cfc943be01d9f876759c25264039b274493a891240321066116435db0d81b8d10858228ce99f5bd72e337a64c64c51e 3c4332cdb11c0c0efd65ac3899ce4d012d4e23fb26b19974d0e28836f52759a0824c40ad9fccefd984de31b8b02772c3cf1c 9db5b5bedc2d19db1aab0f5ad10a3c4628c70d9b822665affc257fe2047d26ce94b11b17040a032ecbd9f27866ff968f039c e2303013a86c148772f81159e96468611548d31613df60e61503d8323128e23dba97b72f7b99a0a38000af4f0e89a65868a6 aea6ce5b758d459e586bc6d594b815a107eda7e3a5db01ef78fc3b9ddccbee9ffb8d32b17c6b4873f5d557fb4280b312aced a0f5851c980e33578c06bd5ee2e5efe9907ff452c1c94e021012f060affa6e092c053394b74b48a08511832e780336711486 9ddd9398c6b17ab3256310e83967b22f757dcaa77c0a98411df44a03d8468098e32cc05675ee8077f49ebba8738e21ea54Acts 8cd80cdbfabb82c94960d1fdd77eedd7029bf5be24923ab76cca59e514bf35568c06178bb7b63220bc10d895296e2cfac847 3e12ccc00661066f6e0cc6400bea00491318bd3ecde52ddb256a0284c55a5842e071e5880298f6f2246534fd8003164f1702 6dc998290758b5194fc4659e6f8d213b8bb735569fa7a240d578ac8309bafc6ddc3f43b8c1dea08846b7c78c9376e31bdfd8 ba7b9bd6287b67273b6884080a45f03f89a0855430b974ed2e84c6d7649e9e2f7239e0b94ffcf0fd0457a80c6073988a9824 93a551deb27e2e0934b0931d008c8574f4831939633cbac61366ade52cda0bbd8c278cb9467fb547018bf802f1796b7e261a 76c0bb1064ef1c0d012c578abb68fb2677d1fe31d1052a7ca85c0a4786c2af819c9d9d34375964fac8abc10f4daf346b355c 1d844eeb8b2bf431f1326e53d436321a0d9181421fcd62c7ccb6f98408d4c1a1119acf1e4026e26597868d3255e0b023fe21 77b1affc421dfbe66dfbeeb4dde6830e83c052c69085643c3db9fef5af3f0656bd584113b52f61cbacd801ef42015e8adff0 c69242e7ae123ba7b5dad699ebc5815cee5b497a9215194918a04ac0d524b2c62d795f44d030c6437fc92b53c050301d19bd 658167c58581018bf79297bce48e77bc23d56045a5ed3ccd1030e366ccfb003ae4b063acfacd6e76331e66a33eb1130a05f0 1ce560c8e721e376939bdcc48d212e68515b92e1097fd2797e63d9aa7abc862daba1dd74c25989dcffaa57af073ccb2c1c45 6eb9069deddc5567f2b8670ab88be124f998df734ecb75af4b343d34ebf59ce73c8757e96d27f97cdff77d9f784327e471ab 2ce978fef39f2f9497d11bb13b4316647b992920811f6336b30888ecc4681e269aa18e4dd34033728ee8031ed0b28f8ee7d9 f17ee86fb30f53a90448d3463b120a789a33805ef8ec8c968cdb58da9ccc9dc53b4319389baa47e352f9ec127bc557a4d76f 7deb5bfbb0b08119f08090644668f053d025473171f1d607a84815c1651304cab967063384d2c38ef1611f40d1133690d472 d2fc6dadc69635fd92cba91b3440888f241bb9c1d8b39ffd6cd6c94320412ac8b1d84c99a6dde8463732fc0324306b3e9d2f 40e9d03522ba4ad33a80540e18535540c8c2735fdbc4e0396b39abc3b6ec5bae88d7ced53c1bbc2dc76c29e0ac996d630d51 686816ccee15c31b12d30431ec0927cc79e3240f96482a9398417074b9e3eb6e7ad39bc29e1d31d670905af003b3c6421c4e 365040af7da583e13391c286b55ac1bed11d4662200751d40ddb85480aa2336a993e473e9b0f60065bba49dd180073106c7b e593b3eada05750a915e0278e3545b20c600523d964a7b2b00832dc3f0ed1bbae9f71df0ce1278e12dc8150861eec8501f03 70d6086162c7287e23164a5db081204a90a74464c99359048a9f304197a8434a5d708f6f6965b0508d611e2be1892c0c20f3 e2af592c818a307c26a8abed08d070adf8b22ffb32ba06425875660dcccc6b6b82b7740dc325b659d09f62e27fe286633371 0cc640944ee19333716e5c822e2cbfa2a0140f3bfb88f252be69746c8ce76738cadd01ef2c8137aad78d2901d3dfede32455 a490f4cc7482b72dcb802e98e915bcb190c22a2ca1bfa0f5199ff119e6ca734793695119564e8105008923b133af25bd59e3 b6db0cf0b689c0dade6893d5d2100bbe50c86e8b9d001e3a1d0bed95515ce7885140eed9ba066fda0b48d2431a28629d326b bbe7184543b17e808a7bde72e0399c9c70ebce96befa9948c00e7867c2f66baddcb83a244630939c910952457913325e93c1 0c978994902d50f4441ac2447a5a1c2c9a42f1b318c4142045f33c0f7281b62f128b343497a58416eff3bb648143804cf74f cc663b1c6980874e7ee6d77dddd7b14bd4070a4ddc6908eb443b681ab34fbf80109f1967f89ce8348deea127140aef54b496 0dd7286d572c4bce5375036c9806b14dac6b977917dce08737017886e3db5d54733b62769e5a20876fc935223d86760482fa 37d283377299f9a2da5933922aecfecc673e93f359f804661aec712cfbe8d4788f99145ffa363a2ab8222559e49b91d4abae baca84e15889b362445f4286b7bef3ea865230a1025d6c1a2d83396e4c3348e095df105b4bb35d90298034588249c8ec5408 0f3b85da43f7906cd83c6b12ceaad53be09d0de7d3b58d73888e692b7ff97e2c1265ef468cc4b0476c9337087b52729f3ad3 8ecc9922071b4692f3d94085248997b06fb98b4b5dcea671dec012aaa1ae85631e1277f2ad2825cbbe24690b4c4929c03fd7 919d6f8b005be4b9402ea4b17b60865afeb355d1e0c76e8bfdf2024cf4399edd8d5cc6814c9c384ae1caceed03cea601a131 1720abde5204e5505b716986d95b68f2b28a9dabb965865f5bddf8753a9ed57ae10b5fd827bc4d2770b7ee7ce73b9bb0e20e b5de57709ce636bcb11cb12f7890426e98989e87ada222799ff5599f35b1f2e53c81ba8c91083781a3f54523722f093d90f3 5761bb6f116743b6e380b54c277f52d44403f14158a593bf44891063e4e6461c92834d2541a3280b3584f24e76e86c1570a2 8f308a83808d8ad5ae58c1d075c89f87d41606bac1e11bdce0069099e5dc4e7b57e46c67f1ce007829dafa9bb8b0394d1270 810c632c6e76410eed4ea4983e07162467e4a9c19b5f4f8894c19e93954924e9a4f897b0593a9cb2f834b10f5c159c308624 8506784490e93065ef6158dd9addab2ecdef33c84c109d4241d03eec366b6cb6408885ada65f4ccab16f5004399aa0edec18 632857cb9d35a723008de2281725f033a19a86824c8a2987b6056214192477b8d832b6b44d51d859bc6d727bd5dc113b3375 040b72e87b717fbaff0e77b883714ec6c72f6c3047a4c44c317810143247408b89e7641259b8b2deb7651c13255fa2486960 6c0d5a51968e6176713e019e3de1df92ecb17ba7cd975c4d70d22816cc1239e68e59860aa4bef4a52f05c8cb2fbf1c5b047b 51ab99bc4a1371b8c482f5411288520856e0a47b80640f534fb2788221cca01bcde179e2b3baa0111f301943b6d6de9dc53b 6d893a4ff933ae205e94b1e10a73d7a655d2238420acd2306ce612a879cea7f10f9fb0ed9e12008f12482ddc92a4f6bf4ce1 2b7ea39404d7d402f3c80763253acdaeef5ab11b56693ded694f03bf403be59c36b35447a774141f3284283b590ca8789538 e39e5ee8c04c1a07975efce217f34bad0de8b3af38a075fee635d05ccd2bb8b8dfb0ea391cd22990e62d6cbb176211582af4 d208f0b45bba03de9639bc5add7883648b9c3549c0df33170c0316dd739c0a3f263d61861b79a73bdd096c481b98b59c4a14 c145b63c21a09cab72cdd2962c5e96b3e7a21442edd2b39f42f3d43fa1248b4a833db20806c962749e1eb3c6ad65be50d2de 9f8e8b56a925381688b981abce93d6646d370666121b9b75346d2355d0a5b694a02dfc4cf77c4b93e6857c0dfcb803c24b6a a1da3013ce61af6357cec4dbdcb99aa7275a1b4a1e51d6df7d3991a0737b389c5e59abf1399ff339b432a4b14863b560004a 490f78300844907345fd53f32e3e15b12367ea33df204d266ba6e6c66b2561644e8dec061bebaf7ba6528daa13c930be22f1 db59cd98ab0933a64f7080d7a7452d0733c4e51fc2096365a21297dc000c97bb532124462a823d477febe9789558c4ec532b 2d52557eb69d46f30a1a411103f1aaa3c7a091558c51c3a5ed08c40e78dbe1f3b95a66c455379321cb32c80701222884833f 69a055f82439982b974c849d3d64d948aabf60469e384ec488dde09211412a9f048fbd5a5abc0868ccd351b08492e07a4222 598fbed5888659117adae248fa81cdce43f5f27bf3b739d5eee908adb6864e9c5333ed363448eb480b0dd1e48299f8207187 91f92b82d2c9999ee30c1586335ac7c2cbeb5226cd05bd108e931c7b8aa60357b6270abb8db0dbe47560c816910f53089d40 4e9200c61e4d6115b2d23685c03970f5b76903eb9e1828021456dd8b67b62eac381e81f3bcd5552bbe6204401a64f2e8d48e 12524b10ddf0bee4e280194932055bd8be80184476b2ba4a99718d8231164f2b78e06840649fb033e4d37c2bcb789810e854 8b5bdef29610d579b598860912c8d51273a60f74b5a84f7979eb62dfccd0f80b8d784e5571bc357680376c3f6dc1d859bcd3 e6f0b5e587810627a208cf7bdef3785010a2ef491ba97ac0031e60c0162c9776265158faa86d2a6fb1156b49526f739bdb90 d146717c30e33d0267ec37e3c9b19c51c33240292340befb5c8e041d0cd1b95d8cde72a899a93c594ee53fd758ac00270df1 8becf408f71b7f5ca0a55d8804155b31a0ee9ef7bca726fbcb1ee21e68551ae2e92c2a8c5e93e6b2cb2ee314749e1fd34a49 49a91ca5c19e5ea0f2f0dcc0cf5b0f271a7cb22ddd58da0e785b60f2ff54d1acb118c6739ffb5cba96c236c2f1444cc5245b db0e568037991b14418525632486008970820d432164022ac1896346fe08aee7a42ae15ec2a660266b20a02a88cfb553323f 8db135ecec13c78c0c0040c2699b02b4a95a43340a3c0ccfb088b7cc2e59b6025408408c5f44822584e0958dea6d6830b540 c568424b76fcb54d5646265d323ea4e74c5f5538bf4c096236665f3cf19cddc3283857635db33569d8016f4bacce1c913362 e4c83df74c8a73f88c5598bb2ffff22f6f0e6dc5340d719e17ea0415a0256a7436a0ca2eca67ac487a4423a0851113645714 a93214e488b6226c068dd94fa22925c7b2b5c560cc0284d2c69010d8f68574c1447a4e8a5f35b62de46a4109a8b0e1744acb 030af9d2052c33023ad3c182019ea15f6c6409692eacc03a4da092447dbda57a3eeff33e0f9634cdea3338c41c5a092cc14f 5d9ec8ab702de59a1ae6c9b517e74faabd2be5ec80774a8cfd5fc526b5992cc83112333567650684f085ee7297bb58c79c5b 9888affb751ee6a63eeb59cfe25f71c0881aa7cba0a575c34450998c8698012b4a5e896952cbc52276408586cc6915a95a62 126fdc48e2c1d82b85b0870c2900c036cbb38cf19c20b326eaa34c6d0172060ae0d52bc4821864685a2b9b6360015b41204a a1f9ba3989bd252c467d1df82712a3bd3e5869221e2c4dbbb7528c9d975760537b293e586539c112f052314b27ff041bbb5e d40e78a7cadeff3918b31902f351b6cf9178322db8c2e61860709cf4fa320eb9a4698943407aca539e425c94208b4d402ec2 6a5cc73ec8c5e2259a70d8aa14422681eac4270a42e479a28755219450caa36ba123e97443a64927c4124ad806cb565745d5 490df66a57bf30d65a023768d61cad7331592c9286748085d6698ed689ee421153cf702195dfc87689a9b05d941a9662541f 8e05663b83b5541b95c0e2496cad5cf316a00b814c6e0beec6cf3f5d99b8a6f41df04e97c9e9f5d6460083918c0118181077 4243d19ab89b23f7964660c84ad0337782102c1e84b0784c93bd0bd436718467e184be94203191ca421247d9896f81d3be25 3006c4abd6bb086310f73eeb212f707a4e1c018f2b2be852c05dfabd0cf2619918de628b1bb122edea586808616f3dd74cc5 76b82dc2d8768d6503a90cc8d116b964014b4de3665b34971da36214027bca07458a03cf214d1cab15a19e883f8128b58263 7416df15f69a493f29cdb23f4f76c03baccc1c22fd8422dd50b7cecfb2e98e10eb72617192d4894613f7dfe86166649440bc acea2af24e1cc9995334e14139d43f184317354fb6faf89b875296ddb087d345c1436c1b70d2eea822a60046f88a6d4a9091 c90274c88220cd1c0a38666a2323c68e2d15c78af3bcb4756840b6d32b90870f8c33ec8159710ecda1ad1a07765a21734735 f4fda0d69aa1167ea8305910ef6487f631d026ec1ba5d60c4dd1da36016b293f5f7a2ea8bf2c2713ca4eee15d63a44971f38 e90e780766d5e1138ef728ab5ea7d41377f0a3d4ad1161ee8cbec6855b1fdd4d0972316b4f7dea5339634c13c1b2b7b5e907 9740025071d5881a496ae64a4a3227235c3168648e0be7622a496a6e676e1e7c0acf6433e1504ab24bb84197e82bd6585450 9ead588e8246ad2ca138f763ea57bcd39e4f39006f4ed29198869a2d79a30b34b09d07cc5ab3f94d76034fcb9d6b8ee11c15 064556573371fe622988521638a3a58cb9708b04ec36b505841949b5f8eb46605981ac1f134a91b5fc7567f10e2fe917528e a58c52ae34baad282489822767a4ff333ff33399aca2d81bcdc88a941b1c2a8470305982074e5c6efe2a61853d002b2a9850 122cd062b848307b65c6599c938bcbe9022104cc8634833ac3210020df1c57cfe525ac1d62ad0ac5125011a0d66187a591d1 157de139029a87683c390992e99485575087157d571912e01f48e4e5f281161560047bab5bddaad94ef6ad297e38a417d02f 57c7d4a2d32b0c91bdf33619314f80565e2577a8214c1ab87207fce5826aaf3418c5cce24f874fafebbe5392a99dc53b25c6 5eeb1f2679ec9b39005e53237e76c974d3177cc11778b517eac6c3ac0412c6606694888ec9286e52130c358060911ea571c6 3aeaa76f5019f3b848a77558adea640a18cfce68218b0af7cb0632957de191fcf5992b693ae78b94136858323a22a94b2336 089c1b954aa999eca4721a3a2e0ddd587894500a80842de4be5dbfb8a404b0d746160c3d9c858ec32830ab34c54aa9999ef4 293cf6aabdb37dcfc4212eead55eca48a3c4396910d1600f95af093c0219f9e74008e79ee32726a411b600bf1df04e05784b 63a55f9db0a08ff5ab6ee6d8b057f7bef7bde144ddfb8c2bea7e97129c0de12273045148d348a6315832ad9c1640274faaa0 c5612cfbd0023492c73b651c1813e024f472c1980468f09619046c220eb4f0a64009945948d0a088d9911df69ae8874ce9d3 0b25f65b7c428decc9e31ef7381e2c2957b22703bf8c5eb69a69050c1a44a550042750e42da88b97c84847f014bca23bc44b d83d0b53d831e14de5000c6b6c14ea57455409da24033f2e004649af10f76dc5f01c8c5b22c33caa5a212c2dab0878903fc6 fc54c46251e80e7827cfe1091ea43b091f2fb1b18ab0a4faee718f7bf08bcebb2864b42f83c060123502aa1076402480cccd 682421ceb10436b68b516dbab9f18c5c0d05b958841bfe896093cb3c3aa2a984a622a00ba2882cd1576f8b4208ab3225e3aa 496304e52145e0e33e66a559366827d6f0d94e1c7ea9f42a5285ab032d5511cd51ab1cdac1691470e55776bf6a44a78a0c29 993543321c33fc0327c3302a830f79c51557d0592255348b253bf0ac1c70a505b4ce400eae3aa74c7bfd55a9da9520179220 b9e5e0c298685008d0aad7591b80d722879dc53b79546ca7c48c805f82cbdc71f600cf78c6a5837d1181ce0e574bb76d85b6 e97ed6929c9118c6870cf1c1c82510ce286b10280b54b04bed9725a9c4d7c5beb15462093969e051289f6d64e2608c8c167c 875ef1c00678c4d180109c0831f145ade7604682936c3ac58929d0dbe75709340b233b7ba28a5c41647bab70cfa11d4e98e5 2837b9e2bc26e5c3430b687040090020a5c2351c0d4deec176bebab5756863e580cd20d93d9504ab2d2bb3b54ac9b37701cd 9a1c9ca80353f36ee8029a0843640178760fbbc05569e7ed9493929f9dc53b294efe4f393a3ecce86fd263c7b4111d712764 f0f6c55ffcc57df837233098d90b750a117e6033954986d82533c27d84710678852bba942c8d8afae842e7ffc8a83a8ea561 0f1975d1f4592720311e632a3be69538b68f86890012960d1e584e5027cdeed9075e1ffba32859f86960e3fe16b7b8059da2 0a5a46fa76e8161755ac7bd075cfbed9cc8a36a15d98a711200aeac0b8993a04c01223c68229c42c62c73a34d474b1f6ee41 08e5e1249d820c59344d21b4831bc8b4284ff6dc721cc634c0569ac448c22becc5993e0006f0f836dd77f2927111b99ae3b6 6de482b769eeb91a3fccf3fe96a641c832716392e555486de3b592b19415be526c29090479f22d0e6315e268644fad1a6551 d884357b55cabd8af2bcb7a4871b462e1987bbdded6e5ccdc651e1762e35ba1a4db148c4911fc81a78226f9681b521bb90c3 c3643f6189312185e418794459963e2b475e2520c4cd38832eeba764e901d5bd645c563572ffca0557700e03f0c9a4106226 14785836448a4f42912d3fcdef137ab577268a620df610e9891a619e4feb1780f196abd95a160990441730a1c6902d733597 60808a0c2bbf381454061f52f3db764889b44f0f01195b8e80e6b0a27dc8d2ca69644b9357d224e73e6ec849a171ab166f2f 14adc8f4122df89efcad18879e246acb6b450afb5b828de957b23775bbf1da98729d8079d2a615426f2ae9452f7a11992082 5687b11209c1a4acbaf5a27a4840ed66509ad80ca3c11d22d085f2480cc10227806488483f03ab227fc91cf9767568b47294 d031647ec92e1c2ad05f82a8c056301277ae233825e52eb54bd0dc577be45a1cc343eb1467f7e8d44dac0d2346ee3be8b2d8 6313f17042be35dff400c9f6c4cc0413da796a100ef60a24faee3bc270c29b1dc402630ac44c94e87a033fd5612ca7ddd4b9 b7a86abb865630bc5a64459ee72a525a9c442a92fcc5138aac45642ad55e6e3065e1ccbf86bb5b00dea99fab317a7dcc8e56 697026a82ba69cf70a8141ae1292bc1eeaaaa665fa4bcefc254fee3b86d1ab2652cb4e34094476a3a85a2107371ea236fc17 c276b5e6a355857a8e84b5eb594afdaad7e5d2fd2a6a24268da967de0b483cf9c94f66556e7ffbdb3ba84f81a44781ed1870 75765827402abc631ddc4bd9d7366c4243188fb1af91680e30b4de05f16eb29968538b76b166e449ca4656c45421e45e5087 2968078d5a9a0a831f72cfa4a802317c3c801477d534a6060ea561c46cd2edbb3c0c8bd2f04ad358ce3eea202403de4d7033 c8e0c4aaa05602a5a1eaa10f7da86437bff9cd79ddf8a31664a408b89df6222243c90866c4d4ce8ab26952b266aac043af3a 1cad4f4130869ffff99f6fb8abd54a931ecf25a3e33c4406e029e73ef7b90f32966eb972ec0ee144484347308f46928f7dec 63f1c74797fa7e438c3daf401e27c1f58e93799fbce16a50973a9ff41abffcab6b5bbcebb7f5b849fcac579040b7c9d55a21 6fc9ae94d41bf0e0602abced21b253937dda42d776ae81042dba4fed11b25c11d0059b86ef2e25cb4bb2a5514e8770b969a9 44e3076ff57d6e8ca059464317e640b68c3041e1cc288d0035ab0b872891170d841e4924296ba01025a888a48a286aaf123a ad15013408d421b855c2e4b8f37c5451b08e806a05d1415563b65663008c05fb84c9bedbd4bc7bd4329832c22737d8fcde9c 8ae721c0641e9154cc83884b83211a1edb95808169b740a8b378711aee554338ad703147cc881b87edf2ba1ffde847eb41ce a1421ae5ea328da20e909dbe53bbba183455c70acc57385ea93d74b5c24be7baa74c71a90ed23b18c5f0361bc9b39d4573a8 4daeb4029dde66c69b74a144b07454e129816259eca958bc51180330cd332ac0234d254f1a3fa646077b454049392e4b990d 6c5ed5f3265b0801d9c22f795d784467eb3f2ab0a5f72d78e56cd07fc48e649027cfb976d22089fef690868b06bcd67f8a6d 7aa72d95942e7aea4522a5f6ceed500e5150a0ec8dc83b2521ed40443447b17a949fa30b85106474cfe018e1001e612204b9 4cc4511c5c5dd203890d07e80145cd041e00c387a4c4bde7c0007ee4dbafba1495164fb5a9287066f7c4155830052adcacb4 bce041e81ff6b08749c63703c8441c25c1c37316a343d1dbd0d08a6a35e28fb6b75bcf3d35a115d2e4bf619dc6aa1a871588 188acf1c808ec3165994ac3aed0512cfd919f6f076b7bb1d2f514afcd4047c7ecc631ef3f8c73f5e0f6a0290ebb2a73ffde9 9a29992a8807d9c89354b2042c2a3ea854c9c8a36e305c088a8ee040aa48e1948ed94e8cc2c9e5d40bde4ac9e849d96e743d cbe8a9f4410f7a905cdbb178a702bc484f2cfc9a7ba56b49768b83f4478e963489a38ecce8b5d0c1db4258e443df4b49ca0b 4feb4565623401c571695a0aa40ffcea0c4cd44fc48e64705a18900ee7d27f78dd811cf972122847bd1e2289e44145cb205b 9484aacea25223dbe55e392a9d8e1128378a238e9ac086100bc6c7304699908f4252c29a193819983135191644a28aa9612d 910193a29dc8ebc33dda4b64fb20a386e30922bd6a09d86c2f5851c9d2648eb05499e8e9fc9ff88c0c87557fd5577d158904 008b3cd4de1a514da3b658066647093a480cd65a47acf6b6aff0684e274fe7ba23497a5a038bb445f929026f0b3f12680fbd d511feaa42bb7055b2d42ba5a36b3274f8a94c953aa9417695f6396594e0988a707576e5c99bf19486f154914895f974e0a1 5978c216afc01ed5831552366b027e6a547b0a1dfd04122b745f5da953548798473ce211da75b1026f3978d35b949c13da48 2d69e084f000c735c220c8e9d4516a5b0f916c6acf853bba41512dd26bfd8412a474115c29735689a96231baa549c44e8701 55a2093cb8cf8d21167a9da02887cc114a22c5da9030d5a95d32a0d5cd8d15e94232a12e8a3029ecaa7504ab936491d1e6b7 c21b7a974ca05381688628c083bafbdffffebca04a10fcf03017d143593430cb1cc1f840c2086e6ba9d14cac11a92ec2e42d 0add93ce02839e30f2c4a80f74e45f65d0d0a945caa156941cff154e3ad109cfcd2b20863e2aeac33e230f8b140281189bdf dbea4ddac42f37cf8dc24b26817bed553884b72626239327097579da002c313a551aaf3ab442e15608985df0b645337e436f cb597496eea62fbef00bbf10482820e3b1beaf8406dcd04c444a404562021a38bda048c00c202d57d0eaf8af4c4896574780 19f5a71f8d0cf585afd2e6f26c618c77f251cde8c62637a4c1917524c0b46666dd731ad7b7822927ed9fb954bc9b614fc16b 1778302046295c8ef4349eb2665ec18f2e6964a887f4842e04391d96e9eb5c0055186f403886ea120247dae096ced32b396c 7a8e7ceb89366829871255635355cacf89aadb8ae9d1e5d66dc82e2581f344a5e449135abfab3ba19a22877661091e119ee4 0a4a49925a8c2f8b76a10d7364e4e04993c38c42f4601dce289f25a43e041538848ac50459b0d7f622d6d52b57ce0210cae8 2f4b8b06e9b5d4bd32d919699a379312d3b00293f10d635b08068a8d9cc974cbb83a1fa145309d8b9e254498c82410d220f8 e69592b9006a97d1c38caa068a7018d7e905f4e0a44ae9b8223112530a6dab034e97de97110fb5512b708c8a49e75ab3225e a2a73acdbed06ed11d65e2b9ea10a9093c7c19b58ba4f9008336622c66aa5d455ed12944a8afc6b27ed26b82de1c957ddac1 9593773597168fa7ee349146de044e1f98cc819f02d04f7ad293bef99bbf597f6034a54863d1caf82e710318dc17a1c2a022 8d9dd72df18c70a469b366dbae88ac62c90d8954a0c10035263d69c3d0382e0b34a698fd951d2a7480f4cc0e455e8c249de7 976e2622b952fabb9dcb20ad589d4d6e1ac3681da88ba3c8a5bf4936154ebc1a616a722bb3881a21330613ed202ea4d6a0b1 0525b2c34c6a5e338994a23cefb4af421d59e342444acbcdcb0e6b8b9478253b80494fa3771a52b119c910dc021a00805b55 934bc423128b72b9359669420c2d204b78c0cfe61e20a1302f5156940b2a748dd681a2c16a5bfb94d689ceb220a60dbb5ff9 955f4965d0531a9e997583429468cb35a1e8735e9f7b75c9eb157a3450d3b4140fafbcf24ae4e95f5a492bd25cbaa603de49 570127372d52c1de0ca0647a849c747cadbcaa36f6013fb5e826c4b30dcadf9ac53b45e069bc65b29c6fece0679b3ba6f6b0 295d822f7d0355b2022d8d22784adc1ed2dff15bf8e239e0610d712ce4ad57c8100cc8159696fa29294c68f4b7c2755b87e6 637d8ab6933c2493586734279bb1824035aa1ad91df3e83ea5a0cfbc2255b46fa79878a28aa6899480242ad95bc7a1dbc2e3 b95526704e1cd545a4bc6a8d3202a86af5165369f93c823d579464b48f26137a099a74c20ae520805ce6b85252e6a9fa2aba 5a8c52daa1272f336214c4182a0d1232c808d00bc0c99f64067377290e51fe167f3648968542e94c2eea0c014088004c0e7b 1e2a0484a836eced333d58e4468278e506a2502210229a92a06b63db2614e249cb263d41895769906a99fbbac91382612a02 8a6083cf4cae64142bc243c357cdfff44fff744de04a50075044a7374a97f15ef7ba17563ce319cfa013bd2a6ec767c11047 e0f8ca2796da916c5191f2b7e36a9efc74427e668e1941d1313e3465ef19810e60c5a034987d07893c9c96b46a3fc8315f20 eafb4c9e3769eb2207b681e21799f3104f89bedea2504946fb3e95d6049dd2e854668d526cacdf89dfa524821461335d886c 89202f8edb461dd4cd6959cf95033fb46c262b175abbc02037ac582bb2099f4f28429a192422a5225548ecf02c55789b3b84 061a97fa673651427c3dd7100745fadba143c5e2c6f042913d414da9b5e239552299f4040b6c20b0c86a9c6f6ab1f1123a51 8b0f9e934b0e15c0a81d430a5a6a9d32e1562b9841baa971013a0bf0043375a52302064a9a5d4c497107da8884307da117b0 579fca6b3c86001d8a39b0ad398cbcecf843d128bf506dd8ce1b526f7b613b2a938a012765ea38ca02cd86bbea6afaae7126 30930ab251044b76a65be14da572467c7548eb680d91551dd4942989d2162528d3ef16467775d0c9032f8591c1690318a617 744e08fc163cc0476a2f0d4d86fa6652de116eeafb48cced26e205fae4cdbf92c6c0437f086d059e9425d68758172d9bafe2 6d318906f44d4ccd80db5b8a5fc7ab459f21123cfc66ca10a022ea4397935734d0a3ca0466034835b233e443038d0c89b285 26f22a50bb24033636bcd2babc6ab640137000f1b8a44c4d9e56d7f62ea828a09ada4ac51437f20a1905d6a55466f36341d4 8d574d4e103ee60518a497588f10c4967db1bd7ed92b98d1d82c15a40106bf8368ea14324a2dc2897a6109a3204d2e697465 23a8a6c5105977bb519764fa88f6d1849cd2f6fb49a9211958982904aa0988f14415ea9517f69838bd868d086bba551a8d92 5d02c5ba3496ead47c8ad82f5759999aac46d65b8fe8172e2800b7b641c749a623d0d9fc6d3a2bd1dd02fc4e37b8a285f474 ceb4c6e8f5d66468a4e75823815f2c6ec844f4f525e58dd739fd04d765c8ce7cb5c2a3b5231d8c2517cd27719bca324738eb 2a7cd2d4428bebb19870e8781d4086943348c8a76581a56ced8bbed4f715a8bfb9312682ddd00e30d94c867e25e5c86e8d08 2bad692c39452b17944aef89b71d0aa6960c85e6b03cfd85b7e609881d0a8b36a529fa5545cb38b2e4682b4810f835a4bfc8 8e09c9509e42cb53149205f09790c9856304540389633607dbd140b8b10ecdcacc3bf54bf45145c43b830820918118cce70c 2b2163d5524f3a4817abae0ec228fe217f87eac1520df11c019adcc24e09fccd1d901701d8d568532fbbc93db6e807f664d1 5ecd6981657b82c4bdddcb9e7fd1c780c4d23dc72225a84b1b5591b6f28448c8c2fc72164014e5f2920a3c517808ccaa9fde 75f2c01b6d81a1741b4fba6fd3801f5f0e47fc2579c530741296e9d74481cb841d6e66e5571a488789ac6016571e1feb7bfc 5208e58d7d99d3802a3d2527a803db985850aea92d26824492805440595cfa1812009bec6673747c2bf40b6cd094c4a2e162 0d24884205aa5694ec48e2c0184518dd916029d5db2a47d6b215c9aa23288c808c1ad2f431aa70407a35c267400a3c6a4908 d4d5d4057ad4d51034f7c143f020e23c28f5f6dc6f4b58481881d32e021707a4571dcca09c7d269af63df895bee110a0c693 445047a03384b85754c90a7ee40e2083626db98f5ce38f085cdffdee7717cacff94436879976a398d046365ae5a3ed8ac22b 85f3445a574d476091c672508dd0b8c1f883f9c888818444a0ce438ebde6588bd7bc2506cae5444d74ca45b45cf10d611471 6351857ba88bdb94287223f8d924ed0c324f0f754ade00bc414edc8f94831bdfe82eaf6ed62b0043a1e2bb0ed0f8e6433df4 4bfa5bffde485d0c4667b4f56b698e0816258a65cdcf34218bad968618b114b2eb6a8446da7c5eb87518799e2d96af643d01 0c0df01a541879b390aaf0575d850af49c94644ed05c97206cc60092e94259b4a8403fc5e197f35690839c15ff2c52429854 1d6df48e8067872cc8db2a99e455154d878cde1de62309869b4cab2f94861e1436e2a5b0ddc784510d822838968227a35a8a 0c0d5448337ec660b2d3534ddce380eee89c955801903800d5b2bb011229559d2817ebf29cd231f15338d713d11448b051c8 e820bf173738202861b8e89762b93a0549c806003a8b8d2203b280015cc561cc67f15225b0da9234732414340f962340a1ab daa1c05a4d43c1bf1b6cd490a2500ac41c3dd572881c19dd8433b4b9c015ee099ef36888eb48ef1958bcaaacf396741c1c7b 93570fb50a0e07758fa891230f98b58658da89959049aa44d2fd620459e1acab176bf242f50a8ba71b30a8f58ddec22a4f03 f09a9cc8cf0cae7e49a45cc8c0eb86852eddac1789885e6f56aa962ab60342784df0860cf2d14806912814076bc365782817 792564c45146d2ecad9531684eb9648e50cb54026df30db2c84e74042d0a69160024c144b6806ae1a57135ab0bf1286cee6b 0624a459bd002fbde69054c9ea2fd9159ecb9720faf5b075272d2b6fdf108c09c32ee7c4f08d129c45fa52a2dcdf2633d822 6c4189d21ac1a69e1837a338a4cace9082015c811cc70455321a2bc25513a498a02f401743644792ce7572617ebef233bc8a 855532a0bf2888424a58c744cb22124b12184fb5a02aa9e05e710de82f7632fd0bae8a52205698af6bf2c3959f852d08764f e313cb545e3c3c5573b79fc55377b622513b38eac648964b63340cebc92811696e54af8b3277624f4bba2463a058038ce3b7 d0c1fac95ffa0c73751b269224e855083928c040648bbf15f974016a0bc13292e10d8bdb46a00b69c7b6638d5a69f1bbda8b 9ae87e041ba1c9a59f808158a336484f2e64501654ac5e244f6417c1995625b47a4b762ac65bd893b7a8630e8fead0935cb6 fc0d1fa8e7c280e367569daa01efdc60f7652fd364bf2550173a2905ee5c93665d39a8d84504735cc1b5b53efa543365549d 667a8563086bbd98570605d2a044767911931b3fab8bb005b5b9bb6c97b7b8272e4a5d3637c0039497eb2e76dd28d42ffa15 6ef4ee865f60d001bd9e2827afb863db3941608fdb48ea6414f64d2d908354360aeae007c84145938993f4ea120250549f0d 245424445eca02ae345017b7959ee64a95e3861e2c028457ba897a45cf28d63300deb83738429451860b03a7bd080a99e39d 364e287ea01be863ec236758035aaec64b7a110879023c6cb65eef368b2d0b53e946474a1332c75fc21d85136e10355c3496 e37bf03adc1b76b3ae6ad11944a140b9ba50a24b14e2222832b24e0445f7b46c0f12a40990ba0d557e0ba8d214602f3b0294 2c0b25d2b88b18112656514c455d0acf53edb80492ad1c05b6232edfcc7d1ff449dda6da9a1d9198182984462f80e1adfb26 1e01831a924b816ac1228421b8851d5486340a4f6d4949945b7d2ebb36a21f008a367988725e9686936c6d69093855258df4 686856bd216e3ebc5e50694b52d4d83a21f4a8944be2d7bdee23cd18ab4714db6237dcf09600a0d6180f792e0468855a1452 44879050a394487be18b7839f3a29058534a80474e4cdf1503c761be868ab45d69fe2a8d0d4f8da25639adda51bb272ee421 bea5adb2e08687a04e0847739d36eace416ca0b2525940ca2d690a6e1fa3b744dd8a992ed09cefd47a02e1070a8fd0b804bb f0940788e338a2a7b1a3cf7993c5d6b6eb69b5930cbe9c579431406219988101ada6765d452cd435239f3ccffa2392dc90ad 2c83c2e127794ac9e93010259dee91d148ddab5669132cf5b6b4129d10582486be6045518236164fff2990f3298d2befb119 14186eb4e3b927adf068bc847e62c4372379b99a004934614fdb6591b83d6ff978d26357fb18e04d8226f7f1b99500feaa85 d881319e137a15b54e80d281ba15fd28b15e7079aba5dacb55bbfcf2cb5591bd5d0a499a42a56e64449bb96cc60d1a5b5754 80b1f0156bac5fac84d4408302e2c479e1c2341501333c4611e366411bfc1725428c1beb7bbee44bbe0487a5918527a970a3 15984fb3eba3b479b3881aaebdc620ed36802e0a882ca9abe99ce9f14e1f05664a101bef7bdffb6a6f067045804f09841b80 37005b22ed20a81b8a094718c04a0ced9c633d5a5497f474d0404105affa1c1477c2a1ab380b1e8412ef32a1bab9c07d73a9 8613dc0cccd22ba25bb2cb2566dd32423a354b921ef524ab928327e242a08978b1384f664d09f0eb6fa2433a89a6991f72a3 fb1b8eea1e834f6224aead6a9681103023026ee84406ec69267935865169168f9c21a301b356c88521401b9112e48679d56f b364305640753c88183b5e50a347e6b1d05f1b239a762bda0e3058ca539040038d94d408d5b047d4c8224e92428a03b715ab 4528e4da49f984273c812524bb3c46a1f9f6312c15eb52106b17e265d41de9b25672b2307a0aae148e75dc014f3abd4273fc c531fca79b5830d5b510afee502336920747bb3ff8c10fd605ee3da785757d3b06f3cbe26d372aa59bf83b8606ad1d352044 988c78de5cbfdec7aeb82d23496b699415c5bab2b1c045063c8d41716377768916c456fd5a241d5b090a2e1353f74484cae4 0d92516f89759f74033f7d43823bd6b7710818e827a2839b78aaff740ff75281c45aa574aab775000b406e70d9ac7a22e239 dac819a63fea518f929133636b89a2d0d0176af42b3232cea447d49b87a3b7420b4a0847819c06f16a21be52a2f0894f7c62 233ddf49e4aee000ccf0f74492b48e1e25df68500b712719a4417a20274f9c2225a78663209ef0fd287b75b52763ac8d72b2 3fd86ba1b0800d2f5713f0b3b6a32da5de6f7649435c4c31dd448364282a33b690571be45564858056d848a14594425125c8 21eb305cae0cc2523507004ff4bba5b93ccc026600a09b6cf621d3f49d810075d04a37f5aa4e13d849351a92c1924230243e a88e00e8441be4b812bad24273aa8430e8be009c1d5e0149d9d3b324ca95dbef06f7e8cd62dd8de5e04d513ad11327d920f5 8c8137f23a1a7798bbd2cefa2fbc215a4b3815b84f678bb6092ac0062d459351e45087dd4441162dcf20e809628a3584491a 5dc592f825a6de4a0f5a45a558a4766d36c5a70add93e6abc0253118cd9b2d57e70bd002566989e3eb303ddd1c3a8fa509f1 24b54b5b00c305edec1e01d22ef1713e8fc481d3289f01272e6a694d205f48282f0755097642a98e0b440a41482e3656731a 74010c6bd04c2679c281a99dd640bcb9787c5bda9669663b0f64991991f56463076834f399c873e803ecada7a45c2ce9d465 bee4e8646bf24a35d896e6b009964a0fca855d580d36da42acebf18a5ab1c9fa943e6aa1193a5b7f478d2a813ce8ca62b9f9 c97ad0a003207115bc218dbad1a148920693afbaea2aba8ce97be4231f297b8106164c7364a7f226f430c44c0315ce17c8ae 2292f627548ac55bdc6bf082483536817ed7bbded541121372dbc8d2937db8e7047acc4dc3cdfd4addbd2a68c11bb489d8d8 57f330917621f785d1bd22fd4cbffbb0a757389c1a9fa9a1c9dcf085fcf28ee041d09fbcb6878594b7df8c297071f0b08f9e 6e7103bca9b1119d8b9a9405a8da57cabf2f420dfc2d7c69a189aa3d694d49336c8954ba10249a40d73a52628c614a8aa04b e06d7ba2898bdaf957fee24018462a6122ee148ab6880f716b815c73985970c21606846f4c92da30a1aec189da6968d4b6d2 a5604084b9349c5eebdb3d482ae3483fc1226acdb8e44779d5f27f94f799ef2aca05a8ef981d717c440a5750409e43970e6a bd7f0348bc22919eb445782cdeba5448d6ee4a85d42f7a9c9d6f351c7553e4b619d1c6720a77430dc928b1bf9aefd2c5ce41 91d7882ea720e2314d5446efb4fcdd9351be2bc22925ed19cc90aab33013192d06944bffea3bba40a354416847779f2cc636 9676acdd09e37e009243852d62c63b3a928bd25e604d25ee9aad27da78023f44470f613d6506067524267a4b47fa65493c2f d0822f50477a30911bc38523ac38d544901e6a33984b0946656a9486d0f30c5bb3abeaa6e01aef01897b89715f37e43aaeb0 46ae7606482c194a5a5c92f3c6d6494095306b2c0359871355e8e93698b07e80aacc06f4a99baa2031e29f3411a06649c668 800dfba90a56ba45702b848116563418467652e22ae64e52d522aff192b70d6334592b10a0a50968cf71c92b1dc1e0784817 d07a8dd6542a0b27d0e7070442b0741c0455e33386373311e607870943cf8becf362d8931667eb4a78138b2215ee952fbc09 030806d47660ca8e5d98c637668465e41e5b3bde803cc5aa286b4d48110133041d0db2743b073f64461b691ff2a934d82bbe dd20422f14b8d21c9b65ed5daabfd6e5e13470782ce0d56ced813a83721a111335927741c73785102490ceeec355473b7646 5d3b41084185d0be504aaa3a8c64a9c9d2dcdc0c1ebf124245668ab429b045d28525190dac4cac29dde284aae0f7b63cb7b8 8534ad1a09153380a95860a31d56382eb18e24523437656cfb19b4101a5b75c9905ee46b11f18e4859e64595b73a95a91469 d0d9f8e352cb88af06da9f82602a03cd59699ea75cea622de9f86013b549b9dff67d6b54cb1d5bf83bcd898ccc660f5340da c28bc65801a1816529937eabaeb8301a8824cca425b59a1ecc6874ac86640a1c102e0953be5a789e1609f6ad154a076d6c35 e3c97423bb696baf740d8c854f4a44bd58f4455ff445f4577de7aaed9a004eca4cc6660c1c5a0672f1c7a5b18558d44e1134 4313fc282c5ddc90922b6e5b109a57dcd7d3805c651e17787841628c7fe8212354d1029e008e6b954676180114b593bfc109 c7a64571bacd6f4da5e4ccd2788e9bb37a0353bc15ded01fad3c04398a0ab629f832e2b8bf29b318edf29cb8b042a1481ade 4eab0de10db63df1567a9040523de16f530e85439bac5794e6e821aeb2342ad228296db76b3a8e8b4228593005b6aa589910 b597ee6ca6a4d98564257f3258ba6fed0baab4cb20a79d079c885672ad8882274a5326a82b61cc429ca9f92bc2d4e23b144a a0226c69e03a25a35f16aacd909849ef283e0d34e423a3a028818100d3da1ef3443c780ccefb4b13d1a79683e9388a032731 b6a62103e60983041434e1f1162019614f30dfe8d4bab0f4f238cf7531ec898a3162a08b392b801910c655ea1ef6f48e92b9 eb393b7e318d224621791009633f1b68ac30b9a605e9c1b3fb52f66abd5fce8bd863012f42758cc32a38786250b9e31ad69a 663a9581a2e1f41ca742d88aa791e337175524af0ed69d56e551aeba3351d01e9e6773d6cad1193049d68b6d109a9a2dbb42 1498f9c24a55e36956115c13be6623684a328ae9ad5d944cc68c80bcca041e374d6634860cd22455dfd0c15a41835a7e0127 ca9105545c6da8f157f9ee81b65d0b2e2dc2a87401d94dd14ad0e289bd3a09a2b864d2307793461be7befede6b9033e6b1d5 76ea959753e01e2bdcb43ca06498e65ec32b3351d63a46d82090a073adc143dbfdca82b7e415fc72fbcb958e1bb9af10aca3 94eb5fdcc667fdd50223d0e5494aaf73f58588253851912df4234bd658f769911511cf5c0b9cb4302848acb33107b56512d4 161b4e05343fac0a3d459b6005ff4b6465f478d54d8103b9bd3059ed87c5de09008f891377a24b84ce6d0041416dc83ae96f dca4c31a2911a362d364b4a521d270f7fd36385cb24fc7d352ac908ed7bb6de9575d4b40701f67c90a3ec2b9876d6cc3204f 5a849ebb185f2030678c7fa5274800d6eb3969f44d13f1f4024797b34a25cbe2b934e4093c68687a81628658311571ff2c21 bb479e34d6c59c12af66a86587b700864ed46a78db0ed1ec21874d7a7f8d9ab23f12a33f1695a6a1ac878d15f7b2a232261f cbee77af525a0fc7b0ab6d44848c66f15c6999111723a60b043f682555841fcf935a2a86e9c34f6420988c621a6d083c8847 aa02310d2be2f6127e63af7834e45ee1d20098ec3a4b75455c0c267998305009da8e600d371541a868ab54bc576043472c97 8323c393e5d86405068aca8633a7a613a82155ebee964960327877365c93524b4eaec04939ad07d446bd96d23c02eacef5d4 4655b1970e5e799eb2d4065e81731c78898eb5a1a294092a4c3c13e1ca8dc13b6920102a34408f1a0bd19a2dd42091841e77 34b5f11539c6297eb9c40a31a8801929f519a12146e4890da135b14fc4a24817f74381b4b26100f258c876584a89007d40dc 75646bb85c75a12e774f134712e7d9733de14645e4407fbb310c2025c699c23c3acff83eb552a0c2788624c9d5e64e4c48ec d43803b356b168516b9d55ed9ef6a9bf73775b0b96972e814679c8e0345d6938948327710140552c1dc5e92315e90288125c 252e449fb2332186274b2d8e27a244bac377a19b7f4f928624793b3b87b65202fd68a9a42e2844e12d3a798c286993d458bc 14414a01854482cba743f53256b72bb7c506b891e6cdc74612dd273b35e1d07b4e9072d28078ab04965627ea53dc463c9d68 1212012d2d180e789bd575c96ba644f84a5fb7b64e81a4d1af3092c84ac05b375c280c6f2dc7452dae22d854303e90bda5a2 3920704e0078080506164fa441af182bb74f4797b4cd1ed335096b908bb94433ae69406ba00a82635921443c226a85b65bbe 44e0ccf3d0a92d5fd4df24402f62620b2c400e2b1545156558f481bc6d57051e04006d87d5e95d5d2b68816ced2f3c00a80a e1c1aabdc0dd44477895b42939e096f096193a5e13dd4f11f4a55f8d6ae2518d92297c609683d4505673ea95864f52c20f3e d00b63a99251971b0de91ef184238d8e51a41c85c44b39043d6d85e15a9da31be6093a9eb0547e29351cf31ce771b2c9c6b9 54847e9484f38d1725685a126c9a89d6f03494bc5eb5380bff9161d08554644c3961cf5f04688b4284829aa8e061e26436a4 1db19c6ae100de530b74b14e450c6ccb30144290f4883e458680823ef515348ecc9dee7427cde7d4e81137311949fe6a5acb f7f8edd447be03f19386d2549db820846745b02ed74076978a5add0a75504abd36e721a5c62a4d24ac6edacbe1df8ba5c7b2 78297574986836ccd3180c221c1a63dcec042b54b6c810d12400a238932dc24a2891a531ed5e69cd2144c9523f750609408e 2ce69be92a3c950c12cc8f154e243d1dd127013e924e20a90ae6423f49d00c84de823a64e7893138086ea849a0b37558efde ab26d0891a919598eed77f7a9173d2ea50c5869c15d68fd1e855ab464bd3584b21fa5803eb1b02e15e43f227030f4503a214 410c69255a86b1016dcb44a4c72bcd74054be9e58d4ba577cf44235b9a6cda52bbf764544024c5f652b2420648560bb43d42 47b7810d66d4a821e82cec8424fdd23ee3e1c9b8af386feb2a6855268d40b20900229543369480db1098d0aba29de981592e 3d2232ec97ee93c6484ff7d1a7acae26f35af51a2d49d1f37d4cede8687d240d7960dc62b872708fec9953f55d87608fa5cc 29ef49fa6a6f496a935b5c2dcca4615bb2ab7c8875ca4e1dbad1e9d80b75e708c8eb38da55c7a8924088bf19436b3f39d078 82c58c645e680e9d8d77ad7cad3322543b89bbc67825bd5c899196e812d3357a9442d5310a71cf3c42884addd04372c99b9d d4a340eb21bed3bb72194ba8c505cf625fd250b1edb768909329a0cc442615deae22ae88048a25464a061856057f3de1fa72 32d5ae8f756d53822db78522ddecbe4883a2a0858c12c7a67af5654b99077878a2520434df288dec9e4c174ed70c427a928a 951e08db5451f7655be81d34e4e59672b234bb2d7d762056972ce84ae939216be31ffa91e46f331978de623dcfa5f7109f9b bd24c49a13198495b3d38ea1464d11505d342386b7ae52b7e2a1ec9800c0e91766d9ac4383794a10ab010f205b505a1b4182 d9d49b6eb014cde0141f345fb71a14f47d15d909189a15a50ac3042933500400f7788cc0490ea54709d1cd3ec73a2c92511b 3519e5c8a6d32d36a0e22dace3e859bb7b06c01bfab0430fa1c338c7ca291a824ac31abf4d9272418d005b31dc85ad70a2b5 fa8c138f41332d5b02de20b74417b6178e24d5a98db34946070d61472bfd704d37608dce6e62aafd204973e7eab99732a75f 77ea6392d4fc12c8812eca49adf4a48d201235c55a4fe4af31926ed35b1a4289e88cd6b8b5ae573391d1442da1a11a999d94 68038c5cc781909bc21885882a247e7ade58a565df412b784840521b007ba5d2b08d2af709ca0460aacbefb8be6ae9d48c66 5fc6b38d12bfa90fbca5dde5c534864b3373cb8b0c499393828cf692ab5dd508c631e54035cebb110ccb38e88e2c5ef4fba5 98ccc7f0f4725eb4d1dbf193455c9a76878a804d33b287d2e82c72e2953e42a72cda6299a19e559d57b46460466da7680295 55ecaca8bcd67850cd5a8a7eedd2dd92a5c214ee1ea9de5e33fc3f776917f581d5add4d334431b3a1deafcf5cb324f00296e 2f7b79a47dfde6b8166fd42a2a0d00608f1c9054ba1065348da3dd741b35837a0d239d4d18e057513e9c325a58528689c286 50040fdc898e605926c071ac041509c80146e01d3e3683e72dcc373a474366b95560ea52232701b35ab04716db2f23651151 9da7b36569c24d30c3fc385be7f85d2a5675ba3029577ea3d338ae57280b65ea4ea249b6dc7b9e3d741f25e374d56179ddca a981d2900cfa452d7d6c08374889c464826a470fd499ed402483dfaa2859485b43eb2024bd1b852b0a2b3c8101c28a0c528e 45ba808a011eed55c5046f11a3289c74832d593fcdd1592d64ebb40885f047506b373335a41c64282a1b25199dd5ce20dd24 bab3bef454a580c7638c57a82d008b3060b6c6c5f04963bd355225fd9acfb905bf96ef2850ae8231a84d57e6e060630307bf 18db7e7f83406490460a147308a472f0501ba569299532f3c3dba4a799f8a9a56099c4aaa8efa4f35a1ff8c0071ae6b418a3 ce9de535a998fd1178acc38e06df8994663484c541f47516223d84b8b67bb55a9adc60377f0300cc16600437bdb99dbc11cd 6e4f40d9972375ed21733c7502c7d99300b35a13c87236a7d4985027b58b5c16dcc435cfcd74337458297d4b0addb4072717 ab8d11854c3c57055b4da118c422587a6d6c032ebd909728e59cb1a5e115a599c402192d58c11c376850457b08504b28518e 1bde36e0f490ccc14f8e3761520209463009e03818212b1cfe718937251627c060f13e4fac18d2ccf2172c41430650f9c86e 85a44bab0315695657ebe6b04e32e91be8ce72964c96b66b9ac6e243db942506695c423f0e2bcd5b891bbeb696d5136f15a8 6a524b34673d904a3b634202adeb6b21055db4c2d0ab2f8de0006e9b6c68ffb86295a32ebd49d2b49ad8e80b802cac056c05 8dcd82c88503825ed46beb42491ab44be61e49cac76d24e5a7c88bf822e7ba9202d570c4f0b95ae986006d41242866fa328f 75a2ee4bf1a588f7b77ec7b278a3a4d3ebb934e2f84ef625bb22d71d72d8045aca039b74466b9a34cf85ad0dab889a9e9855 489a846b44cd4d13cd9842208096974240091c8db862c40336c928088695aa68fb1c6651a25ef5ed1b3512410046b91b6f5d 5899642312cdf4ae1ea2264d8410d03efba4152101a97a0e49b9bea4d0bdf4ba30a4d573f951cde66b42d65b5dd8e2611ac1 13293507bab417739081782e93e02d7a981171112b39146b80e195e871676976a5bc4c1e1047f4b41e850c35a2c30d0026e5 f846f59033b6c5af26a857f6f880fe2cb0e6a0b6bd91d2e489355a2e1c851e3dd2be1bb9b48b7f8866621abadad3d4c6bf06 6f4aa6250b5feb8526c13444aca5dd8cc86ee79eeee6641a3e01b07a992c0ba695a651a191d2042ae331be1245c099344e43 921629bc1ea4a0dbee48b3e7f7120cf748c290d630482c8d2ed010c522b5f30511a913dde3b60b683d312ce270a637b14bf8 90dec719afc224654442fce6a306bf15f99cbfc7b27895b2b47baac4659d613804218da9e863acc438bd4257e9271243c83a 568c0b441ab038bfd1e8481690d3129c254c4484ec622e5dd5c11e2ad578cc5205a3efea1bdc9950dc57885758df61d21dd9 921382a19842c8bc556063957433ce2aa4a536788def248f28f33353013a4fa7a6c23b11cc5f3d078d6916f2d4da428d5502 35d926b48c4caa5df75399c40e2ab40b4912c8a547c9ae7b5c6a1e9f2caa08e545db0d27389f6e3aa7a845674dcd2b84daf2 44db5b0d9ce2576c31c6f68fd2dc1c816a214fd214526a721c85e8cc44a75390a16b9a59f1b7880b066a662bd474256a597e fda2399a4c161545d969a6d2c22d32b24208d68ff8533036d1a77df2873d6f40de2952084e88db9c8e094aee89265b60c8b1 5788b760a01072d2c7e2a54cead02f23f2da0b4248e044d5ca510baad45b73dab3a22d7ac1df546163ce46ec32ea3269b04e e1ea55acf810d6b961545b0340846461456770b417f64ec0e20d88c7c86281bdf43aa35d799c3762a1c12d56d2365a164148 9492fe26fa3aac2356f1319900a720d729c238a52fd59502d6371c8c867612e30ea6e094ec9ea88b807aab10c2d1a2960c91 ba242034c56980a765a5a444b210a24b38723408ce1a6d8ae2982ab5254ffafc1694f342954c2f349a4255018ffec2b68a34 076d9a4f140ac32655de9251bd8b1b48e500130b82cbadf5bc806a3a42763bad84041465d1b0f900cf370e1e3c449850389a 997779c5df82bd1812cb4034732fb3b7283721c6020880210f4342a6e768e89424d9656c44d7f1368dc7b45da71077cdc167 0f43bbf41dbbd4e4646be88aa0e620e8f4669bd4d5780cd988d14c85d39588543ef18540a3475338ba03c75c2c3976e985be aa67e047c9767488ea10a9eb2144a5c545e1a4c3787493dea4c50c4ae144219249af7f1bdd684ba655c779a5510db3c90c52 8bd6faeb97e86a4eb35f9aef2fb58b78f7ba8f2a6f6e43d005ec2b303770fd3a31e0655b9309d47fc5577c8516f2d431a5d9 052dc732ea1608a34397dbbd26197d8335d055c8ce2b0d3365c4fe104136bd7d0c5dd293adc2f498a2d9cdf51554d067788d 1d06d3f8d2f4a0da39094c59ab22140b939da6ca972b48a0a80e848776f40ba87865a5a2de55beb5f35041fe94a3c0a6f894 4f68709634b700df7369744cce86b7a825a61a15ce914d40033f4a54ca6166555c9eccd473d04d2e099c8fc229c7e2295401 6a2a1f55e486ace7ed1402d5f186a3e04792aced1280d55292d790e35c60673102c1072262e543f5328c1c369dc2aab0ae75 25cc348ea09ef423deb652473f7a088d08d0a17ad97d434a7f53f98d72f57b6b658adf625a21a2647d9408a6a1bc53b06837 9dd5ea5979a91b2e128793f2820a55e303071527d15ca3923a9d428ad4ceaea296974e5400d882aadc4eba09df30109dcaaf df417716152043eb7023835c47933a02b6126b18818ced9de2459111067b8b713e5bb797c53b0157330aeadaf8a8553a9508 d2e59c1cad22cd7d12047780a121076382774c223eeaad322a016bf481c6d0a3741eed58884902af0822f1252b1415aea59e 99d636d14a4034c90de54ddd7aab1b9a1ed4251defe1d2913a1eeb6959a2d081591224d68498c6b5ae8f3f230d034805767e 1909f38a86eb182fcf41b1f1bde708f39b422ddad9aec2a20e5e51132df2ca1bd4e5d67f429d7ae9d718e842c3684a22c8e4 262e0a9485fad0c716d06085c4540356f7c52cd5b55d0dcde22e7c630f11d329c06a6ce1226a11a052859315ccc743fc0439 25f86d8496db5cff66b8c8a29e6549980bcca4311b43e2a1929589336457a59d75d95a08895b47ae6a48f01cf355947aeaf2 97884bd0cc0a7681ba76a14d456ddd240fcacf78b6daa63182d25ab022192d435a3aeca72837f961031bcafaa5af5b6ca0ae 2c58912d62e9462f484360bac94170354e71499927525f53885495bee0e5aa143d6898ad241b7d936b0b7498cc60f7983753 4dc122117ff6a75d33d085ad94a5e34c042a3a3141af430bb16b44de2a01cc05488d716fc9b536e494628a5f12c3b680198d b29c6368800b1b1230b3b39c5f2104427538d2ea2ab51029378811a4c1df2c2769c64704eb60f7c823c1f42b296c89a6b76c cb0cab0209c8e93095ea0055a84b97d4fc027d29f8dca7e6a014e886dcb8d17c0d24a3389f5b92feaa83fd2a93026a70927f 4e50b0081bc15ef95972633f36847048d92221b4692f815317ad474a14980b57c029ef1a80a1174fb494b4b510b4f9955c98 c6905aedbe8916f2ca224589646e085ce43522d55857c136ac9057e18d7c94d6e0d313b503b6626bb5ea3ca13e800d6d345a ece2b3011eb3892a9de5aff47d17418ffbad07e94d5dc0956078090fe6b8017b64a04d456a9740defcea267b480266e23c77 034f3aca658982acb4048d84719bd8d0747c0a9b3644d705deda85acbb491d4968fa1e3383c3a95bbca5d173af62cd469fc1 2e46d35bc8129473a3f1949926e54c8b7f80284702bf309436a55371aa4f5763a50e48a68d2564d442ddd0348012bc52945c 0c1476eb83be17a7c11228bf983229f4b07338c84d676f6228bd40629480e3b8c6f43129a2290a24a32abaec9acb431d4047 10021a94df02334c042f886945279f470814c73b75af21385806a1e6c1280b09783ea832f8548e362a33b5ba74195a25887e a11dde9d2e275e1a5bec1e970ccfe45257f2ea61d3e26442eb481806a281041394866db84a31b560aa48499e216214c24cf5 d15cd4c21e0841a3eab094dbe655de6f7aa46ddd0a696d8a725a7bc409ccd4a3add34d0a02a91a20b588ba0100c522958414 5d24f4852e10a60abc850dea4c7a4d6e254ad31baa6099290b3a110dd26394c4f485be8866073779ab517e11233bc67ade21 a8604606fc5569765273344a93d58b1b9ad9281d0158442c75017566a46d8198e02a65ed61d35d6856a0ec045bc09c49d0ad 44a283b6f25cf632662736c69b0a6640892914332b4cb5a0c6ce2b6a49af688f9827d6b8d70de8262e3ad8df081de7d85f40 cded8e294b2d924aae85194c7c64af304ea7ba699780bc14bfbc90d6cc187e41afaaf50ac61509500239669cc919b29b4ca7 02e14a6767eed0a02de4ac53fa9af4d367fa9e9029811891aad61691cb96b6148507696e33ece969b01129914587b1eab478 0dd170c4fb95ab712c051185a3386391c636b7e679ebb9dca85dc70709c4b49c5a1a2d15b8229d1cf8a24118e5a176496c61 80879968ab8e80847c038c9bccb896f6993170e2a27bce25a12e3196bac1346908bd2a74a5645e759aadec7abc03028bc883 bdda15a23a847542a194d8db0ade0ca02e6847ace70440a7b084a86ade4f2134b585a3fa428d1298cff4cbc1a6e8db4c4cef 18e3790b0f0086d4d65802b09bd6c1cf8c22c232ecd8ae6a3cd435aa56944ef7bc28ae662a169d5ad4a21cd5f9f4aa118a80 02aacc1c6ab2959f395cfb4456cef5f588ef31fdccc1c0944314182bf109171e5103c63374273dc40a79abdb349e5cfa8bcb add26a420c1f712d3549941bd013f456214673fd8495faa36519d2b4424546e86afb8c048423efae2132a67792679ea70249 79c30915d936d6b05b2e34a3b345464ca51bc5ea00920a4bec1513212316e37bb1849c13e9110390f0ef2fef978564100acd 83a5253e56b742a353e5c88d7601330eb46596aea15629e926428a8874758ff2dc33bfeeddf45c5dee974a0a8755cdd28219 4dc4cf97a5403f89418927a909024a4c55e72f7e36499d05f0369e2b440272d927da950c935087e61c663cc40a31339a5445 045721ad088119dc9057320d270cc557326ecda94c0301cfa19a944eca973781f33a5188cb8d0b67daa7a3b19099c3df0220 6cd753ba9227220a8aa5648368018cd2a4d1e912a0d385d530263b3a7531edac7fd3e024a711b5bf886763a5d459d465a0a5 32741f7112ff3303c9c6821c282efdd5bd5ccd1306de0afcd4aa199c40c76c6a30eb61c4dfb7325adf547a2c2376b14c4f13 50bddec4978706397ab12fc8147d09d2fa5eb256e83508a49bb14621de92035c2b715b138c70fc7a888c221cd5ae57b08c10 b4dc811af3565f9a42a01ac189db49028c858820ca75950e5372aba85a5ea446fadb8518649089c6121d1a29284ac12b36d5 0b1e763988287a42a4ac81503e7a6856af1205ee0ddfdbdf653c2da583332c15e969362c48d49c581af63c693e8ae820b525 72dc2d60008314bf8b2bd5767bf8f1b0cd4a38a6e1aa9080d8215b82260014a8763207c638869fda288b4a61527a10c26776 a395ae1e2aa1f5d9d8d55a6709a0a283898b6da0bcc273fb910478c6297a87d0d380d42e73a40406532fe459f0ab715eae26 69d0afb4f67c410e54a805017a44b21c78ac067e1715af816ee45542e1191a992ad18fc6266aa10b083026eb50628c36cb21 db14af3add64ad08f632213c3b76dea9a4b635a63ef6f133cff5d7c95abc084a08dce4e6ea42ce95136c8cfb75394888b534 19dd2a558d37fc9098b8af2c46a166dad381e30df1bba04e3bad6f2052d5887db460514de54f8058e2e6e2c90a2931481b1f a3a28c8f950c1e1c60ce98727400d5d5fe233423204194584fb4e211e5052414388bbc6424eba69838423acc73cb77a08ee8 34d2d055c512883b478077d407bb150eb1e8244cc45a8b1ad141a6fba44ac6e62a9141e2752d62ea60921a26835c0360690a f15db3fae29c6b2a636e55c52a4d5f141ff2aa651ff222094e889abf80a4b1581a19f2221e6d7ef51a74d17d1dbe821598af 5e4cd6b35e91f202c2845eed0454e1bab232d588c9f216364b60467ed4c5e1e70a353bdabc36f130390948d23706934c7674 c264d3f42af50a13348d7ba5de5647e1434347f4e8d66c2362b4544abdc92ce7d036c49dc903fc5123d54c8009897932e993 706a85f068b85a9816954ad3b6dd9cffbdccdda9006f78171e52601e1232e2482875301469580e3af9d636565eca3e968b2f de121a2a53474211e3b3d41f3ab873a6d8cfc083b9a02bbd06cb485d91ad861c4ac620d64332cc2d82aa7bc83a1e25be3c1f 25a00d9e25f3bcb92902a710b91adc6b4e0b5f0a34c75cee560b56a2441feb1b53d81e1ad6da42027ee4bef59cc05fa7baa1 0b187325135342993ce5dd916c45812b52fd6de5174032cbe8912683d6a818df5a06e5de25b10460afccb60b68329a19fc16 6a854f798b8ec89290359b9c4b5f7cb296b6de4899f013bbbc75d314a8a6b100718cd670a10d91f8203b5196322ffd9cb45d 734ea92c62210856115356643fe225087eeae2afe20f329a8cc167e25162edc5c0e6b28b557666640aab3986941d59ca0352 a6e66360ab14f01c7edaf2e3af16a17989937c6c252b506ff25018612d35242e9ae5956839a9e3b12343d085f3c21ec6d231 3f49c5fa75f2166f59c760cf43fd41df50f334595b783c4465ba4777a6b6b3907e9ba5a18a742a7ed14cb084d7d8071e84b8 733e927eb82270744f9ca2adfd028cc410a528a2d3da5f972c2d32925dfa873ce421649a8f4e6b921b9e8ce3069a7cd72562 a42dfb3cefa5b14ad63102cdaae3d09ab7453f625adb41d66b35aa58d1f6e3ca55249000792e638cc21664c7b746f69a1c68 53a5f136e5aa1c02dd48ac4d157221bbe110f906272cc29f1cf8fcc6aa5645b23e9e5e23ed42a3d5120225905e77e05b5842 557dc4886902825bf325a5e7327aa5c642142da3758f1bdcd1bed0620461b18b1b0448e37706ab8f79cc630c7465c734b56b 0515d03a7555b4470191bc4dad4358a4ead6569c3529d752442d928b082941ffe64baf77a826a41d86b1c4033fad1c3212c6 7cd0bae28a2be29834429dc5a25a652160c64d1d4bb3bfc09c2ef086c419a36319ff01b94d12b84824a4a58424c3446294ee 778f17502159e104bc6e82a1e9575c7653a840fb758f1264c9adc7650ab299d0b67b9060dda0847c485787ff5057e6919bab 303098ef2ec4bba574a614935497a2305a4652a53a1a41c4591b450e0472c96821e64e95935743c88a763567d854a4869083 8a6a50e7b9963643a045e49231f72455ca628c7406bc947d41f9c2330931aadcd335f2e2737f0b9c2ac46fb6abc4191cf798 e006aed0092a32622fc10d78c60288f450098a7549462910507ea3bef3bce93b89bb6464af94d0d2b37c6965164cc22b2b66 74d3120cba8fda1220d13b8094c30c751dd2a37c9cd15e0ff535621458f4a5102bad471e32aa7ca8e5da94e9d3f10673a602 5b37f5af0428d77de26d86069e5b3c64a9fabc62095b6d2bccab2e274160759c3c638b572387880c5acdebb9de250d9e63ba 9ea8a9a95e178e4b9c9fa05f75464daa6db0aad97aae552fb22746ee63e53e17836344a704f128e33a3115fc95dd90cca2f8 ac62a42e099e2ea9647fc9106dc7e5401b55ca35823106d3a708e85792c18a368e27acedc32019b94f5a94bfea6a7166e150 02d45401816ec30bbb214bb3fce891b74ddf92c932224e9d6942931f802ab1340a543ec5df40512da456bd12d0775887f9cc fbf8b733c1d5ac8906e2865a909d216d3948953663d97cacba74a2ab342091078e5ac020fadc4b4fea62c58a1ee55deb0583 37dceb7b46adc21320d1291d8f4dadd47035a22115a07ccf953f8b13fa3c03642249d05f694b0168c22053bf82b111c865fa 549b4aa18b8fc6a9461b9b06d2a927c498336c1ad3c0c7f4ac537171782930fb48e0a95bbcc158929a9c5d33ca381706188c 791b66c698d4ecfdf1b37c5b9953ddf8483d1c4ba54648307e50b800949ef3710c5e0d0e8a149b55d37f2988c9b5524b2a43 02d6a0b58e798c5400692022ba0780832e8437934bfe72654b53cc90cc65af142531da080d25ed0930b42ea4ad49e9267fdd 8390f186bfdce066a29506d2aa20f172096589cd12f7e64e944c5e33b9e4af29e9764b116294f75b704576ca3bcf9f36512f d02215d45b8fda28310dd824b887e0112cd30e5921236db56b32d5099c92c130ab08f680871b9e7b485ff86dc998f0608b6c 3a6622e7b9e84e819f30a30a8305cf1588f9b04a8388f2b39c54580b121a1e8fea2ce3790dd18afc2899821632110d768690 cfb9e8a004431718f8c1b9a03735610518d38df26508f0ec81b722bb4b802d81b142e81284cbfb31384b3e6ed45b53605a8a 64900050e15bc218a451d5a2f99dc52f162c1890d959296d609c829040321e8833f715a8d7495eabb1d462d2cc4880048001 6f56cf817a331044c745e2f5682b4bfc650dc0a6097d8abf495ed2e3b78f28acb47d236d08535ac3d14e46813dc2a110524b 8ef3270352e15022e20218884acd69940046615b09bc6a9d975ccae45f0009f38bb6a24d9e83107cc29b57f88054e995dfba 13f42b815a910cd38050c6866d340b1b98ea3162e4714880812917bf70c8ad4d23681a22f3f9d525017fa12199261b59e94d 63c57a67bc95107240b0adc85ed28260e6aeafdbeb56080cfc7865129f41c604610b643b858ddd5ef1e92e2ce01ddc881d33 e58aad8b95a65c457e751e73a7ef59270eba009753d2306efcfe656f0dea92f831653e6548bec5c43b15977889d0b4ff128c 056381cd22fa1ce6c98b06293d6cadb0d2000f312dd7a2cb0d599b135fb1ff07e746aa8131047b86c55f7402bf32736b4102 308a58f88519a47a4517b0510d08f3f089750aa29946c93c2f3ec1c223d8a40e7cc236bd23a504744a5b018cd0401192e10a 5661cc5b85b0690a51352e1963431744c1952c9405ebd7121385343dd88a0573b9bcd360c9dc75be81bfd2086e2b64c54f39 1adec6e2d5cb06ede66fadc5a19a0df0e8d9fc55af7c2f44a7e38ca93ca4021e1ae2fc417a6a4baee6414839f13403bcd430 5d857da665f599b02f0e72145d84830b91efbe3ff0c6c994979eb3fb43df336e7c2ac26774e71c0e930444a1f522dc367139 3d419a15ee06deb8858869aa30954fb59b4a2e40b26eb7d74dfd5e8c5acfab394825f78c332343a059a766909b1b50bb6878 271d48d9dcb1576d2e695503e4f027732fd9253068d0c5b3c2345e96285176803ac3044e84e79209485031d48aa15793b162 98cac11925c03fe8c69669111aaa685455afb26313754421de8ed35b09c3a8f8704ce0959dde843d968d5e30f8b76a37e0a1 c4000ffd46f5862d9efb7c48590e383e3ab16d41270e9b63161817c252e30418305e6764043f8cf2ed3f78d8c31ec6c7a3c6 8c8cf16b23eac65d5108a6933c2b18ac9705bcc657a6bf5bf8970b24564eda2426ca64b7bd0ecd04d0e5ac5c6ba3ed84123b 357e035db2de4cda48ccb2ed03a79ab37e95d1b50ed1c68dc5d0ad0782879c34828b0f2d62a408c04c5ead607924402dab55 13fc8546ad40393be939d860542bc20c32354a811505c3f8a91c7886c65663c21b979e15c5645e8034ec03d435f733d1b29a d99315d4d540cff38d5d05b76b5d823e308b0feb251c4a9c9410fe3513b478493a08fdda1b31e6303410bb74b76474101d3a f27390ba2e4d8b377e5aec638ed83aaa8b7c58a60c752c00f0d0cd86e3368c166d1bf11d591f51ce8d31c3ce601a674b406e 0819c3d5d7a41a11f15a792004b135592047dc49a1f80a94ea39cb5cc88abc8c0f011a65bf8299919e8374e17a9a1537759a 2325daf8694c199c68350b8c3391d1e42109f317c0d8280dec6c1b051232039eb6ff70a7c922df582ca46977ed6551c14c93 4154939b6ce031d2385c00199b011a6a0f6ec9d7b32c5bd4db63726c8587010f37a866633c1a87ca30df4b6946b6019e1ee7 3898b6d56a1e5331b9f5e8c05e3d7869026f1c8fd8c74c91307176da9a6408fe3efce10f37dc870401157ed43aea4683ba29 94076f3e56ccb3eaa3d0ac0157ca1048d89ae16a7d262f4e321add9a1572a66ac30f25f8f63a89bff2ca2bfbacec5cd57b1a a2b33402895115e502b450b86069db443c34f46afac113c8ecfc7ce68e75f2aa45cc54868c30e915be6570d843af38636006 728aa57456d6e5d546b544c3d19a9cd08f6d3f59b0adf78b2e06369e245d63106e5e518d2929e7c6739bbde243f9b28aaf7c cd64d80175e52508bc51a58d74c5d60d72c43ff2138cc16c0be0765ae7e9e2218c5fb1045b9d1a30c816dd0f3c66fc04609a e863fd183705b68c9d381a29b5b0c300d232ffbec2c9623014c239863a80472e8b388f3b34951eb0c30e9b6cc5fa2de57eaf a2b485f5a34a34bf75dbb406e0b98ff2260f656fe45c3985fba7cc7a619db7a78796c372669ff4d92e2e9230266fc5bd393a b1b45c719cb105565888fa264e04839e1dddbd6e8d3756748889b2136cd82915351a31cd8a5fa49f67c52889a17922ce269a 82a116ec7520dce8e075d4554211052ca6de489e21594786b6839607e56a4f50474e983a6fe64d34cc5223c1069690bd1538 6d5e2e776b9cae03f6d3913936866e20974299ab7846ac2b18c35889f77010da4702725a4db934c7a0c0994f0b6915d59c5b f7a3fbc6442c476ea7dde423f36a3445da81cf5cdc926dc7044f0a04f030fd32fb5c03afb8d931e15003cb4b0778a3da3374 b8d0ee69e8223738681ccc46999331fab72eac2f808e5caef83f89a98199f4dcd13e0e4ce119deb8dabedde791a551a07d5f 5c119fe6b417415d942291e5ca925dfea727686819ee74cf96e56fd9d289617493a4c6c0640b6758b366f00252bfe308f This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 7. Shapes—A minute description of the locust-demons. In nearly every point there is some basis in the natural locust; but some additional trait both shows them supernatural and suggests the symbolic signification. Infernal, soul-corrupting errors and lies are belligerent like horses prepared for battle; are dominant as with crowns; have very intelligent and plausible-looking faces; are winning, like women, but biting as with teeth of lions; they are self-fortified, as with breastplates; their sounding wings indicate their infinite number and their readiness for moral but not slaughtering battle; their stings indicate what miseries they entail upon the unsealed and profane. Sin is often beautiful to sight, but has ever a sting in its tail. Like unto… as… as—The repeated as in this whole description must be specially noted. It indicates in each case resemblance, not a reality.These locusts were only as horses, not real horsemen, such as meet us in Revelation 9:16. It is a moral, or rather immoral, army that is here symbolized. Naturalists have remarked the resemblance of the locust to a horse. Hence he is called in German a heupferd, a grass-horse. So Joel, (Joe 2:4,) describing locusts, says, “Their appearance is as the appearance of horses.” Crowns like gold—”Probably means the horns (antlers, feelers) of the locust tipped with yellow, that is, with a golden colour, and these are in all probability here called crowns to show that they are the emblems of victorious and irresistible march.” Faces… as… of men—However devilish or brutal in nature, error must wear an intelligent, rational, and humanized look. A distant resemblance in the locust to a human face is the natural base that suggests the symbol. 8. Hair of women—”If a woman have long hair it is a glory to her.” 1 Corinthians 11:15. “De Wette quotes from Niebuhr an Arabic proverb, in which the antlers of locusts are compared to the hair of girls.”—Alford. The hairs of the natural locust are naturally increased and beautified to form the symbol of feminine attractiveness. Error is reason-like, like man, and seductive, like woman. 9. Breastplates—”Referred here to the hard and firm cuticle on the fore part of the locust, which serves as a shield while it moves among the thorny and furzy vegetation.”—Stuart. Such is the natural basis which symbolizes how damning lie is ever ready to defend itself in the moral battle with truth and righteousness. Sound of their wings—It is from their wings that issues the stridulous noise of the locust tribe. And so the wings of swarming lies from the pit fill the air with their monotonous noise and confusion. Human life is distracted with their eternal racket. 10. Tails—The secret of their power of harming without killing. The consequences left behind by error are the stings in their tails. Their faces are fair and seductive; their tails are pointed with poison and pangs. 11. A king over them—Unlike the natural locusts, who are a noisy and pestilent democracy. Abaddon—He is King Destruction. For so the Hebrew word signifies. In Job 26:6, and Proverbs 15:11, it seems to designate the place of the destruction of the wicked. So that here the word for sheol, or the abyss, or bottomless pit, is framed into a name for its angel. In Revelation 20:14, death and hades are framed into personalities. Abaddon is translated by our seer into Greek, as Apollyon, Destroyer. As angel of the bottomless pit, bearing its title as his name, and heading the demons of sin swarming through the world, he can hardly be less than Satan himself. Abaddon and his locusts are a plain image of the devil and his angels, Matthew 25:41. This description is a reduction to picture of St. Paul’s “prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the hearts of the children of disobedience.” SIXTH (the second Woe) TRUMPET—The war-demons of Christendom, Revelation 9:12-21.13. A voice—Greek, one voice; perhaps emphatic one. The striking thought then would be, that the one voice came from the four horns. There was a unanimity in the four. From—Literal Greek, out from. The altar was impregnate with the spirit of divine retribution, and called through all its horns for its speedy execution. Altar—Notes on Revelation 6:3; Revelation 8:5. 14. The great river Euphrates—Literal Greek, in the river, the great Euphrates. Alford notes that this river-symbol has been the puzzle of commentators. It certainly will be insoluble to any one who looks to the literal Euphrates, or to any Eastern locality, for the meaning. It was upon that great real river, illustrious in profane and sacred history, that Babylon was founded. But in our Apocalypse, Babylon is symbolically antichrist’s capital. And we are expressly told that the waters upon which Babylon “sitteth” “are,” (Revelation 9:15,) “peoples and nations.” That is, they are the human supporters of antichrist universally, without regard to locality. And thus while the locustine influences come upon the earth from the bottomless pit and from Abaddon, the tumults and blood-sheds of war spring up from the masses of men; from the lust of the flesh and the wild ambitions of the depraved heart. The four angels are the war-spirits in and among those “peoples and nations.” They are four, the cosmical number, implying that no particular war is meant, but the sum total of wars during the Christian ages. These are bound by divine restraint until the hour determined by divine justice. Then the word goes forth, Loose! and the four war-angels spring in all directions on their mission of vengeance. 15. For an hour—Our version gives the indefinite article instead of the definite the, and thus misleads some interpreters into a very devious course. They have taken these notes of time as telling how long the war was to last, and then, having calculated, symbolically, the length of the period, have endeavoured to find a war of the exact length in actual history. But these time-words indicate not the length of any one war, but the precise instant when, by divine permission, they commence. At the right hour, in its due place in month and year, the minister of vengeance springs forth. For to slay—The error-demons only torment; the war-demons slay. Third part of men—The divine number three indicates, like the five months of Rev 9:5, (where see note,) a divinely-fixed limitation. It of course implies no literal fulfilment as to number. 16. Horsemen—Alford correctly says, that the four angels are apparently “resolved into the hosts of cavalry.” The cavalry alone, of this great army, is stupendous, letting alone the infantry. The number amounts to two hundred millions. It is the decimal of totality raised to the seventh power, and reduplicated, to indicate how vast the totality of the wars of the Christian ages would be! Heard the number—For no human eye could see it. 17. I saw—The forms of the horses; he could only hear the number. Fire—Rather, fire-coloured, a fiery red. Jacinth—A dull, smoky red. Brimstone—An adjective, sulphureous. The three colours of the breastplates correspond to the three elements issuing from the horses’ mouths. Out of their mouths—Had real cavalries been described, swords and arrows would have been in their hands. But these are not war-men, but war-demons—symbols of the furies of war. The fire is the blaze of warlike wrath; the smoke (see note on Revelation 9:2) betokens moral darkness; the brimstone, destruction. 89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d494844520000011f0000011e08020000003c6986bf000000017352474200aece1ce900000009 70485973000012740000127401de661f780000ffb549444154785eecdd77dcf7fd5cfff11f1722331495cc64949906455642 4b848c4464461a2a23451a08513464446656c30e595999a9ec4a53485659a9fb713e8edfeb789fdfe338cf6b9fd779b98eef 1fdfdbe7f87cdfe3359eaff17ebddf9fcf71bacf7ffef3a73bdde9fedffe675f02fb1238a92570ba7deb3aa9457a528ef7bf fffbbf7c9fef193457b8dee9a79aed3bca9352fa277aacd39fe811f60738192590b5f81eb3e10dc7b4bae827f7878eddb677 3292b83ff4a125b01fbb8e6a741caf70b41adbf1ea78548be0d440dc9a62ac49c4be751dd5da13914e7ffad37ff6b39ffdf0 873f7c86339ce1bce73def273ef1892ffaa22ffae4273ff99ffff99f5ff2255ff2c10f7ef0dffffddf2f79c94b7ef1177fb1 fb9346ee278a47835ef7adeb68d0c22169f89ffff91fd6c5909ef6b4a7b1abeff88eeff8bddffbbd6ff9966ff9d4a73ef5bc e73def1ce738c7fbdef7bef7bffffd37b8c10d2e78c10bfef00fff301b9b55d9fe1aec88a9763f761d31519f9413655dfff1 1ffff12bbff22b0cecc217be305bfad22ffdd2b39ce52c0cec4c673ad3473ef2111762dab9ce75ae9ff8899fb8ea55af7ad6 b39e754d114f4a6af6c73a8404b22ef9855c8376262d3fe6e77ffee7f79ddc510b1b7a625d724256f4177ff1176f79cb5bbe e22bbee23297b9cc39cf79ceaffffaafffdce73e27767df5577f35abfb9bbff99b17bff8c5a2dcd77dddd7b1bde1685fb947 46b9e42c332779fa9a52d3be751d19e19fc0595a3eb1aef39ffffc7ff7777ff7d77ffdd78ce796b7bce5ad6f7debab5ded6a 5ff5555f75918b5ce44637bad195ae74a57ff9977ff9d77ffd572bb46ffff66fb71e2b7cd1f47e79e3048afef874cb8591f6 6a5aeeec5bd7f191e2116f3b9147bef7b55ffbb5673ef3993ffde94f7ffce31f675417bbd8c57c5ff9ca579616bef4a52f7d eb5bdffa655ff66517bde845153cce7dee7333305965a16fdfc04e6ebdedafbb4e6e099f2ce36fa84d85d0ba8b214911d536 58d17bdffbde7ff8877ff8f33fff733fddfce637ff9eeff99e97bffce5f2936b5ffbda5ff3355f83263676cc31c7ec1bd8c9 a29e631b74bf66786c123aa57f1f0363275244e4fcf77ffff77def7bdf77bdeb5d1ffad0872cc6842c4baf0f7ce00397b8c4 25bee99bbe497c3bfbd9cffef77ffff757b8c215befbbbbf5b15b18efb0676e435b99f191e79996fcdb806a5395a31a79cd6 52c4ec5cc9f1d8c9673ef3990a862f79c94bce78c633321e6bad9bddec6682d5c73ef6b157bdea55565fccef2ffff22fdff0 86379cef7ce713c19856fb66a70caba7e159f7adeb9451fe7ac4693de854b96923ceac7bc4d23c362640bde94d6fb2c7a55a f8ce77bef39ad7bce65dee72177bca7e65632f78c10b8cc0c6fef11fffd1aa8c8d31b099f19461f83439ebbe759d326a5fb7 a4a6fc30216b0d6259da4661dd8a4b5af88a57bc427ef84ffff44f36be2e77b9cb291bda5fbee94d6feaf486f5d87ffdd77f 5992598f2933aae3b7003b65b83dadceba9f2d9c329acf666c58318f3ff9933f79d9cb5e66cb780cc9c5a48e05aef9a91aa0 caa1c51503fbabbffa2b56241b54eaf8e77ffe67614a2dd1324cd55e999e69d907b357169393829e323c9ff666dd8f5da78c ce033ac378ea539ffa4bbff44b6f7ef39b5dbba944518499fc70b2c4acf1a31ffda835d50b5ff84227a15cb8f9e55ffee516 630e0aa8c5cb15ed8cf99575d97456f360bd17b8c005a48e7bc6c05386f9d3ccacfbd675caa83aaccbe8588bf28312df1bdf f8c6d7bef6b5f68b19180b59adab6d2bdb5c8f7bdce39cad79ec631f6b83cbfaeae217bfb8fd2efb6042d9eb5ffffaf2408b 2e2baeeb5ce73a72458bae77bce31d0e285efdea5777546a778679ca307f9a99f5c855e427d5e949a4635dca1fcd2a987882 971eb89a7dfa7541b567896232b41642f6af18ccb39ffd6ca66281c43c94047ff0077ff07ad7bb9e528460a530485676b41e f398c7c8039507d5095535b4f7911f1ad0d2ebe94f7ffa139ff844b544f43892c3b46e77bbdba979fce66ffee6dffeeddffe dccffd9c331cfb95c3230caa2314bbd65544401cdf3c8ffdedae951dab2cd6baf62c2d4ecc80c73a630da6ea102f8ca472b9 fbb1a64d569713596b80ab656aac59cf92f87cd7777d9773ee6a80bffffbbfcf8458080313797eebb77e8b6969a030f8033f f003dff88ddf78f9cb5fdefa4a0d8321f938397ac52b5ef1b297bdac5d2ff18a894a0819958c511c73ad0af2addffaad7981 e3c8e37eb3132f8123645d10d6716f8ab718e06bcf76b6b371c0f66af2cd7ec5ccf13ab633a6d5a2bf3fc7742bc46d18c39a 6e15764682c7ddb6675853c8bbfee00ffee059cf7a96ca01701bc4694080c694ac2f76c61a8b5adaf4b605df564aef79cf7b c4a5f6a9d8d2377ff3378b5a2ceaf9cf7fbea4918d5998fdceeffc4ee709d9dbacca669c8c998d55cf609c6cec4217ba900b 557b8358d1a1eddbbeeddb0e655dab935a85b63a85130fb5d3e008c79e196ec487e38ec291660af36d79f0e8473f5a16a440 fc955ff99556022e00c8634b0e7d6721c7d1c056aad66ab5c589e29bd10c1e016b22ba275c645f9a41ed44a475c00d4c3482 2e99f18b5ef4a2bbdffdeed06cafe9977ff99715f1defef6b79fe73ce73129db735849e16ec57426d198a0af32c13ef54233 8314616cfeaa40b8b055c52aacc7884b038f965cea5297322fa3556de79b2ccffce9fc218b72bc90f9e9a5167fcf7bde537b ebb13ffaa33f328596c47e8b5bdc82896adf698ff53392ccc1b5f5ec9340368c6d43a7e3388e2f2a36d4f7856ac6878c5d2b ffb3ba70b398b03be1398c670aac3af2afaf7ef5ab1d32803fe0e0ad61d1529e4968c0deca948e8b818de25d70cfe2a1a154 de60d1f385a20124499c84c762e3c4902e00d7b31bd9213c35e32c4bf42dbcec99d40df2645c563b6f7bdbdbb006f1028ee3 7f18646cb69ed0f3ee77bf5b9e66f1d3126b25432f414980b2ca723ed02615a312b8e4788a1346609616514a1404251b645a e4e3da07f15c123363dbd65a1663dab3a87ffbb77f53ed2004c6663d8641236056e6a952cfc0d62dafd1af8bf82528723078 5177784f0e13eac7de6a9372e7e2503098e9f23b3e39b5e9fe0569609bb16b15fac871cf5dc832bdc3fbfb55a606e1591ff5 a847297c09599cabb4d0da40ed8b03166a7efaa77fda8a22891febf260021dc7fcf8c73ffec94f7e32272d7192a10119bba5 3cd99162b4d5bc5342cc2c76b20d7054797be52b5fe9309e492f7de94bab10f4eb3a7531cafdb9d9bcd633af79cd6b1ef188 47c803052883cb78cd059755c67d042526c77214dcd958b08b06b3ffeaaffeaab874ad6b5dcbec8c6a05258efef88fffd838 a660b177bbdbddc82a1f51b3008ac75ffbb55fb3cd8571741a4aa4b2e545aaaa88e4c0805917f1725e9e58c1ef7ae0306f62 b451aefa8a0495f47825240989bce190bd5b2326f5c1fbb4d91df3377cf43addeef87918077d2afde9a0d835fe235754f2e3 4391224cc746491fb6acb047dc878a63335aa91135c399c0c2ef02a2ef2218170b49e20f4442b9f466e2c69e321d85a54bab 8bfbddef7e167237bef18dbfeffbbecfa2451c08f18665bdf0e782ef9f670a8d00ac90f494a73c05e070c4dffbd5c691fbb0 6807960108231d20ca73474cc995be0f7ef083398b9bdce4264a73dff99ddfc986d98980a3f62d58991d835836bb318175c6 816601c70eb2c7f5590e519027e334b86f8575e6a144210cfee99ffea9d114093380117821882d89728c8a19109a966c1279 64489868f35d178275bad789de09a139913e66b7f6c311c7a77cc226391db31b47b41c7fa40b61baefdb1911ede520023533 e63b486fc33125aeb1b78193406a3a12368e0bc264cc13c14ea5567448b22b6dcd67fe0432ca037de2bec31dee002ea460b3 121ae0f8b9cf7d2e28d478cd1bd7a1fac937a5bae03b818c01885d5c6c2d99eb4ffdd44fa98081a6876d254b352effdc73b4 a6ab01204a05af718d6bc0fa6e16dc91fbfdcccffc0cca55e134d611fe6aa9542d26b82fbbfba11ffa211b447ff8877f282f b2ef04b28ae3082601e8699fb74961d1f56d6f7b5b046bb99bc8f58e1318d6512a0a7c53f7d1a0e6c1f819a4ec51986a71f5 d0873ef419cf780602ee718f7b1008088ae4c4c58466c0faea12ef92614b29dc1597ee7ffffbd31119def18e77644b2e589d 6f7341b0e9506e84518a0b4e93b53ce1094fc06ff8b078bbee75afcb5358e6c9ae1357599c1cd550c6fc866ff80687f1c76c ae7ffdeb476492593f2b3090cd61d9d94330bef27462a3dd0818d06bf47278919eba7edd8c5d79202a97c133030022567281 12d9bc5d4e499d50e02173cb6e452a5e9398f03ce63b729f9beef055705c9ac496a48259910bb0863f3e9edb969e412da16f 38c275fc3c62b368263e70b177bef39dc34dbfa6ad16fdd24540a4420b9b5c2c9089c32c99eb65e7b22f39244033065459b1 200056941c44184e040ab12f041956d0e077bce5c29d1ff9911fd1cb68135886aa2c997c3c3eec812b19a3925dcd10c32300 a84288d4910b675d00ca028d7695ab5c8534d883200feb8e5ca0c47dbbcc220682e56ff23d64508711f41278d1e6271a312f f2302b726284be084160976bb0349e31356946da0f7ff8c315fab1c9ce65e686a54dd037a3d23f1bc34eb11a79f7bef7bd89 e27bbff77bef7ad7bbfed88ffd188e782ee19d6392784f4d684d0e5384e90c281ef280bffeebbfce9e0555b4e94becc080df de0572accb81535d64dbac6a045c98b3227794e6fbbffffb39330b6242b4b6ee03afd423ac73ed7221904d8eb30c4b0a7387 706185cae551644a616d10f9e48a8444990c4b965371909031d6e5d7485a3f6e322aa0670640e6c342e87b0a624636450995 fb5626ac5765d2853cd041213574c806713cc225bb02415a7fddeb5ec71ec46ab0e647009a97b1b8323e9fdd803c8bc61227 1c194af502f1ee0b2cd5f4e22e165c9b9ad18a1e59fe339ff94cd92c3cc1b4f1a11c17967f383235dea19c60d9243675349d 2e6aad6a804855c39038f8302ae3e7a7b25b810577802b0d9672a3a7c08b4e1f5016ab43bf652a07615ec68c42410f016c15 cbc840396b5408212e768b5949231e1998c0c8e611c9ef00802cc6c637cb8cd960b0bad77251fc2aa8722b321746ebc27d28 82a55bddea56124bddbf201ff1dcb4aea40322d423fb5752a3bf59dd66363c22ad80025d52068c6627abdfcababa039ab22f 7149f4a098f152a30c1730a102e6429ad76b21d6755da335a01c43c1e0494f7a92d50bc2a01ce61436a887950eacc7c2991c 0a35e3b9795fdb530217a760d9638546df78317bd60885220920ea82608e1c464d07ee88ef301137ccdee44e9c6e90923f5b 8770496a8080027f61250fe23e687a0d063744142286e95802eb725fd62aaa703aac0894c14e54e4bcf81aa06c892b068a0f 242385a31a33ea48f2d8d1b2431ed4e18ed1a84c9b9e62c64e315c401397308b1e7e53225a68657b3a729d1ca81c8f6b3394 3642221b2043a359ce7131967f0c4910e3982c08993741f138b2d0ce8be43be67bf5b062b53c88ebb46547087ff6677f0642 6220f933e0b53cb601a1535db0da20f820eb1adea8999e567c6fe47e20db2b538898bf075c22aecd6e01a97d51c62ca961b4 333e13eb681abc3872580123d58e1a8f7d6a6058507be4231f099da201070f85bd55c2ca108281de4d54e5ce8b75716b28e3 bbc961b31609aa3c8db201ce4f340d254a1a6217a482a670e4a606fc372f833053fb131cb53711c071bd2a281857a063abec 906d6b261621cfd4663494d92575ec5fd501a970a618c032015d4acc919b1acddaeb2e1a409b00a20e611c193809b32ec39a c5490e9312b8b9c014acfde9270b24e69dab2201866746b2c52fe341b036eeb313b98330c505883cf23a3cbae3d3b10f8ecf 5cd26cd99a384641def1c6c6484945c4510f815a2649d128d44bd817ff89820d4b1fa6b0315029a0754a8b59523a3f052d6e ca3b18399b27a57cd66a9fa776a31afa77ac6b845294e8cf2e5a23ad895f8e99c2e4fad206e286cbdd112c95f3769c9f6bc8 0005a1832ee1725c5d8901d4d21c14fab5f1eb5eda63ed273bb2ee6754328a1c2d28c08dc5bde5728f63d0373b819b31f519 c102d2144c0b2edbdb317276eb4fe0862df184153172d7d0a301385a1a89d28615cc190cac8008333023b3e1e6ad25d84335 438cc09061054076ee0249102654e24b7b291f03605aa284cc8d1561c1eca683632d4995bd39ffced81886252b8f20be09a7 3a0ada6eb234ddf5220d3626240a7dc810af988d01ab7fe01d760d68223a92f1e2881891214ff6fe43c3f692b01157d22040 f6eca630e5daf92c835b394b986f78c31b92835cc0b7319127653517f65b9aa6389f0ee2909552a43f39144210c3a9581c66 5a7c0d484801f8538d4bbcbf90c2d7b6754d9408ca7de6baac29ac27b83145ba0159b821a3ddd58824f590873c840b841ec5 6b80801b628563b0c8bb2753b9104fc6974ff6382a875d2604409213f53ac0029a60e1038b7403ebd5caa159838255d4fa50 ff6ffff66f73b1d6e59dc01a06cdc206f40d2b1c7faf5e42460f1df22068330bffad973200abe6da5d1475d1cf020111ce38 7e2b5513410c6c6926c1037aee00c11c36717552c9981c13d4720dae59088f2358a1167649092e051f1e872580267adce49b 8cc38009d0d4661160f5120d44c5aa8288d48b52d8a16be6e1beeeaccbe0844f9b8e74302dbf560aea5395af851c21886046 e09518670e915fe356285a47dc918f059ba20b51185fba3b0a6d588ccb17a4acd65d924fca65b479048b434b4759a2ee84c6 b320f20becfd1fdbd645e84527df602ad3c0b6a00f0a96d430c779d362af40998c91f808dd7d9a60366d2caebea76bd53949 8eece236b7b90d39429e3fe98c6e88b8f048dfc00437ac74dd98caad8ee3e43bd955f650682db563ba2cd01d4a823fc4d05f e51334a059c4807e6b68b30f0b133c635f6324b113abac8c165c0c0b040202f340ad1517034624a88157e74b2478166f4481 05b28221b9d654a83b572958919ed8cb96b86d30129a90da4b660c252fc5a68020cbd5523acd961839daf4e5ec45b9e73ce7 392c1391ed68c9175857e6a471bb76ae31e83e932310d7a62876619f4d5aa32298b9e29788f23e059cbc5555191d990a4b40 a79159b85eecaafd80ec504b415ec4e6d124ff66676cb960cd3065c39d315b62f189cc7275d9f264e22519a90d74d16027c8 56749dda53c4ed13d381d5b7d2822d179e8622f96c38e314e189572ee109d36b1cb30c80f802c5c4b4552e55f3e9409b8a45 320de80417e8a9653f4164abf0dce7ccc5fd3321f8a6efba0c1acca83dc5580908080677076ab39c4c57638b8d000710901d 8032aaa6f3a70b6609439c28c68311cf0a3aa22e7c830b10332dc490061f21f73329ccc12ebc3a3cc154a45e406c1006a0ba c0204d075be8214c64700104a2e0c63c0cce742572bed1c0ae88fd777ff777611a312c5c5e17940d68522e8f89f27afc056b cc3ca4822eb4614586328ed1d0209b2d202355228d006b4234d3c56c30248ad6668c16d07dd8bf3bdaa356473cf2a13ab6fd 900c7de802b52cc42cbef92fae3918189f7e89c212974f449ef189d48541fae68664a706b7e78629f4a7af09a42d49bab327 b48e72f3db39d399bfa13f450248525de080514f4c1d33cd4d566c18032b58814b29c11ab88673ca93634809a09088f58518 7e4b0e46910094cb34112be50ba7b09e40c1458241f1c8f0eb64e779d0fa529530c2715a05f567694624c11cbe7054dc039d 3c2bc4375a1fd7ee5b7701a5251cbbd257c2c6b61ff6b087250764180723dc8d48a5316b84634b0bb916eb95ffb00d802643 dcf156486aff5450b2e4234640541171dd7144f372e42c560d8d94580e77067f554d7051403088e08f184685da22588a3078 af079583190183704f38a4cdae30c2232884b8a301c9d36ccec5383c51c119773aa2cd7d44a20aee734cc2b201914408bab4 9894e060536cd706019c0585a28d7c50e5be9cd0b7a865344a5cdfbf3df663b5c6733de0010fb032b7fd83b6749a4f1c0fbb 81b70d4b1b5f7fb419dbb675951ef8108de48d53c9d7f6e168e73a3e876dd7a046a3c9624feb825428acac5f39c1824190a1 9ec9043a63d53e2f4395cc005663e69e0dd2c2b73f9babe0e31b04614b17b3c8df0410c187aa8a81e0053db0288cd0375b75 df509ae59231c5a2c48d6e3212b83791fb60913761a2f60080db5a48755eb66319464a91819752534b26d815b20c85110930 8e2c17d1c9ccfceabe4923d5328664f885aaf0ee9bc89f6eb26ac912c9433c079453535170a1ba408caaf316788520e9229f e827721397588b9b06c900acaf50cbc0f238e84cb9da30066b3f14326f226245beab7c3227f552cdc45bc2313e7a48c39f5c 95c455331fccb6942270c23135c2284e1beb64757cf418a48aa2eed821aeb60d7447b0448672151519a7601ec07cc8b933a8 55fc0778e3dc33aaf96945e65162663bd68538eaa950e67a40dc9fbef376e327566e27026c58578220d98e145052f6602885 23a0e171a9dc4f4201b55547e23e395d65318ae13e09577222eb9084f45231c89338b11086d4d673e4555611a0d8aae513c5 b736e03b2989b275041abfaabfb17073c15f2b4647feb895ec5f18d1255ea00d9d6e8a3c56087060287379f0a45ccb07c10e 2221c6f89a55ec4e3ea23aaeb1891273e105b85951e333242165f041e6e109ac0bbc508e91d666a6b62a539561279842f674 342970bb89297399913085179c9ac88a9719470fa1e589f49525da20265531138f9dd5d04c17c82ef4e9823be14bdd8531a3 c7ba919fc2ac7d0562344ee1bd9a4ab0d197b520c6bb81db51a02f6d7abb0e02c0acd504097034082ead9d18c50ef932c030 85251f551636fb4c584b47636f479b816d5bd77015a1a85f13b0d51364697dc6cdcccd95bdc6d10c101d27b36b2424e60e7d e08f942d63c854d9c33510f408939b6a2a8a84f0241762605c1ab74adc7c3f972c32a8b568c602251e4545d3416de9077d43 c0f83616488b72300a061da1ccec8ee7d128aad830aa8a42d11cbedb86a2e6c223c386a72a1f923a8871bfbd5df8f0613676 697bfc04c118e91c9611342ec01a1c9ac5013fa94db7f710446ac0488a811c0dbb6221a2842e26e517ee739ffb3030a155af 2ca4248af9a11683ad67dc61e17e3514a95af68c676ca7317a6c2df03804a8502e71a8248378f98bfd6563d282a98914b25d a04401dd1e238d0856e841ad4929422f0d904432e635053b24ae62b2ed3592290b201fa395dcfa89a628d4021549399448e5 6da58b8420a8d29153973d54a14d4a61ae60c02c191e2d1c9d06b69dda8e8257bb5aeda7a8359f0d2bea7e1019db0bacbe19 556e8fdf72a72581fbf4e1ec997abd06eda5f43c884383a28ad216c4508c2eb00e8e5273dacd8ae448123f277a2c8867de8c bcef8d4c95757512a2ca72ffa991fa4deae8a3d74ef091510b6734d72367abd361578a3de665b7369da8bf3a44cb6e78b282 b7e292f3488dd8b0050fe76d0a43e99b6418b66a04d7205462dc9f2ba48c53e2e4425fa4b6630ec1a6e311781fed9b711814 10c8b63f7d8b63906a465621d0fde88ffe680f98f52b2b05655db2408b460d6c6064a2a2b1d51dcae948feeca073cb4b62e7 26f832e70f65c5f255599c659503c7f639b45452e243852334371181c89c49554cf31003a109b99c4e53c854ef75af7bb17c 53735bed6597daf8b4db2166326396d351ccc11583041b8822678b5b3ea25acb18d85c77a7cf0063c6390217c7fe968595c4 13462b1cb31f2a97df3bd1472bbef126f1f0530f62506d1923d9298b39ee590d809a3b8ccf36c0022e21126e6471dea54e3d 3dad68346d58207077001f16573be7f261828ea94dd9a0b3916c808972c9b54c0795dd5ae7f813d9bc40a1c007c1b25ce77a 788ab16a4355d3e362192a0c39d62083d22058575065d580c83e9dd6e3470c559c99d91976872d991688b32b96ffb33ffbb3 77bad39d7ef2277f52d564cf3347e200a65088664e443625e2b5c1453e22733b1351dba343244f682215405b3549203b50f2 1bbff11b840ff1c4c897593b89f616ab044b2c50ce35208351c9238414ca423f6deaab0d59192a76cc85057ecad133f72dc0 888597744d80ca3605401ca19601b7bd6634b2f22ba5885a6efa96af9641f02cd864c6cc150b6ddef00eaadcfc459eee08d8 cc719fe220eb1a137711a1644482160370c9adfac8c8bb3f45f37ceddab7ebb9ef4f79b644c8410d72e17854d8808f4621cc fdb68fc3375fd5d25fba28e57093a03b7fd00357043dde5da0ebed115529dca7bcfebfced01025ac08a0253ca0c3070b291a f4d617e397b404bb8eae32ce9e6e9278b067082e6260dfd616a70e61b0d2bace7d5dd88c53f395ef088d131178fdeaa71248 d7300da6ed329b9725649979078c74e45f7bb8d7f2410f7a904736188f9f5cffc22ffc0202623f8b857892e4263a4d9225b7 9760282b3d94446161810d90a14d6d66dcd9ff46d3063160cd66889dbadbaf372c23ec64b06764a8cf7dc924645785223116 55a9bd027a7aecec98d02769d4ebc77ffcc775e93914cd78198401004be3ec30453be26ade4dda422335c33852d5eba5d386 355ac5212b46190453276d196cbbd219984f1288e5c16117c7dd364e7ccb1deb8a9abe5159a64173c20897c624a087db70c1 1b514fdbea09549721254b1be3ec27220047b29018083bb4d583b496e6d496a1d612f27af2424be8ec5880d140c7e2cd206c 6c5c545aacf69823a015b64a5bbd8076a449f46e4a8464325c9d41b46f45a13b20ceec7af54c4ac726609dfbe7c843b30121 9247c051f5cf5121a60ca819dd334ec1ed177ff11701cbea51e5102c8c0cd036973929e383a3609eb7d2cbcd9ec111377acc 04efada370c785777277e09b2b8139f7e9428441306ad94947ab746796a2cac00bf188f4a7e9e45d5665f935338aa8b7bffd ed394128e77d30e2a6dcc1d17ea0cffbf071ee1bc18c8c10252662216c461be9ba4f62440f4a7024289146a7b7b56187156c d12664b9d085b4712750e7dd8447d2d658162a62abc7f01dc223cbd740774290f1aae37394ceb5f13eeeabbbb0dbf0e0cfbc 3094f2141c50badb00ea89379e631de1a0fdae72331c76ca26ad8375e9017f56c51ce865599461a39097d56b728fd09c6596 fd8fe191910f540125c07181f8f7d152b3309455ebd2f348c0414cd277b6c1d8ec26f7385962028e8c7cd2ee9efef0537ba9 319fb5d319a7e04f59a8c1fba9c082c74628f7689961ae220cc5e31498ead2cbccdad1868fadf7a41d8893e3170d22fa7119 561744073a7e925b72257e824e5e5c0ae426391b1cec1a19386462b84695458ea30fc6e108c0dd7d7b5f5aca943a10833000 65b4ac0b10859dd0999b106f4dc77ee4a249accf10894d8c24fc3e8c019b127846e5db1d0010a5e9cbb9020488f62cdfdab2 cc593e8f0b1ec49f98edfc9af181a4897a7e477ce628abe54a1f2c96488f17e067b56f7b8db95271cfbfd1a930252910a87b e11cefc3846cd34bb69d5931916a472763889d888cdfb9191e8d047a0b0363ab8ecaba4c8d3575d1795266b83eb92f764ef1 e61441cd3254f9bbe7c9a99f10898fd68946d8816012516be260e043a6d169a0ce8c72ccb226becd72b6b033ae5d03f64679 6285f1499f57e3cb8dc6d1121651025696994990b59b70c36f6590250fe581744ce2cc9e1aa488eef8280010ae8c1fe87bc7 587911a5a2b6071091c7cecd687c6986b5414f46189931d8ffe150dd990d3a937666026df0a42e2f510468a3e92594a1c74f 7916dfa11cbf1cbf3d56b85453eefc17de9d4e20d5b68fb5e78c011419008441f392b03f0d8e77ee59e4e45988a86a7b3521 b4f1207233d203204309a79c20f65972e7a7c884fb07dc49467444bf4c8c36b57421085891e607a91291b4c9b9a0816a4806 77fec4a05881666d24787da0c29a4d698127a24aea40333f28412848b213d3219e55181fee7bd3894919893f8d4c11cc80b5 b8c9c74902e954c8e24dc816196d3ffa761f194068529494efe0c83888045717342b1795c15a56d8c7a7265374f4841ca875 c2c0c96d578d7fd019f972309883bcdef3dac62e11103a4fdcfb5fd95b5581b0ce7f006ea72888184ba08ca5764b882cedf2 2e6d59706f7e3272cf2349116911ec5cd04dd5bc0aafe42ef1e0bcd5853af4d86320d91e872a8a9a9170b32e1247733b4e30 4d0de1de50cc0320380ee10e16b909b2c62963c385d4252241cacb3600da9d0ca6b8c4b472133c8efb88ef0153c418aaa037 e974e18be3c4886d3d8a671b708935c2e92c121bb06c50f0440007cf9c3473ce436ec6c225420614971445f1d2991246c814 c52b64b49d8598de1a222013a64148dbe0f8e2ef9543406a8ed592bc5f3d5422483200dda949cdada742730d3eee0b983c48 0f0d113e36cdc842fccaa27ac4537bc01064180c01a6594a94867128dafba9ff37cb6209b3aa1546300848d61ad837b2d0c4 1b521623c729af8d294e216226f16160bd05a8132739cd04dedac4058dd8c551b6658759142fd3fac529105e000d53dd39d2 d655da607accc36b12ec1303790bfe150ea0593d8a5038542e93d3e244a9190a3bbf23886112c27421322b0a2a871b1f3ad6 1128b5215c06a699be1c0f54f9a60fe368c918b858ae1116a94d7b560d10c4c40e054077d8aae04637099a52dbdc848329b2 638d5e51ce8041a1dc8c6a1106a6086e6b2bb529bdd01316f88b09bf7c5ecac6afe9385a23b46f666a42d3a0a79b2bca990e 14d0cfcb1adcaf6eb27c7cb5850dbb70c055f32c46264c156a93620152995c4b200686c81ef87721e1d15da861213dc7c537 074da92f211bca4488b4482e6a610a79e10fdaf875348b0004ab5c613a93b65eea434d1c1945582329028972d6deb9892430 1ec745f97ce15a1b76e2435fd92a547430ada3db953d8cc01170077c657b7a5268e82728628119bca010e36890b0a0938e48 15bf1ac848b1d336c6d89e3b54a640e0f13f5a28fde1565a57fbd5ea973ccd9ed73e32a6b519bb925d86942f8f9416337d27 cd80c2027b8513f3a07bd2045ffc48c9800fc4395a1c4adc95742c847814286151fa522a0876aa95493057822bd0493334a0 27a18921f1854216adb3256946af6121777832140d0101e58de2cd08e53ab68d53086a25cdf098b1c626a20c857564404395 6e8c70fc82a1a517db0362cd28a96095344643f44d919a316392c9efc2b7d98d40d91d6f351dee48a9c418233a8a60ec0ae3 2871c751209f24efdb5c40c6554bc6ec23c1a261a57f2ddec85cc0147caae282265c8a7e3d9ec8e0452444f2f146ceb4260e c03743c51422254e5a9ace201548cb9a485ea6dd3ba4ac55044c8903f3937966a26387c9365d307b44fad0be34b819a56744 4111c6a45f7cf5805fe7b38cc9b10a4a2cadd718b3343193b8081360080191dc103bc43889a150b29d7edd370eca8daf7d2f b4c21af0a8d018101704457a4842a489e6bd7747ccc07632c3a6cca8d66ac4dc4f64c977a0e00e4fd9e37484c8e151334b60 03d043e80ca097935098e84140ee30aa80c2a374f21a745c30301d8d63588a216e58e49bfd545945c99bdd9266effa128834 6045e0cb78ca16e8aca76b070a918d66ed99773b393ed00f344eebb4e60c8814d3e3865a22002f9c02be28b529826c6bb6b2 264c0941ae79107cb93638bc6219027a198e080052b8e08375e73bfc6a174818c175f9674ed7058178cd13ef03a9a404587e 724d5c6a684c0e74b0a9afbc8e6b833f934a7e505864e3328865ec2a93f067e786b90f02a432cb7d59babe88a9f6c0d8ac72 7127e462813180b8706da2f12c012082f10bd92ac93c69af2a910bf88921496b057969b6f1f92f8e8c1859058110af29a8d5 43311c44f91baa58176142949bcc5b0ec54234e35851e29ac47021bada9c309a88ea5713312d82e288559589a863e8e517f4 685298a97489c791c6c91dc48edf7be4c7d2a22ff8462e5744e51d6c855ac262546df562d5f10bc820b8d6a93e00048ebeeb 457044cc0ff134f9c8f4c71efcc4d22c18c8ce50a009a320d2e315a02f411222c2bde804b8fa76b2698557793f0b6733205e 9d40f4e8f04ec846a1b9581757d7f95ac31adfecec0485fc5fbbc02028384bde581d35f3171dea010bd18cabee913373b51a a1631794ad319c0965e06b75d459a1716701b75750194d128e352b752ec98048059d8ec3735ee811b5d046926ef2eb5c1be1 301882e2621263acc523a5f0f71029afe65694b391245d349d656a652145393b4e8c1677023283746aaccdb4f45e72489e9c 88beac822218552f6645b636ec0425f46e16c241a72ebcb0bc86010b9bc6efb54855c5b069280e0b2328e423c89983e06d21 a4d23f24a810eaae7449b696672864de8e591950a4359d54162fd5578dcc35ab3ff16b9d6f2ef79e787e7459d76e6ad6c856 56c37b311e4685137764414a409d910765719f87a330d7344d9790a70b8106dc71e144a03194c310c76f7d6c1f468ca22ade 946e7a6d3a98127a390fa7c8cdd32b811a8df14c346825e0a39761d9bf19695a77fae82737a9810f061ace023a01ae6767aa 43e00579460668e92edd4398ca18aef94580163d822f46f84b1bca5c2678711f723fc86bcd561c40bca13a179f75cd0731bd 9010fd8cb64d8236bbd0dc2e822eee3b41069704cef0e09bc1b334582452506ef13cc3bae60b2a0b91bc07d262a1d59d61c1 1d22dd61f9797af70de58cfff8d34ccb9f04a26eae3043d718b7b9279260df4fa44a3eb82e24aa84f10e86e25990ca9e01a0 2d5044b628e52535d098d8bdbd8384790a2e49dc333ec7c45695160570e6c4dd208f656a6f212aac91adf7c0f14a466b7165 4cd755537aa710e133d4c96f4f6ed3daca866cd18e8f3f01f3d57754987be3fbf99ea443d9f004d0f9510ae3da7dc410a825 772083122023ee9592563b24451c905adcb01283667e0b406914c8185bef820e6dc02120d0042fc8b19564366c191df3637b a8827be3a387c43580366f9fb672902f198df177640e23221e1b633c15f414bb7c8080c1d0ae7c559e23db3482ac52637f7a 1e0c31e28c87edb94f76e27e413b7a506e69413e666f0f3a47c0305ab20fd918e438808c57027a69648b4070e4ec31d23b70 7a9e804d321ea371132cc79d96d0ab66fdc98ff4141fe745443c0e718129abc029ab8866702731cb5afe62aaaf0d5576c020 8d439292d54ed9c68525b1d2ab5f9306199a88fc590547d9e964073e6810b3adf7cadfe041f26fc0f24338310843e535d809 a5548f215b618aae8dac34aa2547d671ca291620a36bdc91865e54662150303f31983fee667238ebcadf9709cc88f3e72409 abd3d5925c48c48568c3dd928b681eca63cc079e7c7a63119e198c700419003d689855938b5ef4d5cba764de829844850bf4 018bde052dd5b10ea64e0b7a9e0c28650b458968d6865ee15e5fcb12d0b1bfcc3c3ab1aadc04584e97428906100c0a6eea42 6de8d79d82a5f82632acb484b2e9b563a9f234cdb8796d949b618b19f49e82581e019653554c972fe9a22394a0871c74047d 4243bca597e080291e810fd2916df70e294c459b61d166a26a959c0580b20da0371ab8f7d06ac96722e50eac5218a74c12a7 86027d5c8b0fca3c2cd68cbc8ca0c41288baa72127a79820e682f5ca062bff085c4560535bce51592fdfb5ff2973335a8bc3 1ef12201a29e63bbc617d6e42330603a43d99ce0bc442a7ca996d111c7c447a307cb95c158a69fd04c9b166959291e8985e8 b06fb5c62f2052528323729e637747c6baf6381e92283386aa58497683a0b13d22837b810262806c164e8405bebc546ff01b f79c8d19d902894c0194ec7ab15e1bb8a5c5e0c531f70f7b980a1941189d8954d05cadd61d1d6dfccb8e20065225756eaa47 1b9c7c850e2edcd49a39014c19a643a1beec90c745060483208dcaac84477381027c738d3e620bd6181b221569da2fb2232c dfa34e37b9898c07c28cacce0ea61d3ec0758bd20d6f97488dd3cb80010e5f78e7e6cddee3db205b3595236f1dcb55a159e1 dea15eb5fe76fff4f2cd362acc8c6336b8744844755f08450c75b0fcd6900422a1103a103f7545f6c655391fc3d30b80923a 94c893712a50a0a7935f66211c26ca267b9e48f5b5ff59c16c781f799a6518c9f32c3da542cb95976916bfc4a83d9340768f 8a521c36695006eeb45de25246271fc2a726d90a9f852af9054ad0dcd14dba231032170975e964a604c72c66279c9ec195c4 e20e2a3c8617c0caa4c8a110d79f93828d091cf730b567cbbdff9bd398d6acffd0d1c9b7ca3b8d95239425fbe67520431097 fb76dd7f7ceba1890dbafb935b6a577a1efa32a65940ad02b4e95aad312796a6b1317b4928f91a5cface99b9e66e35732d92 48151491f96ff35a29f54e4f1db5610fd94cef3260871ddb358210cab410a617632b7d95af76300f61e6aa2666f5cc78dc61 b170664594670547d3d1a2ea4b6bb9294fad125b33829610cc46fce105e015b2410a747cb4441ea7231a933fabe85806d7d0 d92849ac361089af2a46e9cb4d960997680635a8e55664cb3da98053c6d66351860d643a1a59bcc52c07a4a82d92bb8faf36 fd3a8185231309b37263236883bc9e533617f22885dd1a87370c243d9b3c1faec4f2c9836a5830a640e70e17d63609a5e4d3 695fb6e2d78e95118b7965e6e520518e2aa213ab8bc0fa728b4c17835674f220d6cecbc878591d09b7eb8dd414ea7b92f059 8cb9e83a889e4833dbe34dd7a37ea3c313c63af82346c137b5d50005159a59940c1eaca959a914fa09ce4d0a206ba0f16b22 5b7348d7c494fdb4a74eb8dc5eafc76975cba8b8373285724939cf0a58e675b3ca8466544501f42d55000b0eb2738c94d133 976a83422bf7a66327e2e8dec903f9838cc5c85c5a91594b64b40ad712a7aef1e89313617e1cb911c8a1fde5d4e057a1b2d3 fa921994b839cbebf12c692b285b99c851e581925be6eac4374a3a65c2e67b761338e046826452ab20e9abee6c9822201b6a 09bc241cd92de59950e75a880bcec47fe3432adfc40b30004c9118e39fa53f62f2e52c19d04545406c75877de3cb608da08d 5f050417a40a12a6303ec635e3d73aa3c8ef90002d24b7401ce361c0b0d4c4aea83bb9756a0c6dfee42f589a5e061736118f 54bae8cd878a2b15810681523e3470345426eada1b408607e7208415717f1c966fc81121c537a1acd8951fe70e84565e1e3d f485246249a745e9139940eef1a6eb863613272a694681b9f93032a575df63d3b931288780dec746f1da538950dea1490262 609db0cc53ae142729ed3b2146a0044dfd16afa46cba4247d98bee14439110065880229290178571a2f370b836ed1aeb6834 3850c0a59b16062082240609beedc5597ef418052d2232f98eaf75dd824de643bb6cbe066e221b9ed8a48f061c8a4508bb75 3f48914f38980f167417481ff8c007aa6a68c3f5901e16647a24c96e7bff21dab0c0b38884e4604c51d1b28103168ddb9cd5 bdac06fa8d264cf1680627f9de798a531ea103d324195f6ef29824204bb432e14039f8f4cb4e64566637b236b0cb2c71a18b 3664e8266330602fbd006b05152cc81458140c98ce2ceca408337695408a7e088307b83738c0a89af87088920bf196796840 9ed827587ff238e884075e66568f0189736787ea87a696a0bae3113b429601523a811066f9853458b90b6cc6d969e68109bd 0856e9128f1632a225fcf476a3933e76cda082151fc0b59020acd32bf7d0d279bc11f7c0d59114f9126521159fe2983bbc8e 702fda6886746eb825ca083adf465ea48c314214ac603de3e994cd2cfc1883fbb0cbbdb17638e8d0bdeedc9e11100c9d06e9 9f50ba493daec58776a57d3a1d032e50a265478d7b1cd84fa8f56707f6601db68c03970ccf38f06a018060ddfbdf25f20d2c 2086d0c42229b17da10c18d99dc109fdc6cfb3302d250acf441a593802171c0196358631e9156a39262003771e87dc4c8d9e 5eb794e88c2f29e8c02e6448ccfc130c47ec08011cbd2b019db25ff600e5f8f20d5e88291e121aca8b66fee4bc85dca21c1a ec7475aca467257946856f464e7a5200d502df0c181946b3174cd72ef2fdf1a8af15afc5e72ca4b3ab88cf7f71c4604305f2 94de78653a7f22ac1722d00579729d6e72bb84a996c8208bfc792b43611f02714d47c4581d52010391c62437c1dcafbc2de7 db7306f93b942003a7423d9fde12000849d2f830068159d78989609b558d2c04b2d50058b6ca1837c9a09185310e0f22a927 f69223d003cab8e70ee3324580a063e3e8d27b303bae513e33edcdc55f625564e858f0e490abd737176b012c98ebb17ccd90 c48adce9311e72a180eacb6e527c0a30384dc313af6f114c6d7ca1c4cc38d0636459968ffb7233b93b75d296fb248e05fe58 b6c3ec699aaf35a3b90cab3d35809df1cd886554f995cea02df79cda4aa8fcca78a08493e6ec053a0dccc8cb02046744bc6c dba248cdcd38161e4ca8bd727d098df9410946dadb051adfe5368a6cc46b58c6a9008bc136037d8a2aee9726e0a827a610af f6e057064f6bb8a31afe145f2869a9a39e21a4ebc81da828002207440b1c04f061a177a4558e0a8b2c8485e354365e21beb4 c5371ab82dc474f4893055bc181859c92c08d0e12972302c02b0005d6d5d0a6e169fb3060e18a6e320d44b75871c4256dfe2 4d4ccd8702a10527257261025a47ba7a3f3e5d983dc2e0535642ddf452d0334e6f0e0e636b22b302f2b85c1ff4a6eb4963f2 b214c9b4ec57720fb42e042385ce7a48b1ed29a911de58480ecf07c37ef527ffd1796d844aa874b71ee0743b09c5b3ead5c6 1439121f47550638b151c2661c336ac67e8c00f71c2ac0f996054987608b5638d15ef3c48a0440d7c6d75d30e9a89ec8834e f31abfb77072fc3dd5025b3c250a654476ff54bdfcdace6faf790238690907c1b1b149eb1092a1726cd219c3004d205022b7 d4e1d78b7bc681153f31069a6eeb898259af50d0bfabd49d78fd0a9d6d30f041c23e11913f14b222f0a50eb282486e3ed6b0 207feea58268ebed208a318a844e5a5093bea222aee149e6e9c8a271f0425f284433663b768c479c8a183c48873391816c2c 101d39901e9a315e59abe4b6f7daf720853b7e2a5cd31df81adf20ca1b28070388ef210394335752aad44e86f44874302dc3 14b234605189d4de002f867e815dc1ddd40163420adc1b5942de6946f9332ee8b75219fb64b1429959004c7e28c9ccba2a66 68836c526599765900c96a5363e4f996af4d902cf69e80cf967535d3e4a385eff6f2fca4dc24e0d21f1d7424c25aabe33601 b4d3d63c906f48a26fdcfa55c622df2032de916a0d8b6ea6420db8b50625179b15b0a8bd417a988f1061cbf8d0ccaa191271 73991dcc254df2e271f9e99ef3b3434f55c084603a9082c30752c522e6d44610048314d9f1ca4628fe3057f6cc77a2b9e785 ac899555e0a657d5c287efceaa8936025d8fcd4b304cc1c6480655e4867116d8594a4aa52da13e77835f1021317f0a53720f df7c016303020db0a9af5f21959d303c126b179eed55f8116ab80cc50fce42e43102798235eb32bbd154b15d90a4b2b5a971 6a8d614c4ca9fe19b967b4d0cf49b3317fb688876c14f62c9f08a978602543da4c8210641346932b1a9658ecd822af48c58c 9977ff95827c986247e9499284793192a11760601b26d5d27dfa05182e927700eb1693c0e69a9b23647e01124a1d7b3a8e35 3263d406cb0900ae498f0aaa60c18c4148099b938862904c608c17c6b55f39af351c21be75206dc2832827dfd19e5303a442 e546a5e078d9d8e67f6988fabe4d4cf13c22f6aa14493c48b9d3779d5fa61efe8663e0e1081193e0058864ed279ca38ff439 51cc1b0d2e4141650962289b11e2cd8b478cc93ec5b14a94fc961a1dd1103429f75ff9b822fede0865edb44b5ea812102080 17e47ea80d018837321365458c160d3d39c7bdf913610447fd3e5ca69f906d2e3ad0d7b0448c421ca104e2d924e4990b1400 82917782de200c00b39001495a7237eef3a0c0ca740deec33e594bff629c45813e66518271fc1214220999197016adbbb201 d718e98932c4a01fe5f0d7833c08265ee91c5d300f36cc53f41fa275ecedd3b82007f7bde1477b64c31009974a657ea4c418 6807556232f67dd3382f665285018e0947f639704414422bf0198a27d285e9d2a33fa561be8bea04451d86126cd98c180e4b 9d83a33b72462dda2a918b1ba8e232447ba6c508a99842e54d0d4e08653421b3752c09709a3c2f1a004c2fa628e9a8818f19 cb660195fc8d83a3d6786bedc075f46b460be22d62885a22ba96408e97514de383ac8b1ba330104119971f1d3451d9b70494 55d0041bab4808dcf00ad6ee13bafbd00388727a2a27b2f23aae0ec848cd9fc661037ee5e9e5e590e44fd92301416a4f46d1 0d1a28153a150929ac9420ba5d40467422ccfe32ecea0855c19a4dc28d18e5be9614c0e9b225d0e71134e395cd8559a6cb91 73bd58c08890e257da32886f37dd41a189c0b4cd1cc0c5293baf8c8659de81d9d88feadd4cc611c7c80110198c11b4272b91 1cfb381275b5919172bdb9249c2aca13510f8cf913c16800c74eeb1317ddb77fc52c618be409902916c1601d98faf722ec07 34a9498e205a8a48e5697c9c06e4695d24ce9b9766c9d608248311841936d550a8902bf820580ae04f83102993ab9ece5c89 145e2b515265efe1a16546ee0217edce199f767091de99040de20e487828a18c22ac36954f0cd27f6313b24acc2610cd5aab 9b92557557c31205db2067aa447ca1c937455bcf975608ef8e416ad3fb02064baee144c8055136df03f8d225d0caba066f27 dcba9a0f92f0091f640a07dc468f75acb036478ec17d82a0429f8e93b7651c2275e4fc6085b7e0f9400a0f6ef25ef2698ea1 6d50aa2d8922056282063f51bf1c8f6f032ce8343bb4f9a67e1eb13a78d6c562a993922cc0a8bc03a3f0c17dc2ba96d0434c e0ebbe66dad3843f0117621833f36030e5f742870f3a190fdd406db0708d3b8a31970bfc7670845dc16eefe2c41ab9c92e20 15fbd8ec0937d2801526013d48f2ab197dfb001f9f6d7c582425ecfb664850dbcb1b41b6b762e05a7bde879ccddb51295469 8f605388f9988521c09527eb884deb2504cbbdab8c4b3a5a98413ccb2776b3c03a5c9aa2e3d43daf5da0a0627aa10811a677 6670077c0151776abea7d7d81eaad833a5104e29282e7c40a8a318951343aa5ca09a9929b8211ae777040df4a03c8f6c4cc2 910bb0cc095641b494ca687257a90d1d8901be59859a04bdcfba5d1bf994550c3ae578026f5cac512b3013a0fbd8a70ec156 63d901ef20ff27c993c0ba9a067cbb30a8d408e76d38ae130c878532a8e50c8855568d321f906a99419aee8314c76928e000 ebb63868859b245f83f826590a9009b8a85c8e00286fbb46ee24c8f4beb1de02c07efc04314460a2dea2d1e3abfc2b34f418 6c7929e23580361329c1d13af13997085b200b130a157caa3fd500209285b809d63c828eed71d319daf8c2ce801314167ace cfdb0bc944351caab8de1e793617bf6052b86f55e682d5312190626f8864f9d409cd60c1a1100e03100de086f11388595a22 caebb812a11208488328fa9f323d7385126d2a617b9c84ad0207132213de9d164c6a163fc1b13f7bc627fb293b353540639c fd70ffd821bd604a9ea49aa6dc676c3d908ab584cce5f36b6e76da260de20b30344346eb61d78489600372498236aa3a9bc2 8428116b3c8566c10600a8c920533d0e78512589b0496510d628205b848b33cc78c24bbcd3202fc0f614cc7ae46c72c259bc 619cb7a265dab1d414b8e4d54ab83dce73e2d75ddb1bd2e82ee52332acf21cc4848809a3e33cb2b77c40fc008ac5838c05fe f4051db4f656066a006256c7ab75969c58fd0a10c444b5d989359571381bead105b784deffe7a53f76c5f6089d101199c411 008586e550b964de2b95f0a37e32384658970ba6027c9a31007d1d6fab0a07642da224ebdc1e559917d4dce1776114fdbc80 3b006146faeb497578a25a56d4ff74f3ab610d625e8308dafec4ac30a54d4f8bb101610a0d5068583531e4199c4977aac08c a6a0ecfeab43120623752092d4b17f5e2c07c685c537778692a6460fd75b2194ed75d4d85120bec92cf4a816925f37a6a40b 6b2ad4acda9341f2c9d92a34918a364476f2a3adf03ed143f8c0d73646e74b9021f2181088cbd2dd9127fb36020a3bcec66d f5d21e3e82aed18966bcb32eb3746e30adf9064284b5819e23f06b3b69856851cba42e68c1620fd90c49cbc8d646b4b755cb 4800c0fdaaff90d6d26650ed8261f3fee874cd0b2095f41049c21d8b1bd823603e2393463b4cd2b8b3ee4256b51a9a80f236 28b2f8490e5d749f44ac552c58e19e869841cfedc110b6d91beb971d556354bfea5029bbe223e103e9dcbcb95aadfa6675d0 d01307ed111b87678a74ae1744f86c14665dbecbb5c097517107ada13b34a8019199c82c80cef0a8d6b046608a68338b0658 601e3dd941076c5ee62342a2a4444b524a85028eaa80ee86824ea0b72ce4056c0632662a846ce62dc220861010ac718f5498 8817e0294457fcfaf026068451c4f436a54c1df1ac88c1189fe161c468c46522048b7efa8a3fa4aa017332026bec5d57d53f 5a0ee925969a8e8792c74233032610f7c5463b3978ecad4f26cd87e2cb056cf1927c8171b4ef504e25381a2f747013742d28 7508139b28241351745e0a82180600b894854e855f18200a68c188f8c001f1b3f223231899225a6f733a98c5a65fb1d05950 0d90141431eb91e4fe159b3c2275cb05e6ff32d326f93be0462630dcf29819579f9885dc405a47b024074a2710eb05e0cfd5 96ca66d541b4355126eafec4d56c6c82cd6a6cdb15f9c4e71b413dcc53ebb55b984ee2e4a51a8326c0ad94dc610ef85072d1 806ee0d5357dd02ebb92aaf9166dfd495e3da8ebd736d048bc73eb1a9894d9802c6272eaca41a58b44304cbae06f60970911 65cf2c4639b8f4ff887b1b07a5bad3f6ae060647007ac45b038a993c2b1a0082a7a072eec0ec75d74cd8742cddb0723c1f93 76d24fdd0202daeae52f01da7505180101c8c4013c22cfaf3e85a9ac0280b04c68462b2660a715142b450ca020928ff72b92 fc2420d81ac18b5f0d22961a1f796da0d308f6b97c2d7904d662defe33325ba21711c6ba5a33acf5162d022170f39ab13d62 923702a6b427280d3a898223ecf472a14e5199544772c32f2d6bc35ac20c8512a3eff05db5c97d9a85634ed04d34f49826d3 6275bd13c1b7298468f14431262c311eddb93f92b13ded142b3f4b0e3c2f97da3fd1250d50e4df8da01783074ef18705f2bc 6924ab9868e1ba9303555c706d09ad3d39f813d745913e7a1d781fcf07a1a863df19db2c9af6342dbfeec4aee6ae4323ce67 42610e808344930ba99a23b0160ced7276f60c33b0450dacbf2a2704d077eb2ec21510f0d0291e426106951689521b9a063e 80e81c13a177c8056f900aee852f4c22b283a75a8a8da6865d237772028544e6021699909fe0524be3300c782db6a041978e f92040e3d6905ad256bb7074d979f3feb90e8ef80efaf60d1c1c04750204027a591d398038812080e9b6e041211f517c3094 36c8e8781e76a8d3372190aad90555b3b3ae4c9731305dd0a4577d7b68adcaa18bea8a1ac814dc310e791a9fcb63b4e65510 57bc260a0d188cee0641b63666d4b1b2a49b854706492c72547d3b0341ef399a40a60bcadbb4a5537d157532da52ac36eeaa cdb0012b522b1f51173d98aa0dd6145d7ac08285188777a66b50a1084c41919fe001184889e1498f2dcfbc108ee88ab16870 2d05a0209aea8df678b4d63257b6bd22b980512c51f5718c562f8ec6e24d948ba3e252b931d698b7312159fb5e8e22a2762c a1b2c76ab11b59e2ce6e72e342a141fb94496769636fd99ec53dafd0eb1f5a3ef11f0e2b704832723a4304fbd15866c2d313 656022565aa47ed269eb0c033ef20d40cce4da98e6eae4669dcdc5a13bac8ecd68d38e76cd2803086805a9148f0c17396fcb 03c64967d4608de44e393a17655ed351469e9b61d0282e604256402528244dd6cbb46480fa9a8eb1b119218881f10b644d32 3027e3d292c53233172877dda18a564434613a0b6512d6582f064f7fb0ab650820ed50ae624e79f29fcc09b0204f3410c6a1 90f12318f45b6990b00b62e99c673bf21d7a6a93542830356d9a0b77e2b08b16f115156887a511bb5ed8041d50e3f85963f5 495aa8fe41fedc1cd1912add952630211ff4b4bd5129a2a231474344b924760b33e2704b238ed20eb5a3765aaa16b299228c be95ca40a5e4bff7281a1c233aaac21b0a312d785a92b960488c049d148766df58ab043a9f35c2b826139190cc7b430eda26 5e9988eb010f8ea9937108e0497d139778007e6408069d41395c66d86f689222831465740203e00a2c7486145356a0476e1b 4a78cb76a99601f043f4d73f44ec55848ed2a01bb221d207d08918f858084054c6258556ae1de226771724c5c51231878718 de0b558c077655752d7be8ac0752584b67b1e5fde40e97411ce7c641bcb804917c5bbcb49b4494126e5b1c6c896991005727 b7514e746e08740cd8fb760467d7ac97a325047d41dc38e4decbe5db93359d0f890b503dcc6f7690e580316870d4062cc3e6 ddcddbfb1be1b5838828270714928c8e4cab777112b2959bee4aaf08e6537a4f936149123e0c02701a1b84d99762b44a441e 2bc21149422a1c63c180e6e2650416cda83e670a2b3c66cf8cfae6a4e493e6edf122ec4018b3010cda217cd226c9b6408a8d f6452831ef0cdc1af45a42c8d1311f4d9b84292da726a625f290098e70610a3376a6090dec59348ec20e22e39a3cc7e34ff2 162609844b456affce8aace6d1c1e25571ac98410b3c267706b118eca8640d200d194a268489b6cae9440d9c6840a70fe110 516fb33c9c7555b1b1ed632909f4b45594e065d968cf32ba262904cd494a44549368689369cc1e08451b04f9d572056e60a5 5a7072e7a5289b4727772e99211199354c1bed74208b5065620fba989d07255fcc5321da74d400ee7be751ff0d11e7686e27 d420e2096af945f3523f1b8600fa73d13ffe4292d9795c26d11368f697ed39f6da6ab370167423a5a124dbc4c232a78e4e54 314b6782c8c7c212250cd28010ac5686775d68421b2e09a7a5b2d4007cb8a810877282c211b0b6ab86115ec0191c80a33064 b07c9e0ef18c193dc23504480428cb7d5c13116ba9ca0abe65c56c8cd30d7fc516ba309df53a52839ae990448c66241f2d61 3a8f6670cdfc492c98c202fb14e50c2b5fd50bca75a1148b1fcd5405808f6c31ee4f36d3bb3e8da931aa3c25490b967f1de0 460f07a444d44164de10d9dc626f37a01d19262bc202d03b1b09fd929a1645948b71233086dde5001416c4088465ea52dadf f31689a2c0307d5db4e500121c53c11068e559b69eb126c9920a511976787083600a172d20698a887828d759d0465ab865f0 657abe7b3d03363a7fed436d6447b5be450c1a1540ac2679411457e11872a18483ef19134379dfade96bd6b20dce885252e1 5788a112705402b62b4f221d72ed9df584db4b9ba996911893e14957da30a02d5a9978eb9c24208a186d0d3109c98320a970 846683c3b4e06e7cebddfe71569909d9b960c01d60352052e19bdf3214399ace6e9808d36900f64fd686321d6b940003688f 0b409e73d6b62cedd8528391e1af85042ec8819a35232283e391b7e60b284902c685f34a6cd8f9091ed180392c5ae4234cd1 be3002d45a8808cde49c1f25eab634d0c6339a050b49921c885a3363f223c4e8666fe9a24732ec683c8d103e1ea98345a190 2b618df96332177f04735ebc83ede46fcc8a0da44159eccda20e6c408da8e57b8e11f3263855b26730f606cc55b24a14ac85 4b252846e86027f6b1c972c8b37d674a2470e0c61152b1c347d32fffce8df69051866ac00442d164d85a0354dabd945c304e 88e5136327544f7ee8c2ee518f998f69b9e8e56248023322e5627a56dd9f90991c5c10bbe980732c68b7756d5735ccc45fce 4b946aa73fb93036c60040dc2de6a9b987a8c75ebba02a04c9bc490d89d0a9fbc4e2aaf6c45779808b2268610a087ab28d76 2b57f094b24ac8708d0d8c4198c0c209e90e91b055802559e49994c4e1a60509c5fb09a959a961f5a272d21755a8908c380b 491dbde29a43c11a2fe05ac0e1b418b6369dcd273b88017d19afac8c63867e31442860399a2528de4b98024164600a0864ea fa76de920051625254e925af3332acf4ac71bb1795ec70447974861e3a260ae66740f98990c297e707abef33517aa18bdc73 ff5b445f7ecd688005190674edc2afa8153748150dee9b9dc00dd87aacb34b2ca7477d73c9e6026e9493896bf64cb6f04a77 3d89dc013f83b809c166178d2538b02474b090ca8fba930cf3f327eba553bc8001b21912e4a04a44a2dcdeaba75a461754c6 902aab90007da184b80850ba311505773841e64a5cac513e02a5584639af440ea643d20483b1aed518dc6cedc32df6065569 39298925f618a5afa82213464bfbe1d67746be61b4ebb03bcf2697c28e1d4f23fddd37b1f92886eb85a480b50eedda7c3e13 581aaa7c974d72f988a648ac9646534f491aa143986f66e60ea1f35518ab3ccd111231f9daa1579a63781cbf11b4f7ad23d7 eb57bae98c054b462a41f4ba5c4e54c6e25709495276471a4c1346363b6d214c9ecd1ff76856a784f2f46e9a0e8ed53640bf 73ab4c1a77ec8116b97f04e3c5d44ca20a279228954c2ac4b929c8f0e50624072cf41c2a0ab5c426cdc13736a1960c99448f 75017af5c61e8e3029c0f14daedbf1f427d962ca14cc186d3e208271d0ef197b53988e110ab9c001193c20967ba0ab0350c2 35391884fbb0d11cf149839ba02ca49a5d031c99089dc8e63e08130a2bb1409b5ff923f1d69f5c9b2e2426795639c0941919 09d38222bae320344847663105fb17ee9054c5121ec09a9cb9665c7480830193b636a51bd5d075341413358e6abe36725706 6639d0eb270040e30962937685f380ea0279d213fac51a1e61868b27251d5b36b71a9a3cf330a6e5a7839e40198b4247158b 359b34224785cace2b6d9856882c08acee81506a4f401d2f82572e0a26dcf70162fc501bba714258146f28426127b0620478 eddf9ff16ab238c2f269d79bf2405f9d033ef4220288e74a0108490c5234abb031cfe4f7b2655a148b70c467b30a9fc00d7c 502bc69a9ae5941ec3a57c185ff9fb8e47f966a2224901c1af9ca8c6ed20abe8c0107e01ce075fca8f0c952f278d5c3e0a71 cdd8008846215b5464127e5222721344c4677750e526e0f2024237964199154983ed02f5ec8f71fa8f9ef08a24564db6e66d 1bbd475ac0ceaf30a7815f397ed2a617c9556b3676ee01d3369431e29b6ae88e3ad05ced1425d2693f55a007443f513db911 351a502ee3ea911026c1562b76d38588241ad0117d910fda38118ec02a80a24b7c68165f6cded32b26c23b2d131ae324c90e bce7e5cbe830c2d83a7edd825c10ee0c905eeaf880412363452b3ee73a0323550281371e444eab9706dc479f96cd1bd1cf9f bb6f664a079d91d7ae65129517ca704ea3e826170aa0570c4061201b232e15f469e2e6d380f3c39b3bb26198a6693729b823 aa440c101c0f63a0781af54d82f0a131d3d212be5d94ebf748bcf4834af4aa2e674cf8535a6d5214123d223be264b9ec2695 eb48c7edcaf7a446a7b661da62836ab93d2981953dbbd5b2372231ad0a62743c25af2da91df8d01f06793b36d6a172cb3618 65874648808c8dddead2f1620372047c2af2040400827b64a00a168192d72fdf709ac914d25118eabd7fbc80d33d0ec768dc 1688063d4b621c9e8248d91b617652d98781c18a8cd4a20ecb1c3c0278102222138b522cb09c4a8bad8bf820d351a59b6664 03bd68497b46de835b5a2a63983421b30af6e94f2461015a50c8dda08782d0906a4093679107da8ce2dde81aef64ab31cdfa b46d23a6f9499ae74925b12b87de63a0c644213c60042430ce6c5a7da1d9055249c63a8ddb92161a1fef560178b45268451a 6e33cb005f20a9cea923a6b8305ec62a9d8471545c99f0a5b1593622d886c9ed58d74ca30ffc95467b838214996df8c00733 20416eaf077ed880e1a80a2919556639a69575b10d2b101aa269b11efe809832c842b6e0a20d4a0cc02e41504cff988320a0 bfff95c631bbc321419ec6a5d76eb6cd6528f4f0f46cd59f0404045405942e181bad2003e22d4b0888ddf6daf46a2720cec0 c443b935d5821d3450272d0ab058801edc512423342334801db3471b58e09dd044e35e102067c323b78d0ca41a1cfd82069d d1165c8285befd431d4645e5040297c4ab63d505331a5677765e75be7cd2ba0e7c091c47dc3983efa5b956edf23d4084cece 61e9a2cc00913c3d09101d691b1f70dd643ff82513739173ff6fad732126f22b222d7d9d71e1c2690d9adb3c046e9ac21457 d5db7b602ed0436d5b23d4812ff040897ca1c359a57064622eb360991954f7e71cb91b22edf9206b60e2a25cc6ecb4215db4 aac7111f4a32e63285895008061d7331be5988d16816b4e8e795da55aa7ee83f0f1a475e3085005272a7a248b1a4f0e07e5b 76a48a3ced618939d01a3cf854d828f518c0ef695a5b5e586659bb16573ab31f1530d0318d0f29f0101429685006cf6abe0e 40c02204a77e138c5798c95cb410a2839646521d8da919db34da39570d589714423312046594b4478e61fa562e5336b59b6e 3aed49964a8009dbedb31993a0f5edc84ca12907dfdbc659a63b9af18bf041f7348a11dca93a5ac3e0b11d3cbd4c2a541a16 34cbaf14a07c4c2a2a76fc0f22abc8b5f0332c66a1593041031f8f0b20534f33acb8242d7413e5bab364ed4d4101bdd283f1 98abe753200cc13054c61f344d41e0d6a2a461b9421d3d58a5250aa19f19708820054ce8ef3c07b70da95a922dedf8b3238e a5ac6d0d8335399bd7f8d42aca316917309a244d9d58f46290e84770c0421e96b56921ea8324b39b8271020c8f96b51b8aac 6cae682cbdb73412ed5b61629c5b0486440dc7486a7b432f364959246f4034702b3af68a7cc294e2c23adf6dd2ce0c208943 c73b45e0cb20da030932587567628a5db388d24c0891d0468601b912b9f7ec21d98f6111d6fc9a750c3537d70e6d09677165 d656dbb1cbb1c86c831085052996cc986a2d3d45704eceb2b2e755c145a865d36e12342d72847997a2e4ea1866329212a098 a5d8a24d892c581b903a85350a1043fc4a9d158e991c3248c49a5e2d41c11038d895314d5a5da40d07d6459434e4982fe4f5 c6c9f61f2b017375dc1841535bf6df89d8163f8695d963b0438c49a79d5c2b28e06390148678c9240a89d58c240b285ca619 f5626386e52689020ecc4e3765ad183454a793054fcdb85bd42a51304e88014d33562b0332ae0d835af6146367fc4a449941 ffc2032f584058fa2b672604ea3720da3aa0802344428c80405fac91647abd54af66e08cfc044f6ef60c4bce48e985655a2f b59026403791a73139a474f769a76274c54fbc6bc672788d169054494144e14f32d15eda2c21ecd53a008d35f9b38eb25983 1b93c103a1f8067e4e1b774880fd38f00e0f2a90d4cab3b8298ee1a8435871ad8b89088af9b9e80535795be2522a4309001b 13cd850173e9ee514eff1ec92c1c5c8fc3e19df4da09d4acd70c5334b25bce301096625283a324ebcacc36ad8be72e3ef2cd 96b3dca7f0e20905e8c779c719cb4d8ba4be35c64027cdb3a249641bbd3f43468fd301104cfbb3b5a9913b03eea6410c0b82 e826e8f69a281204ed20f1bb54655510c822a3c713c3074bb3fa9408a107f16df2d0ab9fdacb628d89c01d834bd5a89632ec 1d3bb166a165f00c2fb9031cd302415667896c5888d497c40d88ce5ed808b29231b3b3376d980df2c22e35d0a50bed11c9b9 f464b1f12b58b7e4238a2aa5e4237410826f83c01f2d4ede626a53b013dcc5979f5c54a2a078050008e09bc88db8f23bcc00 d67d904d56fde75b96d9f61d4b360580d211a05474f1936f4facf92610d0015f94eb45802df7d1ac63db98d8e9e9d21ef1e0 2f4c8d23421694580209f0c5fa2afcd80423221b36fca0f1792eed3bac28511fbb2ab928d1c58e6bb915e89309c815bdcd42 087e121b251d789c5747a10d9bec0a19246fbae24f8f4e9b373340339fc2634a506528ecc43814caa9d18e6133ecd678b24a 5cdbaa6114dc3d37271dc02398215ee372b73d63d7d603c56586806e74fb061069dcea16016ec322c772dce7f04a8b67f4e4 4e85bc17cf87dbce16ba4fe5e4421cec0a7da673935f6c15ce7b910b5591513396901821b964604d8a79bedcb7d18420fc83 60a5482834913b1d3ed43ea72091b041c9fc404d9ec6453554fb72c941ba58f545559a0be0986553e44888b211e3c38af6c6 ef39aeca9b4cce35acd3658b2b24d1995ff94bd64b02986dd50128b0e59a9ec054e35689464600763a77334e0af160ca2380 bb013b60513c615478440939587c92b604b8c3f288873f53b78b98e8c8165fbd518b46c819fa01087cab8e14db137b2b701d 25e4b02ea923199eb1aa0667617c5621b66b59b99cc67b8a91ef40611b150853d574edc4868d16a2d01d2fad2c3ab88ceb4a f9daa34a8ae426a63ae98600de939322a50aeb24c662498c1d720768107f9881e05f3193a9f826ba026c00208a144d8c82a1 f306ac0e6b7c284fdafe411f6dc89c47732807a2b886fe5505b7a825c6457830532c1103749cc46dc3528e29334cacfd2f43 2da624b89a56316a2255450ba1800323531a9d32bd9fc8d7fa8dcd2091a09152982650cd820e6590970fe1c2251077405683 00d152b084ad79e3bcfb80a596a56f7b2fc0adcec6afc050eb6f39125943bf5ebd8a4c6c21262c9b8526aa023591c1d1a958 44cd3d90c2b48c2fddef5042e7b875c43574fab3d75a60501bf0728710889e9b57c3303e0635101caa9b89cca855a977dd92 b2ad30bd00d42cee1b1c4c7b85563a8342f6632e53eb42eb3213690cb41194b4596d0d862c65cdebe38223a85e4fec5c3ef9 e89ed8811b2f1dbf36ac002267c9607a7daad9619a30cd8b05ca8d6c223526a926e18a7ba845aa61d32055e205d76993b9f2 4aa2ab960c8ce3aff266aea29fbeecdfafd5d9594e0f591a84456196befca499bc86955225c15216e347a11a528f17690c39 3c6365aa56e3dae0ce44266de13740220a62349a75870f0363a8d50c439af4845da9ea512b61daa0e74f99684e0a0c08b6dd 70c9823cabf8d4f8eb67ab229f09b577e4ba3f07cd63516bb7c6c280649ae743a829b9644477f2007ba049af08254774d007 89bbefcfce7d137d9b39ae818c7c694bce568214ad18d6cb74852f37499fd6e1526333f26d0cc67d0ea9037b8c4a30811890 22f70afdbde992c2f0088b46a8b061d89e28f3912418a4377e2123f4500cd50216bfe527b42115c2dc373e93100fd90fc099 97fb30a6a8c29b928928412078e18f710776c691eef2d002a9fb140f012de43a7c001c929f1ee51885a14a94d006c218337a a896dc5420a4f14444d4e62504df68e6d191ea0313ac4b9a2a508ff3360bb19b8252182abf836c66833c0b6cb358bb0396a0 8a29d8e2081c6627529e1efa71c7de44211d89823c7b839006540ff4a46740a910336e7f8c8f937ab5f5dc4399882fc3a447 c101d714918bd79d6a9ca1211c7dcd4ecb346b64a3559d728130150b2b254b687f4a648281674385142411b8b0dcb2d0a458 ce2f63dfc8f21721ab23bf2538fd4429886172ad062df31c07cbaf193c2f6c3af2a47d9e08aae368ec65d3ba569bcb5f4e94 582d12c5d886dab61a433cdbed6113493c9009d0598875367108e8900d1c54557c57f2421910d00dc6a8a1aa40272635265f c656aa692828144fcc5bfa6446e64a821af42234b2e37b100349a82208f88069cc4b0f8ccfe550924158546f01e0db68d432 8039c107416be0cc9b5edc416f20d50c49d4c07106ee5e490028c0dd81b7fcaee84d20d063fc9216d46241de9f876ba1cc30 74a44e234024971434514e5bc0ddb35b6c4c91933bc4bed14806e8bd4cd3da522e100eb467bd3d9469f98e8b5eec0ca94630 3551e388dfe5380cdbc66e0be6749fa571fcca8c8c93beb04cfe0c5b350b5e850512a02f322743ede1587bd2760d796040Daniel 644e326e6290e1491dfd5a1903463b07ecba0a84290cd28a485f7a112d51589ae3d7f69a8ca04d0f145393a55191932d291d 53eb1849ac198139f1da802e82f966e7daa84c12486fceec097a9cf280c84b8c2dae06fc0d2b60a80d4a820449f15649ac33 7ac59ba4e7c2c874e4d31328737f8fd85587a69ceb54eb3ee78a326af0a8195d9abba7f1b06456b91fb1d20759843cbff6af 1bfac76a6d861801ee5db30a16822cead112c3460005d2a7339ae830de2cf98055c66f7389f88c8619cac03c18d13d22ad89 7b896c8b13a64e0df649218c168b812cc7c297a6d9031c903b25a1366f27a651215fa0dcd45a8b396187d903a81911032b6d 46b14ce684786d30eb3e7d94df5a05e925ffe9b8638b4984b5e72692e01d1a3a3a848bce52922121b04c36638a0ec2b7bac8 a102bd4969c744b2418e096156ad2ec00e10490ca7448424cd609ab11901b5c873939346c08a8f36551dbfd4408c451ba003 77ff3080667334208e7d4cd11dbee41ac62728c227e71e314673e0e30a390b3f757212ac3b9784001a11acd04fd41c5387dc e99a5fc002cb6f87a3f328e59f2a3106d1dd38ec418665af5f838a7e7d8010d7baa39c17064e2197db22f30ee8083bf6b804 64fa6aad0b992e5add19a14271e691f7813744e2ce0e218015b2363e859cdd9f0dd3f2e7ce39c3693d81521040ab70649941 8e822f9e4d0901bd12084be4c261f893524910aba4c64f53678f9f1007ddd3b7d09cd96003ffba989e4ce94cc8d206ab74a3 63bb78618b8c20bec5749bcec60450d82a0346641ba394d70e23956863042b754cc95d052e6db834c262061df9e717cd4e79 78cc786423f0519203523e663135a51a10310cc61d74529b7f9d481aec13cb86451e576a70650392e9058984a6970185590a 9348880330c119b593c606188f0175211c84f9968d6061bc1b591188a8029446d38be3000e720338e792790a238029f9930c e7656a4ac91a8ddc061109e42e03816bf905e229a28351402c0b7007796816d231d82e9ce948804f247ff30aa76ea2a4056a 819704dce755114c2940ac8c41c800cda359779009cbe453981f8e88178e51ce867b9781c00e09b22194e842382e90a172d0 69f4aa73934f0944edcb89e47a7558996b43980b2e03fd74874892e7623a7786727e9cb396e842d71a760847039e4b2ce5b2 f3264171c2cf0870b5a57eddfdd341ff6168c2979ebc974d34f91bc0410ca36a0713a0417976eb990d67cf84c885864ac3a0 4dbd1bcfe6a363dc1a104bbc5d07c94a87b067165edcc89c900b83988e94c7451128bb25443f5118dd333f88c9839a82cd83 14d44215101bd3a464275ae6626505e6b5f4cf26b5ec797b03922357cab08b7252325dfc441986a5183e1bbfba2b1e9040fb 8c4c0ba635705d8580fe2ad8b8a012c025160107252867b7b9766284add6096e42a1c109ad630a004af16067f68e38b40646 18016a6fc01e8e56f08415f64314f0273854d8445e8ff9a08a1829a2138046432a1ecb08da80210d32e728294bee543d4d1b 04d440b0327e2232021a889dd7270d62e747ac2a898b19f4c40a9be9b11a6d7a361c9dac4b3ca141c322928a99a890e557f6 86063413321b46ad3b46e0c2a04bc0213d047319e6728daa90535da43702f07d9217774803b3c627c6aab826529167510621 1690e07949958e3065a5ca11104bbb35d94fa9444f27a2aab36fd51b67f66a1b19d2eeef8df0b5635d195f0989d1c559454f d91d30f17cb45802d03466c5060ab8349e8fe57060648d5542ec792d5829af3066ae8b147aaf53661c8604168b1666905932 3fcaa8581fadd594e5f4c4d78901bfb6e7403d68836cd234be96f969834003d81128df268aca0685053e554bbfd2aebeb04e 3d148c5437fbff4ed239e687062c903e589072db3e7e8224d86d9f37b0b26a2368d06111b4b12888c40ed5c2a2c1dde1a1c5 9cfe0380fb8c0158abcd60aaed7fb3b3f0bc1240f49e0fed814f5d4146005292de8e89d5974889ddf9436ce6dad1c307b158 7d35330ebc1a197958ae6c60fc1eeec61d29c97573db46107f8220c7afbb8eba74a4abf3bbc681f80edfb0a24e7e15c06140 0301d3682a2e1c0d7868e34fbc6359a620f3341a5e4aadb32e40e70ddb8de041488675e594a93eb4202f77439ea8d2ddc846 201c0312024b2604bd4c4a98964c7c50a6c82f3369b3e3aee791914a02a0523a8ae50950ba134b47d2839f41fae4ec7c4f79 fc50512be81e748a1727992f8a2d4510aac0d5f1e4b01ea41ad11dcaa00606c378da03f5135d6ac925082f3881e30e863186 debe441f93f698a25794c090c67eede148301df8bae04eaa82d068cff9b167ab2cf23297a951222e912fddb863cdd0bba264 8062941290be1d3290ca72071d47a6cb0ee00010ad4bbd5860154b6ca2d907fd306d7064934c1b0fe389346bcbdf4d53733d 2877c1f8690e445a0d1a9655f0ee0269c7af4c0d25740c253db34cc1cc8685f75c4cff2f13d98c0dec3adb098b9d0faac49c 590a860e16711c064130ac538179115969d4449a4996aaadb319fc2ade7488844088d180f5e54a7ae2ab478c11e002b5d6ba 5c271c031f57c2bfb031b3b03af28151a6cbc141b95e1eb894ca125d0564aeb94d0228d78058f4ed2d7d7457aa4929dc413b 5da0223500869066c0048e4764c8ff0d42c8b86b43cf145480367496bdc380cd5fe2ca20716746f10d7755ede9bdfd685031 824f2db31fbf76cac987e5934f60c6af5e06c74be1d475e44d285bc3d7414fa068641a3ec6f63f61f5af16f36a1995ef3af7 6729044c900500113ac1558ceed80e6a481cca514310e4d23e6c000d25c8a57209064456152cc71b2a4de40eaaa88a293212 b3e8e5e3a78e541652e08662a8b0930d4668ebc382aab23b92ac21192a5f2b77551722710aee816b0a980c0483b833088b25 5cba6cb3b51d9bbc038ecaef796bd715f4219ee91285f5b45f4515e8b440022f551c093d0c594818bcf409cd18e970a398d9 b12c93ceeb66915ab19e95ba8f35df78841239b9a44ef03791ee2c019b5c0f82a90fbfa09613312999a3c49f6d3c9283c62c 99828ce9577e8d6d5bcd137e2e665215929fbdacfe971c1fd7e32d28c13ec65d9b05b58af56d6d1576cc45e9e6ed713e8d0d 4b1ab041861a53a83149c68506e66245144132bacc1a4163fc5acb41b994c487e3e8b008525b1f1202e7a5258c7586bb3390 3c23a6b88cd6a87c2ec2fc895f361ce6a5153e86edec2b0b245b421666b815e4f5efa360985320ab9c602845ed9e41eca037 ae210b895c268744caacabaae5f45f0d34632b99e42d5043972232515623225699551ea56784490746fd5a25bd8d0206c0ae aca739303ea9b444fbdcd5d04d2bd0d039bd4abd646a0af2e2e63b735408152a21465adb8143b2d09ec1e305a0494a3a813b e74419242cf2bbc6c91bc5940f719323e19a175f30c4065a03d00d3920de6814209cd2b79fd0af250a8103e3420d49f2af36 af593211d948f0939220ddf7127993d2100c55336cf14d3856899c259ba7c2d844bc79f90ec62c89c2206162bc03e6fac23a c661cbbcbd62a40489188d4f384c979035eb35e346081c25cfcc43f7f96fe2e38c5331fc91a1e4163d5274b29d7fc0c50678 771fc2443687d5831e1373d06610b50d8a3602de454b9447099691aabe42da3d6a0d0314c45bf9cecef365806110026f0548 b938c5bbe97c930605c106e40847f0c062e9857ca8d2501d9927431fde87401c31b530cb329db752bdeb9f5aa98abb40928c 8094b08c29ec435730e6e66c2db48ae10bb2abbd63977127e5338d7f8206eb3c04b34eb2750bebb50c8538ecf89f3b16694e 6dd1ba1150465b66d51ddb348ae762823f41998bc22da596a2d8bb045335835e6a55564d55b37ddc7442502b7b83705ad816 c7dc6166863248fb2448a20f119ff248106d65e4be3b40c8063a8c473ad439abd5d06090b235db008a3ac04afa146904f480 38e01aa47253ff4cde80545bf4ee3f18881bf4c7ea481f7a7c28869a7b6659e055bb675d982acf04af36a6ccc5244c4dc796 0d5e3a6270c269010346ed13b064d65b7daf921dc3e8f01ae92112d9bc46b1ab536308d606619c2e15f077bc86198d8698dc bf299c23416aca2a768dded1e9267871f9845f599523709181b5e7398f000f784a8888c544a049f8542308e862c0eae92403 750543cddce1fefc14cb59978964b37c250635205b56d4c9f2908660f729bd3a3e52b92afe48ca603f86532073f1873c8184 16ec221a99dcbc4a1d7e589a73a7ee734900466efc112df85565d8475a21267b5683b3a3176a62ae1451d1654f03db3a0915 f570c3d208dd394b03e17c8afdd3d345d73edc70a55b17a44ccd657d0d95cb24b5e25830252c945140cfabf30a348a6df4c9 a318678f78f85427a0d1c9450185694192a067c64e66084df0d4513d03d2ba6823cf211dc4309eacc844d2368ae1ccc08bda b800a3412d6288a6d417cda5b2acc5089484290ca2a4532c3c2edf49eec8d3bd1d6d1e417790359afa18e0d23a2221895d71 b48c0744c431619ca040c498c0d1a20eef9d8e35be01c14e1b27302c5df435201f4c8544a78b0646b644946cb3e7aaa95929 a111826b6207778a201fe22207e2ea1140bea0d8e2da680425a5a4682d410a526d06b47886f5c81b75e3310cc902982e6c81 0a62881d0b5afa130b684b6541258f5cf8a574dae99d96ae99ba20404ac4d50bd2b0894e1f99bca208f3e851800cd520e004 24c48259b2456deb7986eaa6f6c0a60ccb77ebc2a1b406c3a99fac1d844a0d38412ca8727502a3730546536290af72ebe6e2 193122bb916890390371b3aa04a67464fc8469ada87b6f5b5923d02c6ab69fef225c871a1deaf1d4892221e33668416382d5 465a08d95c2c865d001c0678bedee7ee038eb4d593143a8257db41c98b453124a54242911449188800fafd844f3c133a71c4 55c2a56fa6c8603a57e6576a204a53988b633635260d082bccbee76acdce81d12829501e58a3a42d4e86c48a72ed453004f0 6170432ba40c04e400b868d68cf7d5063449564789380d19132f94ddd922e904f2f8b9b692b90cf352b0491d1bed25cf1009 16b2033c32727d59087a908a178db936f02a5d6400da901b43aafad2e398f0c408418d13ad2c698404a5196019c744c01717 64c2803b1b495c156c54084cdd6989d66c7251a37110c27247433b3c1112c6431382fbfd7f03d3110ebf23b960279d762579 f2771f17b459b9c5f8fc4b3befc48535e0616614e49b5ba13e0e0285d80f27612f0b379a368c9018dd0180fe612239eb4832 58e0f59890061dd96136e695eeaac4b2011319198feef4d040197e4fee1a0492f93e79af49ed5f0bb3d1e09b781149e6a4d1 5925036a5f2180b3abb23dc12003db5e77712406451cd3aa5ed7dcf99eb958c31f612909a0b8536a3d8dc7a0a9c74f283053 324a312eda1a27203cd869210803a24c172913fc518f6b2e01023a1a37e4bad90963918a4cdb4707326ca700e226a3d69a9c 0563d0b89512b8e0ce9fa04cd056d28c99d93030b1a81736422ddb109134361af5fb1844b8ab0aca32b1a317a3024ac18d69 b5b58f0c8d899b71421e07894141c05c58d0c5388c10f2e44e321f8ded98f949ae82a42a40c6e43ec88dfac924c6c98a25fb 8947002343496c381abd8aff8450a9bd43c915fa609a4581026cc11c8eccc5135116d895c9a09fe870440846e30a491e55fa 3245eb0ada2cd7c8ba8a4501c01d11807599d49888ef8d176202e09286539d36f1193311956febc50e45f88a4338c505ee20 87afe1cba8a0838e9c8bc157d4510ab324ff4ec0f48c19fa15a25a5e1a96f019098e787ce2e26a71eac22c3d77c39bfbb32d 93169c848612023702da4057de08066dbab243cdc4f6d660c049d1bd64b2a7e3408bcbeb5568346e9cd55eb6adcb017e5a11 b2f91ece401821c1030bfb9d45d7f80f17800b7014907f2a22938e0f367853e3106b76553a51fee6c3ba90d2ab8860a8fa9b 0fa979ac1d52312f31e3752809e9553c5bf974e6da42d368f04d2244d662a3d3e5ed1098bd27dbdcd700fe4c8730bedc7d00 15793436a61c1aa7f06d5e3e1816352e8c94a74189fb811549f9366e1ec45d107a8907951801fbc624132c0025f94080180b 70d4c0868115d7b04844f89578409e1c06a9c66f7fcf2c46860c02cc6d63875b612ac6ef881ddd77640cb3e6f5939bbedd41 0084b9ee783e674f80dab02beb07b916e072a0a5c1e4c3aab180365d708df2de744f50bdc999c1502ee9d1424692424bfe7b 4d6f2eb2b3a610063fb8b3ce91838013756bdc8c08268159ceb510a51dd625a946334ab469f505c77e254f0ecb293c8dc19a f07be48c7b751f25b843791b981444f2dad8f6603974dd4911b4b9e9579023c671f70cc6c848ea11120e854e35d0cbdac187 9cc19277930ab5e161bab6e628aeda1b7ac4123417e43762d756999f703b9ec719905711662328bb8373d1dc993df3692616 77a2ac42275bcf0774a8198c4a4c457332c25b6f35e9c08e92095af909e8a11556ca15f1ebd4e9bef525c50347d55848b530 e5cfb46f87841a5805bf62468ed980e8a100cd929d9b3c341a04346430331f1cf18216a994616d4a34862a51043e81c5ecfd af1a022104c62c37c86cdc47804cc34f72420215274d8a53d764dd53d5b44b442e3443bf49852994d0015971abc2af9c0434 397e2b5e9509638238ebb2d6b255d0b38c10435b9a316faeda68ea8d5045322c961c20185538eac00702a8bfac4117ce95a6 f3cd8c9cb93a36a1653edb4fd0a699d9cd0bdf1c1fa121ac2a6e7b1bc20551d82a1481190069f72f6f481bc11684dcb6d1f8 178db1cc24cca5818ee286654ce53ed02a4130174442adb4a503b8606a6aa9b82e8c071764ab544023a8ea7837def16534d0 620cc48b2f7d4539e2f2212e7eca4b380098b4ad57b9091529de818f568242125d230f0e5994ee6d396a8c78ed8101de2c8b 50c5ce09168641852199882b075d24513781c791f1ada15428ac6e802d7b69e93ee9de5660a063fe92273034f9b6905d0317 c1b57749e56aff20c22d8123ffd1f150ba743358e8ce5b9b00fa951f612e3c69c6846808b2793b66260a81263ec90e52d14a f4dc069a3a84821e5aec1df9451b2ca5607e9a682487f67f7b1098b05ab9228cbc2c78fc2a3a4918d83fad1b9317602d3c08 91f5fc058ecabb78356e5b03c265ffc44797c0e70eeda299632304d8857580a07b04c06b7be5c6496e9c08a74b9e2ed06996 ce5851adecc0357fc14280bb431b283120cfc207694f8ba623ab9ebfeab03623473fe301175c102f29014a858a36bbe1c0Ecclesiastes 4670c1a4e91bcdd0ac817865231bb5e5e79c5792342351989aad668d244968e4cfc6d0064c322e7fca268a3334e89a8397d1 d1356998910625969a592678af35f21a100d1c873b1e6a645a44a40b6fcb9fb6e5d5f142f2073626870b8026d21edda74a7e 843a9862476ddca114d5a94e1e2b3970374c91484d473e04d5c29b94b8b62a4c3ea46a525e551c231cb3437b079d45d7d25a 4a47003c57a3177bb1c92b79391c08f55414191adf45ef1490eafb8028f811f59aca76bd655dea844821359eb28794aac666 8525036202b6c1d43595802f9b291b84571024659062303d43c525902c71d84545a2610d850e70a7bfcef808299d0de7726c 079114d4b249182265b1d82038ecb524fc2577423d044728ba3844cbbcf18906ecf9f47fb8a1ca27fe2989e8490482397862 f2f11353645a186c1b91cdf79f6c71d73a8d578618160ee21dcfed31be56f03d92d051ebfeb14d754e375b0fd093d1f06bc0 1227d2eb6db89a998264000eb00c4573fd2b001f02311a464883d93000b066813d32d8ff44c59da9cd42e64096b4dbc6a8a2 437db8f64d6eb02221e4b6aa77b16a10d15728469889387284c12b4eb9187268c9ad0b527d73fff40bbb54c674e90b004442 7a14ed81be04bb331c3ee00ebbc64464dbb2120480e13d7bc61155eddcc805b08618b318b02cc37d9ab5f8ef852e1c1c57de d1f8f6dcf045b0ac059169c105458b7b24090c9d5142bc95b65f11cc95c336d4a1bcc723aa7998ab73f450c19d61a77f01e1 267390ba7b00b9a3f49d556af59893022720143c2096719a17ef6b5562c7ba90ce1ba198aba06f0c4c8c33102be781300f6d 321f426997469b0a6ec0877fb1957f22d01233cc74de8fee1101c45822cd4e1b005fdea82c561bc6c338c9ab038a88694705 9540ccccdcc47fcb7d23ebdb6200947b1e44922003c9cb76840298f21174ccd9a3aadd9896733e051ff60c58bd888a6fa327 2c57aaee693f8c7316656b10e00ef68dc64af18ebb8ed8a3adf52179d293bedc6471150dd4cc9cb4470c03c31a92289804b0 0f191d3ef4e1d429820039356d1830316a4fdaacab47e5b1dc098f497a537c1b3e28d7403a27afebff4e981462d0696ac992 363c5a696165650430b6fec31d924c9df1bb6304b0ee294f12a0c4cae5ee0319e1f8362f991807d994887e50661b5a322dea 2604be80340ca8bd79e9bdb7465771050f838b7b466657f845496bb6d99324580921c4f347b2091ae750041c8d0d6816382c 3e53965413251e574306c3b618819f1201b1c17468a61458aae6ec4fe3984b598123834f7335755b538831329501a70bd685 7e1a87043aeae9cc6cefa0d8a533e24893fd918b3f27cc19457063fa8a018868a1ec57d477ac4e97cc1a4cb9439ec950e468 32c94f693139b6cf4dbbb0881f8ac70f2b1591cb134a18380c49b0be062ce0a0153f9024a4d4c5372112316e0dc85659a629 f82ac2223bf649e84660783487e68edb311b64a0732b641f08ce46803603e2dac81a48713bb106f1808bc1527c3900881328 7afc0a673c1c53f13117c49332b955f8c620387634848d513fdc7456b8f274710f3acde2a3a506327872665dac5477bec6b1 1232c7055123b5a563d935eeb8708d0badd8c1236acde55799ad3b5605b4aebbf13125cf840696d33fb530859fc4642e89ca 04101192cf3285c866754de6021455424fab3bd2a33e9e0efe8c4f923e28713f23443971b12bde0a18584e4baff1fde5a515 03446ffcf66c0eec991ab8b900548957b344cc87b654411b35d13ee2394a2ec371221e04effd0b95aa41495b4b6a321dfd9a a5b3f0c0507023d8de95427dada6dc0f180823014c31c239ab54c8213d47db7ac18496c4cb2589edd018c11b558ded738648 b16e6633dcc6543f1041c4de8b00afd56ab3ce122a07e1b027643562d18cb1b5be2720fc60bbfd5c56546a4bfa3de3205a7a 7a8f6d702d1dc3e35035e0fc8c567105cfa676cd48b2077e5d7b723432e7c481f5ef58db34e32961b4d7ee56f60135bdf085 54fa902ea2272e8acffecc86219e8e8d4379cc40768a1ef062ed1c04b301207a624531852463122bf5604d1b7652a2eb1dae e44091508b4d69039c05d05226d3e1149d40c0fc3446a1dd42a2e305a059332a44bf5a51a7dd7db3708de91b17c0519a6446 54458f29884b1b599c492d41a980dcd049ce9027a28aedc04d561a737fd6b420e8831173f966b4fc9436ede0e94550acc8a4 84593a8048618a3342461b1e6ee2855e3a909dfa72fc9845431ff7cb1d2a67134e278c019a707c80100bb24d802c1a8f5d15 1672ee26a20ec80606c3aad074008d0a642214a717e3d1123cb06cfcfc354f54206a1cb3e8de2ce1a16f2194cc8d8f4ecddc 2961660eb866082201b454a721ff0a1e7b57357209320402ed7fdb4d7e49a98a92aa469c6231adb2231d54f7ecdf5565f47e 92357160bc2cb465069c0a07a36577280c33c4ea49e7965e542e649169270f8889b8191b0b111f20cf08ec87636339bd085a f4003ece584ba311a8829bb53bb1421b30211b62ba6084120973f1a69dd31d85a57bdf6cc9231e08b03c40091a4c8a654f64 b17627d03493d584065ac4205209c1b0f8420f6d5555b7603008c0b52505e8a4ca9dfb53be414a1c7f84b54bd362035e310b d3a6ce9c906acd0d432e88020122586b212b0737cdc84429db089d7ea2052495c259bda44a1d6510e215ff281e920633eeac 89f30338320e47406b1834ace88d412a2316bff6100d76cc856bd1860a2cc6681604499ee3e8d45bde30204ec049d409b9ef 709c813127a260a83eacd7380c9e7e51dee9b970d8f70ceb4fddb186b0ea02f8154c3a46c88fb0a5cecaf07444a77d47b709 a7dd2d48d62b3047de10992b214c5df84d0a1a77dc928fa8793d38a77436c621ce9992c9f80eca0cb32e331162279a0d345c 59b This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 19. Tails—Another demoniac trait. See note on Revelation 9:10. Had heads— Alford, with justice, reprehends Elliot’s absurdly making these tails figure the “horse-tails” on the standards of the Turkish pachas. Indeed, a large share of the interpretations of the historical commentators may fairly be styled exegesis run wild. More taking, perhaps true, is the idea that the fire, smoke, and brimstone, here, are a foreshadowing of the effects of gunpowder. But they are really intended as infernal imageries correspondent to those in Revelation 9:1-2. The mouths of the horses breathed the direct destructions of war; the tails figured the resulting effects entailed by it. The tails of the horses became as serpents with biting heads at the end. A fit intimation of the devastation, poverty, demoralization, and barbarization, left behind by wars. 20. The rest—The two thirds of the profane world, not the sealed of God, (note Revelation 9:4,) remained obdurate. War punishes and reduces the number of the wicked and brings them to subjection; but it rather demoralizes than reforms the incorrigible. Repented not—Of their false religions in this verse; of their wicked practices in the next verse. The pagan adhered to his idols, the criminal to his crimes. Two classes of pagan thinkers are distinguished; those who worshipped the mere image, and those who worshipped the supposed deity it represented. Devils—Demons, which in the Greek includes both good and bad spirits. 21. Four classes of crime are named as specimens. They are crimes, not of pagan alone, but of virtual pagans, even in Christian lands. PART THIRD.THE , Revelation 10:1 to Revelation 22:7.1. THE .—Descent of the World-Angel, Revelation 10:1-2.1. And—Of the three “woe trumpets,” the first two are given in the last chapter, and the third (being the seventh of the seven trumpets) now remains to be given. But as this is the great historic trumpet, it must be preceded by a grand prelude—a presentation of a World-Angel on the scenes, announcing the wonderful contents of the trumpet, (chap. 10,) and a miniature set of symbols, shadowing in summary its events, Revelation 11:1-13. Then (Revelation 11:14-19) the trumpet sounds, and premonitions are given by heavenly voices of the glorious results to take place under that sounding. The seventh trumpet begins with the first overthrow of antichrist by Christ, Revelation 12:1, and continues through a series of such overthrows until the final judgment at Revelation 20:11. The entire contents of the seventh trumpet are, comprehensively, the world-wide contest between Christ and antichrist, in which the latter is successively overthrown. The symbols under which the opposing sides in the war are presented may be seen in the following OF THE WAR.... The man child, Christ, Revelation 12:5.The dragon, Satan, Revelation 12:3. . The Lamb, Revelation 5:6 The beast, Revelation 13:1.. The twenty-four elders, Revelation 4:4.The two-horned Lamb. . Jerusalem, the Church, the capital of Christ, Revelation 20:4.Babylon, Rome, the antichurch, the antichristic capital, Revelation 18:2.. Bride, the Lamb’s wife, Revelation 21:9.Antichrist’s harlot, Revelation 15:1 . Souls of saints enthroned, Revelation 20:4.Souls of saints beneath altar, Revelation 6:4.. New Jerusalem, Revelation 21:1.Lake of fire, Revelation 20:15.These antithetic objects, carefully noted, serve to fix, reciprocally, each other’s meaning, and verify the truth of the exegesis. The hostile presentation of antichrist and his group are Revelation 12:13. The three overthrows of antichrist are Revelation 14:1 to Revelation 20:3.Another mighty angel—In addition to the strong or mighty (for the Greek word is the same in both passages) angel who heralded the second commission, Revelation 5:2. Though this angel suggests Gabriel, as that does Michael, yet it might be rather considered as a purely symbolical personality, representing the divine providence over the world—”God in history”— overruling wrong and finally bringing out the triumph of right.But there seem to be grave reasons for supposing this angel to be, not a symbol, but a personal representative, of the third Person in the adorable Trinity. In favour of this view we submit the following points:—1. The three apocalypses are then dispensed by the three Personalities of the Trinity. We have thereby a Christophany and a virtual Pneumatophany, dominated by a central Theophany. 2. The description of the person of the angel exalts him to the representatively divine. The splendour of his appearance is described in terms far superior to those employed of any beings but the other two divine Personalities. He resembles the first in his sunlike face and his feet of burning brass. His tread upon earth and sea indicates his world-wide domain. His voice of seven thunders is counterpart to the “seven lamps” of Revelation 4:5, “which are the seven spirits.” 3. His office is that of the revealing Spirit. It is divine world-wide, world-enduring prediction. He is the commissioner of our New Testament seer, giving him the volume of the future to be amalgamated into his personal being, constituting him the prophet. He pronounces the sentence (Revelation 10:11) declaring John’s universal commission. Come down—Literally, descending out from heaven. The heaven is the upper sky over-arching the plane of mystical vision, as the earth and sea are below it. See note on Revelation 4:11. His face was as the sun; his head is wreathed with a rainbow; his chest is clad with a cloud; and from beneath its skirts his legs and feet are seen to descend as pillars of fire. Thus the grandest phenomena of nature combine to represent his majesty. 2. A little book—In contradistinction to the book of Rev 5:2, which was the full volumen or roll, which contained the entire prophecies of the apocalypse. From this little book no part of the predictions issue. It is simply a symbol of the seer’s renewed commission, which he swallows to indicate that the prophecy is within, and part of him, body, soul, and spirit. Foot… sea… earth—Each foot stands not upon the “margin” of sea and earth, but the centre of each. Nor are we to narrow the terms, with Dusterdieck and others, to the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. Earth and sea, to the seer, are a vast plain, and the form of the angel is so immense that his feet claim domain of both. He is the World-Angel, proclaiming the world’s destinies. Open—Symbolizing revelation. 2. World-Angel announces that the seventh trumpet’s sounding will finish earthly history, Revelation 10:3-7.3. A lion roareth—The most majestic sound sent forth from living nature. But the voice of the representative Angel is at once reverberated by a voice of a diviner tone. Seven thunders has in the Greek the definite article.They are co-ordinate, therefore, with the seven spirits, the seven stars, the seven churches, as a divine symbol. As these thunders are also a voice which uttered unrevealable mysteries, they seem to be the voices of none but the divine Spirit himself. The psalmist says, God thundereth marvellously with his voice. And is it not the true meaning that the lion-like roar of the representative Angel is answered by the loftier roar of God’s own voice? The literal words are: and when he cried, uttered the seven thunders their own voices. That is, the very own voices of the seven thunders were the divine response to the cry. Then as “the seven lamps” are the light, and “the seven eyes” are the omniscience of the Spirit, so “the seven thunders” are the expression of his omnipotence. Seven thunders uttered—On this mysterious passage we suggest: 1. The thunders were the utterances of that Spirit which convinces the world of sin and judgment. 2. As co-ordinate with the seven seals and trumpets, they were, being thunders, far more terrible than either. 3. They must be interpreted in close connexion between the cry of the angel preceding and his oath which follows. They must be a response to the first and be responded to by the latter. The cry was a wail of woe at man’s doom; the thunders might have been a menace of wrath at man’s sin. 4. Hence we understand the Holy Spirit as uttering the demands of absolute justice for sin; describing in terms too deep for human language the guilt of sin, the awfulness of the final sentence and doom, and the demand which absolute justice makes that execution should be immediate. To this the angel-oath responds that judgment, if not immediate, if even long delayed, is sure; for the angel swears that the seventh trumpet shall reach that result. 4. About to write—A phrase which suggests that the apostle was immediate reporter and recorder of all he heard and saw. A voice from heaven—One of the monitory directions occurring along the course of the apocalyptic movements. The thunders were God’s prophetic voice; these were divine directions for the panorama. Seal up… write them not—As if the blank space were really contained in the seer’s scroll, and could there be sealed even though by him unwritten.The seer seems about, in his simplicity, to undertake an impossible task; namely, to translate the uttered meanings of the thunders into human words. If the full import of death, judgment, and eternity could come upon our souls it would be too much for us; we would be struck by it to the earth, as Saul of Tarsus was overthrown. Only by divine mental exaltation could John receive the uttered conceptions; and when obedience induces him to purpose the writing, divine wisdom excuses and peremptorily forbids the attempt. 5, 6. Hand to heaven—The angel in Daniel 12:7 swore with both hands uplifted: in Genesis 14:22, Deuteronomy 32:40, and Ezekiel 20:5-6, and here, with but one hand upraised. Who created… therein—The oath of God’s representative World-Angel fittingly ranges over the wide creation. Time no longer—Our English translators seem to have understood the Angel as announcing the close of sublunary time. And that would make good sense, for he really does announce the judgment day. But the antithesis which that supposes between the terms time and eternity, seems not to exist in New Testament language. The real meaning is, that no delay or protracted time should intervene between the terminus of the sounding of the seventh trumpet and the judgment day. The consummation should, without delay, take place in the days of its sounding.Dusterdieck, indeed, remarks that the trumpet is not supposed to be sounding during the whole period that its events are transpiring. Like the opened seal, the trumpet momentarily announces a new series of events. That, if true, affects no interpretation. The days of the voice would then be the period the announcing voice indicates. Yet it may be said, that as the seal remained open through its whole period, so the trumpet remained sounding. The trumpets, too, in the ancient temple service were not mere announcers, but a continuous music; and the trumpets at Jericho continued their regular blowing until the city “fell down flat.” So in the days of the voice of the seventh angel shall the mystery be complete; and forthwith, the judgment day shall reveal it. 7. When he shall begin to sound—Rather, whenever he is about to sound; whensoever that sounding shall take place, and how long soever it may continue. Alford and other premillennialists deny that οταν, when, here means whenever, and insist that the mystery is finished when the trumpet begins to blow. Which, in the fact, is not true; for the dragon and beast commence their career at that point. That Alford’s Greek is at fault Mr. Glasgow clearly shows. Robinson’s New Testament Lexicon thus defines ‘Οταν: “When, with the accessory idea of uncertainty, possibility, i.q., whensoever, if ever, in case that, so often as.” On the other hand, οτε signifies more strictly when, as when an actual event truly takes place.We render the oath as follows: That there should be delay no further, but in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, whenever he is about to sound, the mystery of God shall have been finished. The antithesis lies between the further delay, and the closing with the close of the trumpet period.The purpose of the oath is to express, not the immediacy of the second advent, but its surety. The absolute justice demanded by the seven thunders, however slow, is certain. This slowness appears in the deliberate phrases in the days, whenever, and μελλει, is about to, wrongly translated shall begin. Yet sure as that trumpet shall sound it shall be followed by no delay, for the mystery is closed, and the case is made up for final judgment. Mystery of God—In his plan of retribution to the righteous and the wicked. Perhaps there is a slight reference to the mystery as uttered by the seven thunders and sealed up by divine command, as above recorded. Prophets—The mysteries of divine judgment are the burden of prophecy from Enoch to John. 3. The third prophetic commission bestowed on St. John , vv8-11.8. The object of the appearance of the commissioning angel to John now becomes apparent. It is to give him HIS THIRD to unfold to the world the prophetic volumen which the angel’s utterances have indicated. The voice which I heard, in Revelation 10:4. Go—The seer is standing on the plane of vision, note Revelation 5:14; the angel’s feet are on the lower ground of earth and sea. It might be easy for him to move to the level of the angel’s hand, and take the little book. 9. Eat it up—Receive it within thee, and assimilate within and to thyself. Be impregnated with the prophetic power, as the great final seer of the New Testament. 10. In my mouth sweet—Since it is sweet to possess the prophetic gift in the mouth. In my belly bitter—From the bitterness of the scenes and events which the prophetic gift discloses in the future. Gratifying and honourable was the prophetic office; painful and trying its exercise among men. 11. He said—Alford prefers the reading they say: the meaning is the same. The direction, as in Revelation 10:8, was divine. And the plural divine Unanimity from which John receives the commission seems to confirm the thought that it comes from the Trinitarian Unity. Again—As over against the entire previous apocalypse. He had, instrumentally, prophesied through the seven-church cycle, the seven-seal cycle, and six of the trumpet-cycle. But so all-comprehending is this SEVENTH TRUMPET that a fresh order is given to commence again. Before—See note on Revelation 22:16. The grandeur of the audience before which he was to prophesy is now unfolded. Not in person, but in the record, he is to be a world-wide and world-long prophet. Many peoples—That prophecy should be heard among many unorganized peoples; be accepted by many organized and powerful nations; be translated into many tongues; and rule in power over many kings. And the number four expresses the earth-wide extent of his prophetic office. How wonderfully have the terms of this commission been fulfilled! For it is plain that the prophecy refers not to oral utterance, but to the written record which the seer was now in the process of preparing. And wonderful is the fulfilment of this four-fold extension, in the spreading of this prophecy in our own day to the four great quarters of the globe. 1. There was given me—By what giver is not said, (as in Revelation 6:11; Revelation 8:2;) doubtless by an invisible yet divine donor, the gift coming visibly as by panoramic spontaneous movement. A reed—The light-jointed plant that grows in marshy grounds. It was an emblem of feebleness, (Matthew 11:7;) used as a mock sceptre for Jesus, (Matthew 27:29-30;) as an instrument for writing by our John himself. 3 John 1:13. A rod—A staff for walking; or a rod for chastising; or, probably, here, a sceptre or baton of office, as Aaron’s rod. Hebrews 1:8; Revelation 2:27; Psalms 2:9. This fragile reed, the emblem of a humble Christianity, was yet a sceptre mighty to take a divine measurement of human things. That measurement could be either, as here, severe and critical, or, as in Revelation 21:15, an appreciation of a glorious wonder. And the angel stood—These words are to be rejected as a false reading. The angel disappears at the close of the last chapter, and the scene changes.Before the seer appear, (note Revelation 4:11,) in gradual development, the temple or holy house; the altar of incense, which was in it; then the court, which surrounded it; and, finally, the city, which embraced the whole. The main progress is from the less in size to the greater, but from the greater in sacred importance to the less. Measure— Take a divine and critical estimate of its present value and amount. Saying—In the Greek (omitting the angel) there is no immediate subject-noun with which this saying agrees, save rod. And some, as Wordsworth, have accordingly made the rod utter the direction and predictions which follow, just as the altar speaks in Revelation 9:13. But even then the saying, no doubt, refers to the invisible giver of the rod.The saying embraces the predictions, in future tense, to Revelation 11:10; and then, at Revelation 11:11, the seer commences his past tense, yet so commences as, with exquisite skill, to take in the predictions as part of the narrative. The whole could be read in the past tense as one narration. Rise—Not as if he had been sitting or kneeling, but as moving him to action from the reverie during which the change of scene had taken place. Temple… altar—The inmost places of the true Church of God. Them that worship—The true living Church of the saints. The measurement is an authentication of their trueness. The authoritative rod, or sceptre, is also a reed, or pen, that writes a divine endorsement. Happy the Church whom the measuring reed endorses. 2. The court—The enclosure, or yard, in which the holy temple stands. Measure it not—For, though formerly the true Church, it is not now the pure Church, but the apostate. Revelation 11:2. Is given—By divine judgment on account of apostasy. Unto the Gentiles—For in the apocalypse Israel is the Christic Church, and the Gentiles are antichristic. The holy city—Same as the beloved city of Rev 20:9, of which the holy city of Mat 27:53 is typical.And here we may notice the futility of the argument drawn from this phrase to prove that the literal Jerusalem was still standing. It might just as well be argued that the great city of Rev 11:8—that is, the literal old Babylon, the type of antichrist’s capital—was still standing. It might even be argued, just as reasonably, that the beloved city of Rev 20:9 was standing at the time of John’s vision. Tread under foot—In ancient times cities were often built at the base around some high, steep hill, on the summit of which a citadel or strong fort was built. So Athens was built upon the plain surrounding the Acropolis. When the city was attacked in war this citadel furnished the last stronghold for the defenders. The lower city might be trodden under foot by the besiegers, while the citizen soldier firmly held the summit. See note on Revelation 20:9. So here, they that worship held the temple, while the Gentiles trod the city under foot. Few, but faithful, the heroes of the holy Church held the fort during the siege. Forty and two months—A tolerably long siege for a literal citadel to endure. It is typical of the period when the powers of antichrist tread down the capital of Christ’s kingdom. The symbol appears to be based upon our Lord’s words in Luke 21:24. For the forty-two months see our Introduction on numbers of the apocalypse, and note on Revelation 13:5.We have now (3-12) the typical picture of heroic Christian martyrdom during the period of apostasy. Even in the midst of the gentilized city there are two unterrified yet dying witnesses. Their number, two, is based on the duality of ministry and church. Yet they are miniatured, or diminished, as two, to signalize their faithfulness and to centralize our sympathy on their heroic loneliness in the midst of apostate surroundings. Deep and glorious is the lesson for the faithful witnesses of the truth amid ages of darkness. b. The martyr two witnesses=the faithful few, Revelation 11:3-6.3. Give power—It was to be expected that in the midst of Gentiles these witnesses would hush in silence. Their enemies are thousands, and they are but two. But they have the “gift of power,” and their prophecy will ring through the streets of the city through the whole long, dark period. My— The word implies that the speaker is God, and that these witnesses are claimed as his own. See note Revelation 11:1. Hence this word is incorrectly quoted by Dusterdieck as an instance in which an angel abruptly speaks the words of God as his own, as a precedent for such an interpretation of Rev 22:10, where see note. Prophesy—All true preaching is prophecy, for it predicts man’s future destiny, and comes from a divine power. The whole gospel is a solemn prophecy. Clothed in sackcloth— An emblematic garb, symbolizing humiliation and grief, especially of the repentant kind. Hence it was worn by the prophets who preached repentance to a guilty generation. The garment represented the humiliation which the sins of the age required. It was usually made of coarse hair. and used for sacks, and also for straining out liquids. Elijah and John the Baptist wore sackcloth. 2 Kings 1:8. 4. Two candlesticks—The candlestick, in this book, uniformly represents a church, and the olive trees which supply the oil naturally represent the ministry. Hence the witnesses, as the impersonation of these two bodies, are two. Nothing is more common than the impersonating a collective body in an individual. In this book a nation is a beast, a corrupt church is a harlot. A testifying church and a testifying ministry are two witnesses.The imagery is based, with free modifications, upon Zechariah 4:2-13. The prophet there sees two candlesticks, (or rather lamps,) into which two olive trees are pouring, through pipes, their golden oil. And these are there said to represent “the two anointed ones that stand by the Lord of the whole earth.” These two are Joshua, representing the priesthood, and Zerubbabel, representing the nation. Before the God… earth—Like prime-ministers before their divine Sovereign. 5. And—The imagery of these two verses seems to be based upon the history of Elijah. Will—Rather, wills, or purposes to. Fire—In 2 Kings 1:10; 2 Kings 1:12, fire came down from heaven, yet at the words of Elijah’s mouth. The powerful physical images under which the divine judgments following the rejected ministries of the evangelic witnesses need not perplex us. Physical miracles of far more gigantic figure are ascribed to the dragon Revelation 12:4, and to the beast Revelation 13:13-15. When even so sober a commentator as Alford is in profound doubt whether these two witnesses are not two literal men, who will in the future perform these physical miracles, and go through a martyrdom and miraculous resurrection after three days and a half, we are at once amazed and amused. Why not make the beast a real animal and his image a real automaton, by which physical miracles are wrought?The sacred thought that underlies these physical images is easily disclosed by the ordinary laws of analogy. The fire that proceedeth out of the mouth of the evangelical prophet is forked. That is, it is alternative in its power; it must burn up the man’s sins or burn up his soul. He who hurts the prophets, by damaging the truth he represents, is devoured by that fire. It is the man, and not the sin, that dies. That the wages of rejecting the truth is death is so immutable a law that the speaker gives it an emphatically-repeated utterance. 6. As the individual judgment upon rejection of the gospel prophecy is given in Revelation 11:5, so now we have the public judgments. The firmament of God’s goodness becomes brass, and the genial showers of mercy descend not. Waters… blood—Nay, the very mercies of God, designed for our life and happiness, are transformed, by the divine judgments, to the very image and essence of curse. The very gospel, the water of life, proves to be the stream of death. As often as they will—Which will, since they are but the embodiments of divine truth, is simply the expression of God’s law. This absoluteness of their power of inflicting judgments is the absoluteness of the divine justice, not of their personal caprice. And all their power of infliction is simply the power of annunciation, sure to be fulfilled by the divine power. It was thus that Elijah burned up the fifties; and thus that Peter struck Ananias dead. It is thus that the Christian prophet, in the true performance of his duties, slays men and nations. His word kills, because God within the word kills, according to the word. What kills all men is just this word, “The soul that sinneth, it shall die.” c. Their destruction by the beast, and resurrection triumph and avenging, Revelation 11:7-13.7. When they—The martyr witnesses of the apostate period. Shall… finished—Both individually and collectively. Each individual finishes his testimony and is slain. But, collectively, the entire body represented by the two is slain when the period is completed. The individual death of the two represents or symbolizes the collective death, in series, of the whole. If two represent the whole, then their martyrdom represents the martyrdom of the whole. The beast—Premonition of the beast of Rev 13:11-18. And the two witnesses answer to the “killed” of Revelation 11:15. And their martyrdom is type of the collective martyrdoms of the true witnesses through the whole period. 8. The great city—In opposition to the holy city of Rev 11:2; and so identical with the Babylon of Rev 14:9, the antichristic capital. Lie in the street—Picture of most dishonouring exposure. The defeat of the reformation is in its hour of defeat the object of derision through all the ranks of the apostasy. Spiritually called—The word figurative is the opposite to literal, and the word spiritual, as an epithet for language, is opposed to secular. Secularly the great city is called Babylon, but in the dialect of the spirit it is a Sodom, an Egypt. Babylon is called Sodom as the seat of licentiousness, whose end was to be burned. Revelation 19:3, compared with Genesis 19:28. And is called Egypt, as the cruel oppressor of God’s people, from which they were called to come out, Revelation 18:4. Where… crucified—Stuart, Gebhardt, and others, consider this clause as demonstrating that Jerusalem is the great city. But, 1. All the references to Jerusalem in the Apocalypse make her a symbol of the holy. She is “the city of God,” Revelation 3:12; “the holy city,”Revelation 11:2; the “beloved city,” Revelation 20:9; the “holy city,”Revelation 22:19. And so, also, the Jews and Israel are throughout a type of the true Church. 2. On the other hand, in every case the “great city” is Babylon, Revelation 14:8; Revelation 17:18; Revelation 18:16; see also, Revelation 16:19; Revelation 18:10; Revelation 18:19. So uniform a use, in both cases, cannot but be decisive. 3. Our Lord was truly crucified, not indeed in the literal and local, but in the mystical or spiritual, “Babylon.” Literal and fallen Jerusalem was within the limits, and part of, that Babylon, as being part of the Roman Empire as belonging to antichrist, and as where Roman hands crucified the Saviour. The also implies that our Lord’s being crucified is viewed as a martyrdom in addition to that of the saints slain in the great city. 9. Three days and an half—A miniature of the forty and two months, or three years and a half of Rev 11:2; being “a day for a year.” It is an adverse number, the sacred seven broken into two equal parts. The reduction to a miniature amount, corresponds both to the miniature reduction of the witnesses to two, and to the necessary brevity of time for a corpse to lie unburied. 10. Send gifts—As if the day of their death were a festival, a Christmas, or a new-year, when presents are made among friends. Tormented—Tired, perplexed, or harassed them with a testimony against their sins and dogmas. 11. Spirit, or breath of life; said to be from God, as miraculously descending into their bodies, and producing resurrection. Fear—A deep and awful transformation of their joy into terror. And the terror of the persecutors was the triumph of the martyrs. 12. Great voice from heaven—Life from God gave them their resurrection; a voice from God their ascension. Hither—Into the presence of God, the highest firmament, the most excellent glory. Note, Revelation 4:11. In a cloud—Rather in the cloud, the airy region of vapour and dimness. Enemies beheld them—As crowned with divine approbation and rising in triumph to the blessed abodes.Alford remarks that “no attempt has been made to explain this ascension by those who interpret the witness figuratively of the Old and New Testament,” as Wordsworth, or as “calling up to political ascendency and power.” We think the figurative “explanation” not only easy and natural in the “attempt,” but in the accomplishment. The imagery, like that in Revelation 11:5, is borrowed from the history of Elijah; whose ascension, like that of these witnesses, was a divine token of endorsement and triumph. It thence stands in perfect analogy with the ascension of the man-child, who mounts to the throne to rule in ever-completing triumph and power over his adversaries, ultimately to put them all under his feet. Note Revelation 12:5. It is, then, correspondent to the triumphant reign of souls in Revelation 20:4, the millennium which takes place in consequence of the victory of the warrior-king Messiah over antichrist, in Revelation 19:11-21. It is true, that the reign of these two martyrs is in glorified bodies rather than in disembodied souls; but that arises from the parallelism with Enoch and Elijah, and is not to be held literally. Their ascension is simply the figure of the triumph and overruling power of the cause for which they suffered. And this correspondence with the reign of martyred “souls,” be it specially noted, is part of the outlined identity of this chapter with the entire predictive history of all that follows in the book. 13. Earthquake—Anticipative image, in miniature, of the overthrow of Babylon, completed at close of chapter 19. Tenth part… seven thousand—Says Gebhardt, “A city, the tenth part of which is destroyed by an earthquake which slays 7,000 persons, can only be a real city,” that is, not a symbolical city. But the very exactitude of the round numbers ought to have warned the commentator of numerical symbol. No earthquake ever carefully smote down a city to the precise tenth part; so also, that the number of men slain was the cube of ten multiplied by seven. And by Gebhardt’s interpretation this ought to have been the literal fact with the literal Jerusalem. The writer who has not carefully studied the symbolical numbers of the Apocalypse will never attain its true interpretation.If ten is a symbol of universality, then one tenth indicates that but a minority of the secular dominions of the earth will be plunged into absolute destruction in the great closing contest. As to the number of the slain men, the cube of ten raises our thoughts to a great number, yet limited by the divine seven. The universality of the ten refers to their universal diffusion through the secular world. All these limitations correspond with the fact, that in the final battle, while the destruction is great, yet the survivors are in still greater numbers, consisting of “the nations” of Revelation 19:15; Revelation 20:3; Revelation 20:8, who still remain undestroyed and roll on their generations. Affrighted—Were filled with salutary fear resulting in their conversion and entrance into the millennial age of Rev 20:1-6. Gave glory— From fear to praise. The God of heaven—Whose spirit of life awakened the witnesses to a resurrection, and whose great voice bid them come by ascension into heaven. It may be rather hinted than explicitly narrated; yet all this hint is a fair miniature of what in chapters 19 and 20 is a full portraiture. And we trust we have made it clear to our readers that this passage (1-13) is an outline sketch of the victorious struggle of Christ with antichrist, of which the coming chapters are prophetic history.The correspondences of the two appear in the following :—The temple, the true Church. = The mystical temple and Jerusalem, Revelation 14-16. The beast. = The beast, Revelation 13:1.The two persecuted witnesses. = The saints persecuted by the beast, Revelation 13:7; Revelation 13:16-17.Slain three days and a half. = Martyred three and a half years, or 1260 days, Revelation 13:5. Resurrection of witnesses. = Reign of souls of martyrs, Revelation 20:4. Overthrow of city. = Downfall of Babylon, Revelation 16:19-21.“Remainder gave glory to God.” = Millennial triumphs, Revelation 20:3-4. II. THE SEVENTH (third Woe) TRUMPET SOUNDS; WARS OF CHRIST AND , Revelation 11:14.14. The second woe—The three woes, announced in Revelation 8:13, are the last three of the seven judgments of the seven trumpets. Quickly— By a rapid movement of the apocalyptic panorama, symbolizing that the fulfilment comes with a divine rapidity.The seventh trumpet covers the entire period of consecutive historic prophecy of the book. It forms with its Angelophany and new prophetic inauguration in chap. 10, and its outline and prelude in this eleventh chapter, the entire Third Part of the book. It most properly opens with the present solemn announcements in heaven and earth. The true, clear, divine story is now to be told.Heavenly voices chant a triumphal anticipation of its contents, 15-19. 15. Great voices in heaven—Alford suggests that these voices were from the four living beings as distinguished from the twenty-four elders.” But that destroys the mysterious beauty of the apostle’s thought, which is, that the voices rolled and reverberated spontaneously through the heavens with no apparent utterer. They were as if the celestial spaces spake them. Kingdoms—The preferable reading seems to be kingdom, in the singular, of course including the italic repetition of the word inserted by the translators. The world’s kingdom, no longer the devil’s kingdom, has become God’s and his Christ’s kingdom.Throughout this lofty prelude, the consummation of the entire events of the seventh trumpet is announced as already completed. The utterers take their mental stand-point at the end of the whole history, and contemplate its future completion as already past. This is the prophetic future-preterite; the past tense for the future.The sounding of the trumpet is of course the signal for the panorama of symbols to move on. The announcement of the heavenly voices utters in one sentence the glorious result of the whole movement, and is the signal for the profound worship and thanksgiving of the elders which follow. 16. Elders—Representatives of the universal Church in heaven and earth. Notes on Revelation 6:4. Their faces—First rising and then prostrating before God; not even lifting up the face. So profound and so one is their thanksgiving over this sure consummation. The heart of the whole Church of God feels the inexpressible joy of this grand certainty, that the dark problem of the world is solved in the final triumph of good. 17. Hast taken… hast reigned—That is, will take and will reign (future-preterite) in the period signalized by the peal of this seventh trumpet. So glad is the prospect, so sure the final accomplishment, that the spirit of the utterers is transported to the close, and contemplates the battle as already fought and the glorious crown as already won and worn. 18. Nations were angry—On the side of antichrist they will rally in arms against God and the Lamb. Wrath is come—In the terrible carnage of Rev 19:11-21, and the fire from heaven of Rev 20:9.Judged— Revelation 20:11. 19. To this divine ascription there is given from God a divine response, not uttered to the ear, but shown to the eye. The temple (see note Revelation 4:11) is the same as in Revelation 11:2, but not as same symbol. It here stands, as in Revelation 15:5, (see note,) for the literal temple, and in the holiest of that temple is the testament—divine covenant—by which God pledges himself to his people for the final triumph of good in glory. In answer to the predictive thanksgiving of the elders’ worship, God displays that covenant. He answers not a word, he only shows his pledge; as much as to say, “You see that MYSELF am bound for the consummation you predict.” Lightnings… hail—All the most powerful elements of nature pour forth their celebration over this pledge of the final glorification of nature with man.The panorama moves on, and the two great princes of good and of evil appear in antithesis. This is the beginning of the scenic war. OF THE WAR, Revelation 12:1 to Revelation 13:18.Satanic dragon and man child Christ, Revelation 12:1-6.1. And—In the opening of this chapter three representative beings appear on the scene. The man child, Christ; the mother; and the dragon, ready to devour the child. The grouping at once suggests the source whence the symbolism is drawn. We at once think of the virgin mother, the infant Jesus, and the murderous Herod. Yet the subsequent wilderness history of the woman shows that the virgin is here introduced as a symbol of the Church; that as Herod is not actually named, the dragon is truly the literal Satan, and that the man child is truly Christ. Yet the habiliments of the dragon show that he is Satan as representative of pagan Roman antichrist, and the man child is Christ as representative leader in the battle against antichrist. As the woman is symbol, and the Herod is symbol, so the man child is here symbol. Alford is right in insisting that “the man child is the Lord Jesus Christ and none other,” (not Constantine, nor any other Roman emperor;) but he is wrong in ignoring the plain fact, that both Christ and the dragon are here representatives of Christianity and paganism in the Roman world; that the battle here is truly between the two great causes, and that the overthrow of the dragon is the downfall of paganism.As the beast of Rev 13:1, is the specific antichrist of the New Testament, according to the apocalypse, so Gebhardt holds the dragon to be rather anti-god. This may in due degree be admitted. The paganism of the Old Testament, and even as it laps over into the New, is opposed not so much to Christ as to God. It supplies a rival, and denies the true divine existence. Yet, by another view, as Christ is the Jehovah of the Old Dispensation, so the anti-god is, through all ages, the lineal antichrist. See introductory note to 2 Thessalonians, chap. 2. We might, then, (and some of our readers may prefer the view,) reckon the contest with the dragon as part of the coming anti-christic war, and so reckon four rather than three “overthrows of antichrist.” Yet as the man child and the dragon are here presented as the two powers which, after this antecedent contest, are reserved in the background as the source, inspiration, and controllers of the manifest war, we prefer to consider this contest as preludial, introduced to show the genesis of the main war and to authenticate the personalities introduced in the next chapter as the combatants; thereby leaving but three main “overthrows.” There appeared—From the symbolic heaven, where the panorama was in action, the seer looks upward to a higher ethereal region, the atmospheric heaven, where the woman, and subsequently the dragon, appear; yet higher still, the third heaven, is the throne whither the child was caught up. Note Revelation 4:11. Wonder—Rather, sign, token, symbol, a phenomenon significant of some idea. So 1 Corinthians 14:22; Matthew 12:39; Matthew 24:3. Sun—In the gorgeous imagery investing the woman is truly to be seen a recognition of the unparalleled honour of the blessed virgin in becoming the mother of the Incarnate. Sad as is the error of the Romanistic adoration of her person, no reaction of thought should prevent our recognising the due honour which Scripture pays her. And one honour is, that she is clearly here the basis of the symbol of the Church in its struggle with paganism. Note on Matthew 1:18.There is an apparent incongruity in the Church’s being here the mother of Christ and also, hereafter, the bride of Christ. But the two are to be separated in thought as different symbols. The maternal symbol of the Church is a specialty, terminating at a particular historic point. The bridal symbol comes from another region of thought, and extends into the final glorification. Clothed with the sun—”Invested,” Newton well says, “with the rays of the sun of righteousness.” The moon—The symbol of sublunary change, over and upon which the ideal Church stands exalted.Crown of twelve stars—The twelve apostles, under whom she stands as the apostolic Church. The three orders of heavenly luminaries combine to do her homage. Robed with the sun, and crowned with the stars, she stands on the moon—her silver pedestal. While each of these investments may have its symbolic import, the clustering of the whole is to render glorious the personified Church. The dragon, on the contrary, in a different hemisphere of the firmament, is clothed in no such glory, but equipped with symbols of power and fierceness. 2. Cried—Even in her celestial exaltation the woman is writhing in womanly agony. Type of how divine a thing is human maternity! Science may find in it but an animal process of “evolution;” but as the incarnation showed what divinity there is in humanity, so the maternity of the incarnate shows what a divine type is stamped upon human birth. 3. Dragon—Name and shape allude to the Edenic serpent. With this primitive serpent the present dragon is very expressly identified in Revelation 12:9, and again re-identified in Revelation 20:2. He is the personal Satan, Revelation 12:9, arrayed in the skin of the Roman empire. So Rome’s great predecessor, Egypt, Ezekiel 29:3, is a dragon: “I am against thee, Pharaoh, the great dragon that liest in the midst of its rivers.” Probably the physical reference is to the crocodile. In the second and third centuries of our era the dragon was adopted as a Roman ensign, and is thus described by Ammianus Marcellinus: “The dragon was covered with purple cloth, and fastened to the end of a pike gilt and adorned with precious stones. It opened its wide throat, and the wind blew through it; and it hissed, as if in a rage, with its tail floating in several folds through the air.”—Elliott. Red—Fire-coloured, not blood-coloured; yet indicating both his slaughterous character and his hellish origin. The seven heads subsequently referred, physically, to the seven hills of Rome, (Revelation 17:9,) and politically to the seven great empires of which Rome is the sixth and seventh. Notes Revelation 17:10. It is clear that the dragon is here symbol of Roman paganism, as the woman is symbol of the Christianity that paganism would destroy. The ten horns refer, perhaps, basally, to the ten kingdoms into which the Roman empire immediately fell, analogous to the ten toes of Daniel’s image, and ultimately to the universality of modern nations. Notes Revelation 17:12-14. It is a remarkable inconsistency in Alford that he admits the symbolism of the woman as the Christian Church, and yet ignores that of her antagonist, the dragon, as heading the antichurch of antichrist. And yet it is notable how antithetically our seer places before us the two in position in Revelation 12:1-4, before he proceeds to narrate the action. 4. Third part of the stars—Allusively based on the history of the fallen angels, and given here to magnify the dragon’s power. 5. Rule… iron—A prediction taken from Psalms 2:9, and vividly quoted as fulfilled in Revelation 19:15. Caught up… throne—The resurrection, as well as the birth, is given not as literal history, but as the basis of symbol. The infant Jesus is exalted to the divine throne to symbolize that infant Christianity is to triumph, not only over paganism, but over all other opposing powers. In his note on Acts 1:1-2, Alford has beautifully shown (see our note there) that Christ’s ascension was an exaltation to rule as Head of the Church and Lord of the world. And the representative character herein of the man child is verified by Revelation 2:26-27 : “He that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto the end, to him will I give power over the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to shivers: even as I received of my Father.” While it is extreme for Elliott or Newton to identify the man child as being Constantine, it is not too much to say that according to this promise the man child on the divine throne does represent the triumph of Christianity over Roman paganism, in which Constantine was a principal figure. And thus the symbolic exaltation of the man child, of the two witnesses, and of the emparadised “souls” of Revelation 20:4, all signify the same thing—namely, the victory of the cause by them represented. 6. Fled into the wilderness—Commentators think that this is said in anticipation of Rev 12:14; but the time-periods in both verses are not precisely identical. This verse tells what became of the woman while the firmamental fight lasts; Revelation 12:14 tells what, after the dragon’s fall. The two flights seem to be somewhat different. In this she fearfully flees; in Revelation 12:14 she is eagle-winged and flies. Note Revelation 12:14. 2. Firmamental war—the dragon cast to earth, Revelation 12:7-17.7. War in heaven—These symbols are, doubtless, drawn from the holy tradition so often alluded to in Scripture, that Satan was once a heavenly angel and fell from his first estate. (Jude 1:6.) The traditional account is, of course, modified to suit the symbolical purpose. Michael— Mentioned in Daniel 10:13; Daniel 10:21; Daniel 12:1, as “one of the chief princes,” and champion for the Jewish people against adverse powers. And as in the apocalypse Jerusalem is the Christian Church, and Jews are Christians, so Michael, “the archangel,” (Jude 1:9,) is champion for Christ and Christianity. He is not, as Hengstenberg claims, Christ himself. For in this scene Christ is the man child on the throne, and overcoming his adversary through “the archangel,” the heroic general of his forces. The signification of Michael’s name—”Who is like God?”—suggests, not that he is God, but the champion and challenger for God; just as the parody, “Who is like the beast?” is not uttered by the beast himself, but by his admirers. The forces on both sides are angels. The dragon’s being in the firmamental heaven, means that he was ruling over the Roman world as the impersonation of paganism. 9. Great dragon was cast out—As if with exultant feeling the seer reiterates the fact of his expulsion, giving his name in full, and making sure that we know that he is the very ancient devil. And when he emerges from his long concealment at Revelation 20:2, he is identified with the same list of titles. Cast out into the earth—From being a supreme ruler he is humbled to be an angry, groveling, earthly persecutor. Paganism ceased to be the religion of the Roman empire by the edict of Milan, under Constantine, A.D. 313, and its rites were prohibited by Theodosius the Great, A.D. 392. This was the completed downfall of the pagan dragon. 10. And a similar exultation rings through heaven. A loud voice—He hears the voice but knows not the utterer. Yet apparently it comes from the redeemed spirits of the previous martyrs under pagan supremacy, now in paradise; for Christians on earth are to them our brethren. Now—In the glad hour of the pagan dragon’s downfall. Sublime is their song even over an incomplete victory; for it is a special instalment of that salvation, strength, kingdom, power, which shall be terrenely exhibited in their reign on earth, (Revelation 20:4,) and consummated in Revelation 21:22. Thus far the pagan dragon had impeded their power; he has fallen from heaven, but survives, alas, on earth and sea. Revelation 12:12. Accused them—As Satan did Job. Satan suggested the accusation that Christians who opposed the pagan gods were atheists; charged them with atrocious crimes, and brought terrible persecutions upon them. 11. They overcame him—For Michael’s victory was their victory; since they are the literal of whom the woman was symbol. And this victory on earth Christians won by faith in the blood of the Lamb, as well as by their unshrinking testimony against the idols and for Christ. They loved not (or, as Alford well puts it, they carried their not-love of life) unto death— They so persisted in not loving life as to attain martyrdom. 12. Rejoice, ye heavens—As if these rejoicing martyr-spirits called for a joyful response from all their co-celestials, human or angelic. Woe to earth and sea (as the true reading is) since they are to be the scenes of the bestial war. Devil is come down—Paganism in its downfall is full of wrath, feeling that it has but a brief period for recovering the supremacy. That ended with the death of the Emperor Julian, A.D. 363. 13. Persecuted the woman—We might have expected, that after the dragon’s expulsion from heaven the woman would be restored to her original place in the sky. That was still her right place; but the influence and power of the dragon, doubtless, it is, which really bring her to the earth until the war is over. 14. Two wings of a great eagle… wilderness—There seems to be a double allusion here: to Israel’s sojourn in the wilderness, and to the flight of the blessed mother of Jesus through the same wilderness to Egypt, as driven by Herod. Of the former, Jehovah said to Moses, approaching Sinai, Exodus 19:4, “Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles’ wings, and brought you unto myself.” The woman came down from her high place in heaven, but it was on Jehovah’s wings, in order to be borne to a place of security as well as humiliation. Not that she is carried by the eagle; but the eagle’s wings are put on her, and she flies with them of herself, eagle-winged. That she might fly—in regard to the flight of the woman into the wilderness we may note, 1. That it was under fear of paganism, even after the pagan dragon was overthrown. Even under the Christianized empire, therefore, there was a powerful pagan influence repressive of a pure Christianity. This arose from two sources: First, The remains of pagan principle and practice in the national Church assuming the various forms of Mariolatry, wafer-worship, saint-adoration, pope-worship, and ritual. Second, The paganism of the nations of Northern Europe, who filled the atmosphere of the world with a pagan malaria. 2. The wilderness is at once the repressed power of the Church at home and her difficulty in struggling with the pagan nations of Europe for their conversion. 3. But her flying is mentioned twice, Revelation 12:6; Revelation 12:14. The first is a fleeing in fear, and refers to the humble and persecuted, yet spiritually-prospering, obscurity of the Church before the pagan downfall, and in anticipation of her 1260-day period. The second is a divine flying, with God-given wings, into the wilderness, with a divinely-provided nourishment. This alludes to the missioning of Christianity, especially northward, by which she not only, with obscure perseverance, converted the tribes that settled in Italy, but spread her power through the forests of central and northern Europe. Thus she fled from the dragon in fear; she flew to the wilderness, both spiritual and literal, of Europe with hope; she was divinely sustained, and was helped to prosperity and even victory by the very pagan earth. Yet the spirit and power of paganism contrived to overlie the Church, even after these victories, and her wilderness state remained through the “dark ages.” Though thus borne on eagles’ wings, yet her home is the wilderness. For Rome is still Babylon. Even after a Christian emperor was seated on the throne, a quasi-paganism was still able to struggle for ascendency, and at court a semi-pagan Christianity but too much prevailed. The pure Church, therefore, retired like raven-fed Elijah to the mystic wilderness. For a time, and times, and half a time—That is, for a season, (or year,) two seasons, and half a season; that is, three years and a half; or (Revelation 12:6) 1260 days. This 1260-day period appears five times in the apocalypse. The origin of this use of this period seems to be found in the famine in Israel in the time of Elijah, which our Lord in Luke 4:25, and James 5:17, fix at three years and a half. But this could only be an approximation; for a famine neither begins nor ends on an exact day. And similarly, when adopted as a measurement in prophecy, the events will be found in their nature equally gradual in their commencement and termination, and the number must be viewed as simply an approximation. A similar period is adopted by Daniel 7:25; Daniel 12:7.Elliott and others maintain that these five passages in the apocalypse designate the same time and train of events. But plainly two of them (Revelation 12:14-15) designate the period of the dragon’s terrene troubling of the Church, and three of them (Revelation 11:2-3; Revelation 13:5) the supremacy of the beast.This dragon-period is the time after the firmamental overthrow of the dragon in which he oppresses the Church, Revelation 12:13; Revelation 12:17. That is, it includes the time of the power of paganism in and over the Church, after paganism had ceased to rule imperially supreme. And certainly, measuring from the downfall of paganism under the reign of Constantine, we find that an approximate 1260-year period will bring us to the Reformation. And the Reformation was the establishment of an anti-pagan Church. The Roman “beast” still sustained a paganism in his own domain, for his period of domination was yet continuing. But the reformed Church completely expelled paganism from her limits. Christianity became established beyond all danger in the Roman empire about A.D. 325; and in 1588 the defeat of the Spanish armada placed the permanence of the Reformation beyond question. Constantine published the edict of Milan, by which Christianity was freed from persecution, in 313; and 1260 years bring us to 1573, when Protestantism was in full possession of all those States that became permanently Protestant. 15. Water as a flood—It cannot reasonably be denied that the antithetic terms water and earth are here figurative, as is the dragon. Water, as a figure, symbolizes the moving and unstable human populations; and earth, the steady and solid human state. The dragon, therefore, pouring from his mouth the water upon the woman, must signify paganism pouring a hostile horde upon the Christian communion; and the aid derived from the earth must designate the support of Christianity by the settled and civilized people. And so did pagan Europe pour her hosts of barbarians down upon Christianized Italy. And the Christianized earth so aided the Church as to secure her triumph over paganism. 16. Earth… swallowed up the flood—Instead of barbarism swallowing up civilization, civilization conquered barbarism. Instead of paganism extinguishing Christianity, Christianity converted paganism. The Roman earth absorbed the barbarian peoples, and Christianity firmly walked over Europe and transformed it to a Christendom. 17. Dragon was wroth—Paganism long maintained an angry and desperate struggle for supremacy. War with… seed—Who maintained the testimony of Jesus himself over wafer-worship and Mariolatry during the beast-period.Dusterdieck denies that the woman is symbol of the Church; maintaining that this whole scene of chapter 12 is a picture showing who are the true adversaries of Christ, namely, Satan and his hosts. The woman, he argues, cannot be the Jewish Church, for, besides her apostolic twelve stars she laps over into the Christian ages even to the time of Constantine. Nor can she be the Christian Church; for who then are the remnant of her seed? To this argument Alford seems to succumb, and accept Dusterdieck’s view, and thereby enfeebles and disconcerts his whole scheme of interpretation.Our answer to Dusterdieck’s dilemma is, that the woman is the anti-dragon or anti-pagan Church; the remnant of her seed is the anti-bestial or anti-papal Church. The woman, therefore, inclusively represents the ancient Jewish Church, from which Christ sprung, continued into the Christian Church in all its anti-pagan history and character. While the pagan dragon hoped, in his own undisguised person, to conquer her, he fought; but when he saw defeat before him he evoked the sea-beast (chap. 13) to be his substitute, and through him to war with the remnant of her seed—the opponents of the pseudo-Christian beast—until he reappears in his own person, Revelation 20:1. The Church, the woman, is, in successive generations, truly her own seed. The Church of to-day is the Church’s seed, and the Church of a later day is the remnant or rest of her seed. The seed against which paganism warred through the beast were the anti-papal successors to the anti-pagan Church.We have a striking proof that the dragon was paganism in the opinion of Constantine himself. Eusebius gives us Constantine’s words: “That dragon has been expelled from the government of the world by the good providence of the supreme God and my instrumentality.” And before the vestibule of his own palace the emperor placed a cross over his own head, and the dragon beneath, thrust down into the abyss. 1. The proposed name should be a true proper name, and not a mere descriptive phrase, or word, or title. Lateinos meets this condition, being a true proper name, whether as adjective or substantive. America, for instance, is a proper name of a whole country or territory. American is an adjective proper name, applicable to the country, the people, or the individual. So Latin is the proper name of the Roman State, or ruler, or citizen. Such words, on the contrary, as αποστατης, apostate, κακοςοδηγος, wicked guide, etc., are to be rejected as descriptive phrases, and not proper names. So Ewald’s Hebrew terms for Cesar of Rome are hardly one name, but two, or else a title and a name. And so Ferdinand Benary’s solution, in Hebrew, Nero Cesar, is a name and title, and is excluded. This excludes such descriptive phrases as The Latin Kingdom, Italic Church, etc. 2. The orthography of the name should be the orthography of good authority and use. If the name be made out by mutilations, by giving false letters, or abstracting true ones, almost any name can be made to fit. Lateinos, all scholars allow to be unexceptionable in this respect. But the name of Mohammed, in the Greek form, as Moametis, given by some commentators, has no authority, and, after a thorough investigation by scholars, is shown to be spurious. 3. The proposed name must be not in the Saxon, Latin, or Hebrew language, but in the Greek. Says E.B. Elliott, (vol. iii, p. 205,) “There is the highest probability of the language and number of the word being Greek, and not Hebrew, because the apocalypse was intended for the use of the Gentiles, to whom Hebrew was scarcely known; because the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet are expressly selected by Christ in the apocalypse, and not those of the Hebrew, to express his eternity. ‘I am α and ω, saith the Lord,’ (Revelation 1:8,) because the numerals in which the enigma is expressed are Greek numerals, and because Irenaeus directly asserts, and all the other early fathers imply, by making their solutions in Greek, that that was understood by them to be the language intended by the Divine Spirit.” This again excludes Prof. Benary’s Hebrew Nero Cesar, the Hebrew, ψξςπεωׂ, Romanus; and such names as Luther, Calvin, and others, adduced, as retort, by the papists.These principles, if valid, effectually exclude all the plausibly proposed names except the one furnished by Irenaeus, namely, Lateinos. And the distinctive name of the Romish communion is THE LATIN CHURCH. Says Dr. Henry Moore: “They Latinize every thing. Mass, prayers, hymns, litanies, canons, decretals, bulls, are conceived in Latin. The papal councils speak in Latin. Women themselves pray in Latin. The Scriptures are read in no other language than the Latin. In short all things are Latin.”The most formidable rival, however, in spite of the several points of exclusion, is the Hebrew name, Nero Cesar. This name seems to have dawned upon the minds of four eminent scholars almost simultaneously, in 1836; namely, Fritzsche, in Rostock; Hitzig, in Zurich; Benary, in Berlin; and Reuss, in Strasburg. With a certain class of thinkers it seemed to carry all before it.An almost conclusive proof of this name being the true solution, arose from a very peculiar coincidence. Irenaeus tells us that there were in the then extant manuscripts two different readings of the numbers; the older and more accurate was 666, but a later 616. Now there were also two forms of the name Nero, both used in Hebrew; one, after the Greek, was Neron, the other, after the Latin, was Nero, and the former of these made the 666, and the latter exactly 616! Should not that settle the question?To this one might reply that Irenaeus tells us that the 616 was found only in later manuscripts, and so they could not have come from John. And how could copyists have adjusted their codices to Nero’s name, and Irenaeus never have heard of that name as a candidate? Indeed, Irenaeus’s omission of that name in discussing the candidates is a powerful argument against its claims.But the French Professor Godet (in his Studies of the New Testament) denies that 666 is the true number of the Hebrew name Nero Cesar. Its true number is really 676, according to the spelling in St. John’s day. The number 666 is spelled with the three Hebrew consonants, K, S, R; the needed E of the first syllable being supplied by a vowel point; whereas the true orthography of the word Cesar, as identified by contemporary record, has four letters; requiring the E to be, not a vowel point, but a full letter, thereby increasing the number by a ten, making 676. This would entirely destroy the identification of the number with Nero. It is, indeed, given up by such rationalistic scholars as De Wette, Lucke, Bunsen, and Dusterdieck. We consider the Neronian solution of this name, like the Neronian date of the apocalypse, a very plausible, yet entirely preposterous, fable.But there are some points of peculiar significance, both in the figures 666 and in the combination of the Greek letters that form the number, as they present themselves to the eye.First, as to the significance of the 666. As seven is the perfect number, 7, 7, 7, thus trinally taken, would be the symbol of divine perfection, the Trinity. Three half sevens would be the reverse of perfection, the directly bad. Three sixes are an attempt to attain or display the divine perfection, but are a failure, a falling short, and that, perhaps, by a divinely-imposed limitation. And thus in this 666 is numerically figured the would-be Christ—the antichrist.And as to the combination of Greek letters that form the number 666, they are in John’s Greek text, χξς, that is, chi, xi, and st. But, striking out the middle letter, the remaining two, χ—ς, are the customary abbreviation in the manuscripts of the name Christ. Now let the serpentine ξ crawl in between these two letters, and what have we in χξς? A central serpent wearing the externals of Christ; a serpent-Christ; an anti-Christ! Nor, says Godet, must this be promptly dismissed as a puerility. The Orientals were thus accustomed to express conceptions in figured forms to the eye, as even in our modern west we have the coat of arms, and in our America the “stars and stripes.” An ingenious, reflective people, before books are printed, are inclined to shape a momentous thought into an impressive mnemonic form. Thereby we get coin stamps, monograms, signet rings, abraxases, symbols pregnant with impressive import.There is certainly presented here a curious combination of agreements.They are a numerical name, Lateinos, that points to Rome; a trinal number, 666, that suggests the pseudo-divine; and a monogrammic triplet of letters, χξς, that imports a Satanic Christ. It has taken centuries of thought to develop this combination, indicating that νους has, indeed, been exerted here in large amount. We leave the reader to decide whether the combination was really planned by the νους of John. 4. Worshipped the dragon—In retaining many of the forms and practices of old paganism. As the dragon is the impersonation of the pagan empire, so the beast is the impersonation of the nominally Christianized empire, and personal attributes and acts are ascribed to both alike. But the latter is made to individualize itself through the second beast and the image, as a sort of triunity, a three yet one. So that the official acts of the representative “image” are spoken of as the acts of the beast, the antichristic empire and vice versa. Who is like—Claim unique authority for the spiritual empire. 5. Speaking great things—Words from Daniel 7:8, spoken of the fourth, or Roman beast, here claiming to be the sole Church of God on earth, out of which is no salvation; and in the person of its spokesman and pontiff claiming to be God on earth. Forty and two months—Or 1260 days. See note on Revelation 12:14. Elliott measures this beast-period from the year A.D. 529, when the Emperor Justinian conferred the title and power of universal bishop on the pope. This starting-point will bring the close of the period at 1789. That year was the birth-year of the French Revolution, by which the despoliation of the power of the pope was inaugurated. The Church properties in France were confiscated, the monasteries were suppressed, and the clergy were compelled to a solemn abjuration of their allegiance to the pope. The other countries of Europe followed the French example. When Bonaparte came into power he deprived Pope Pius VII. of his territories, and imprisoned him. The pope continued stripped of his powers until the restoration of the old regimen on the downfall of Bonaparte. Popery never recovered its ancient persecuting supremacy. Since that day the decline of the politico-ecclesiastical power of the papacy has been constant, under the growth of the primitive principles of Christian toleration. The Protestant States have increased in intelligence and power, and the Romanistic have waned. The battle of Sadowa humbled the power of Austria, and the battle of Sedan prostrated France. The creation of the kingdom of Italy deprived the pope of his temporal kingdom, and Protestant missions are defying the pontiff in sight of the Vatican. 6. Blasphemy against God—By assuming the divine attribute of infallibility; by appropriating the title of God; and by the worship of Mary and the wafer.The idolatrous aspect of popery is remarkably visible in the inauguration of the pope, that of Pius IX. included. He is first arrayed in his pontifical apparel, five articles of which are scarlet; with a single vestment covered with pearls; and with his mitre adorned with gold and precious stones. He is led to the altar, before which he kneels and prays, as before the seat of God. He then rises, wearing his mitre, and is lifted up by the cardinals and seated on the very same altar. A bishop, kneeling, commences the Te Deum. The cardinals meantime kiss his feet and hands. This ceremony is regularly styled, both in conversation and authoritative writings, “the Adoration of the Pope.” “At Rome,” says Heideggar, (quoted by Wordsworth,) “this phrase, to adore the pope, is in daily use.” Says a French “History of the Clergy,” dedicated to Pope Clement XI., Amst., 1716, “When the election is finished the pope is conducted to the chapel, where he receives the adoration of the cardinals. Then he is carried, seated in the pontifical seat, to the Church of St. Peter, and placed upon the altar… where he receives again, publicly, the adoration.” “Various books,” says Wordsworth, “have been written by Romish divines, such as Mazaroni, Stevanus, and Diana, concerning the adoration of the pope.”A specimen of this adoration, performed by Cardinal Colonna on his knees to Pope Innocent X., A.D. 1644, is authentically given by Wordsworth in the following words: “Most holy and blessed father, head of the Church, ruler of the world… to whom are committed the keys of the kingdom of heaven, whom angels in heaven revere, whom the gates of hell fear, and all the world adores, thee we solely venerate, worship, and adore, and we submit all things that are ours to thy paternal and more than divine disposition and care.”His tabernacle—By creating a pantheon of saints to be adored. Continue—Rather, to practice or perform, referring not to duration of existence but of successful action. This seems to cover the period of something more than a thousand years of nearly undisputed papal supremacy. 7. Make war with the saints—By bloody wars, inquisitions, and burnings at the stake of all who would reform. Overcome them—Subjecting them, by blood and terror, to her despotic authority, denying all “right of private judgment.” All kindreds—The Roman beast styles herself solely catholic, that is, universal. She claims that every human being is bound to obey her. “You all belong to me,” said Pope Pius IX. to the Emperor William. She claims every American as her rightful subject, and the only reason at this hour that she does not force the claim by the same war and bloodshed, is want of power. 8. All… shall worship him—Millions on the earth are now paying that homage. Names… not written—Who are not justified by faith in Christ. 9. Have an ear—John here repeats the solemn injunction usual with our Lord when some momentous point was uttered. This predominance and cruelty of antichrist was of immense moment. Its importance is immense to us at this hour, for even now the beast is practising and purposing and hoping for a full verification of his claim to universal subjection. 10. He that leadeth—This verse is very incorrectly translated. It should be: He that is (destined) into captivity goeth into captivity; he that is (destined) to be slain by the sword must be slain by the sword. For the despot is relentless, and the martyr must suffer. And so it is well added, Here is the patience and the faith of the saints.The second (earth-born) or two-horned beast=The hierarchy of the spiritual empire=Clergy, 11-14. 11. Two horns like a lamb—As the lamb is contrasted with the beast, antichrist, so is this two-horned, as a corrupt ministry, contrasted with the elders, the true ministry. And as this beast is called “false prophet,” so it is clear that he is an ecclesiastical symbol. And his two horns very well represent the double power, ecclesiastical and secular, wielded by the Roman clerical hierarchy. Spake as a dragon—As if he were a second dragon. He mimics the lamb in appearance, but he equals the dragon in speech. That is, he pretends to be as Christ while he talks like Satan. This emblem suits nothing in history but a corrupt clergy. 12. Exerciseth all the power of the first beast—As the spiritual empire inherited all the power of the secular empire, so the clergy exerciseth all the power of the spiritual empire. To worship—To bow before in religious reverence. Whose deadly wound was healed—That is, the clergy require this homage to be paid, not to the empire preceding the spiritual empire, but to the spiritual empire itself; which was the restored empire after the deadly wounding. 13. Doeth great wonders—The Romanists to-day teach us that one of the marks of a true Church is miracles; and they claim a continual train of miracles as existing in their own Church. Chief among these is the act of transubstantiation, by which every priest is able to “create the Son of God.” But as this miracle is an invisible process, it is of no use in converting those who do not already believe. Romish books are full of transcendental marvels, narrating miraculous performances, sometimes ludicrous, often monstrous, and not seldom altogether surpassing those of Christ and his apostles in their prodigious character. The Bollandist volumes, more than sixty in number, approved by the pope, are full of tales written with a free inventive fancy, producing great wonders by the mere flourish of an unrestrained pen.In modern times the “Holy Coat of Treves” was pronounced by Pope Gregory, predecessor of Pius IX., to be the true coat of Christ on which the soldiers cast lots, and for a time hundreds of thousands of pilgrims paid their visit to it.Another specimen miracle is the liquefaction of the blood of St. Januarius, which is exhibited thrice a year at Naples. A red mass is first shown in a vial, and then this gradually melts, and the process is considered miraculous! Probably it is a red substance liquefied by the warmth of the priest’s hands. The classic Addison saw it and said, “So far from thinking it a miracle, I look upon it as one of the most bungling tricks I ever saw.”The mechanical miracles of the moving eyes of the saints’ images could be easily repeated by the manufacturers of our Christmas toys, but they were once powerful aids to Romish superstition. True miracles may, indeed, be the marks of a true Church; but false miracles are the marks of a false Church, especially as fulfilling predictions like this verse. Fire come down from heaven—Said Pope Pius IX., “I cannot, like St. Peter, launch certain thunders which reduce bodies to ashes; but I can, nevertheless, launch the thunders which reduce souls to ashes.” Lightnings and thunderbolts are the terms under which excommunication is conceived. Gregory VII. pronounced the Emperor Henry IV. to be “struck with lightning,” afflatum fulmine, by his excommunication. Says Ducange, “To fulminate an excommunication is the established phrase of the present day.” So also we are told, in a work on the “Glories of Mary,” that she once descended with torches in her hands and consumed a church building, at which she was offended, with fifteen hundred guilty occupants. See “Medieval Miracles,” p. 138. Living image of the first beast—the Popedom, Revelation 13:14-18.14. Deceiveth—All these miracles were deceptions. Power to do—Either by aid of Satan or by ample means of combination and juggling machinery. In the sight of the beast—For his benefit and great approval. Saying— The clergy are the counsellors of submission to the spiritual empire. They should make—The pope is elected, indeed, by the clergy; but the popedom, and so every pope, is created by the popular superstition under the teachings of the clergy. That it is by the two-horned lamb, the clergy, that this is effected, is notorious. Says Mosheim, on the second century, “The monks, who from their supposed sanctity had the greatest influence with the multitude, held up the pope to their [the people’s] veneration, even as a god.” And of a later date he says, “The Jesuits have turned the Roman pontiff into a terrestrial deity, and put him almost on a footing with the divine Saviour.” He adds, “It may be easily proved that the Jesuits did no more in this than to propagate the doctrines as they found them to have been before the Reformation.” Down to our own hour Pius IX. claimed all the two-horned beast conferred on the image. To a Belgian delegation, who presented him a tiara, That pope said, “You offer me gifts—a tiara, a symbol of my threefold royal dignity in heaven, upon earth, and in purgatory.” He denounced the Old Catholics as heretics, “for they refuse to recognise the divine prerogatives of the vicar of Jesus Christ on earth, and to obey his supreme jurisdiction.” To another set of visitors he said, “The voice which now sounds in your ears is the voice of Him whom I represent on earth.”All the power which the pope once possessed of dethroning monarchs and disposing of kingdoms arose from the fact that the popular mind, under the clerical influence, firmly supported the pope as above emperor or king, being the representative of God and entitled to be called God.An image—A concentrated representative of, and likeness to, the spiritual empire. He was to be its living executive miniature. At the same time he was to be an idol to be worshipped. The symbol of an image is supposed to be based upon the custom of the Roman emperors to place their statues in a temple or other public place requiring divine honors to be paid to them. But here, 1. It is the spiritual empire itself that is to be imaged, and no individual person. 2. Powers and actions of a great living agent are attributed to it. 3. The images of the emperor were multitudinous, and set up in all parts of the empire; this is a single image. If the seer had intended the countless images, for instance, of Nero, he would naturally have used the plural, and expatiated on their great number.An image to the beast, which… did live—As an image, all the qualities and powers of the pontifical empire are gathered and impersonated in him. He is symbol and representative executive; and so ruler; not as hereditary sovereigns are, by natural inheritance, for he is made, not born, an image. And so most of the predicates made applicable to the beast are also applicable to the pope, and vice versa. The pope is one of the clergy, and so goes to make up the two-horned lamb. He is part of the papal empire, and so is one with the beast. The name, whether Latinus, Latin, or otherwise, belongs to beast and image—that is to pope or papal Church alike. The image fitted to the beast after he did live from his deadly wound, and his persecutions and exploits, are after his living from his death. If the beast therefore be, as some think, Nero, then most of Nero’s persecutions were after his imaginary resurrection. But the resurrection never took place, and so the persecutions could never take place. The persecutions, though predicted, were as imaginary as the resurrection. If the beast was the supreme Roman power, then it was after its death in the Emperor and revival in the Pope that the persecutions took place. That is, the persecutions were papal, not pagan. The persecutor was not the emperor but the pope. 15. Life unto the image—He was not to be a dead statue, like an image of an emperor; he should speak; and he, the image, should cause the refusers of worship to be killed. Worship the image—To the pope the attributes of the Deity are ascribed, the name God is given, and the worship, due to God, is offered the papal theocracy. See note on 2 Thessalonians 2:7. The Canon also declared, “It is certain that the pope was styled God by Constantine, and it is manifest that God cannot be judged by men.” And so Pope Urban II. maintained that he was judge of all men, but that he could be judged by no man, and he was acquitted of an accusation on that ground. And, under Pope Symmachus, at the beginning of the sixth century, it was declared that the pope was judge in the place of God, and could himself be judged by none. He was above all human jurisdiction. And, at the fifth Lateran Council, the orator announced, with all acceptance, “Thou art finally a second God on earth.” See our notes on 2 Thessalonians 2:4-10. Killed—No domination ever existed on earth so bloody and so cruel, in every form of infliction, as the popedom, from its first establishment to the present hour. Religious wars waged by its instigation, massacres and exterminations, inquisitions and dragonades, tortures by rack and by burning, form the staple of the history. The Spanish inquisition, the massacre of St. Bartholomew, the Smithfield fagots, are exploits of this infernal image. Every country in western Europe is stained by this antichrist with blood. It has ruined South America. In our Protestant North America its devotees are numerous and menacing, but impotent as yet. 16. And he—That is, the living and supreme image. Causeth—On this word, here and in the previous verse, we may note, 1. The entire body of Romish clergy find their own supremacy over the people to be identified with the absoluteness of the pope over themselves. And hence a common self-interest makes them a unit. An intense rivalry thence arises, to raise the pope to the highest point of supremacy. Thereby the pope becomes the primal causative spring of all persecutions to maintain the papal power. 2. But when charged with these persecutions, the papist replies that it is not the spiritual power, but the temporal magistracy, that really executes the punishment. The priest condemns, and the magistrate inflicts. The pope, therefore, does not execute; he causeth others to execute the heretic. A mark—Slaves, soldiers, and sailors were often marked by masters and sovereigns in token of ownership. Note on Galatians 6:17. Ptolemy Philopater (3Ma 2:29) enrolled the Jews of Alexandria as soldiers, and had them branded with the ivy of Bacchus with hot iron. And Philo says that some idolaters had their bodies branded with hot iron as an indelible mark which could not be obscured by time. The mark was branded, says Augustine, sometimes on forehead to denote profession, sometimes on the hand to denote activity of service. 17. No man might buy—Says E.B. Elliott: “A canon of the Lateran Council, under Pope Alexander III., commanded that no man should entertain or cherish them in his house or land, or exercise traffic with them. The Synod of Tours, (just when the Waldenses and Albigenses had begun to excite attention,) under the same Pope Alexander, passed the law that no man should presume to receive or assist the heretics, no, not so much as to exercise commerce with them in selling or buying. And so, too, as expressed in Pope Martin’s Bull, the Constance Council. How the mass of the clergy urged its execution in other days throughout the popedom is notorious.”—Vol, iii, p. 217. We may add that to-day, in revising these notes, we find in a New York daily paper the report of a trial, in these United States, of a Roman priest for prohibiting his people from continuing their custom to an excommunicated parishioner, the damages being laid at ten thousand dollars, the jury’s verdict being over three thousand. Such is this persecuting power to this day. 18. Here is wisdom… understanding—The here means, in the true solution of this problem. The man who tries must bring his intellect to it; and the man who succeeds has brought here a true wisdom; a wisdom which not only involves a good many questions of history and literature, but is pregnant with very important conclusions. Number of the beast— That is, of his name. To understand this, we must know that the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans used not our now numerical Arabic figures in arithmetic, but the letters of their alphabets. The first ten letters in Hebrew and Greek stood for our figures from 1 to 10. Then the next ten designated the tens, repeated to a hundred; the rest designated thousands. By a little ingenuity both a number and a name might then be found in a certain arrangement of letters. This not only furnished room for play of fancy among Christians, but among cabalists a pretence of deep meanings. Thus the Greek Jesus, Jesous: J=10, e=8, s=200, o=70, u=400, s=200=888; quite an antithesis to 666. Number of a man—A number which a man would use, and therefore calculable by a man. See note on Revelation 21:17. Six hundred threescore and six—When a problem of this kind is proposed and recorded for centuries, it might be expected that a great number of names would, in the course of centuries, be produced as the solution. We might at first imagine, too, that a plenty of fitting names would be furnished, and so the problem be really swamped. Numerous names have indeed been furnished, but scarce one meeting the obvious conditions. Puerile as a problem based on the position of letters and numerals may at first seem, the present problem includes elements and conditions tasking the most vigorous wisdom. The only name that seems to meet all the conditions, is one of the oldest, adduced by Irenaeus, the grand-pupil of St.John himself, Lateinos, Latinus, Latin. Some conditions of the problem may be as follows: FIRST —OF ’S CAPITAL, BABYLON, Revelation 14:1 to Revelation 16:21.1. The chapter of war menace by Jerusalem against Babylon, Revelation 14:1-20.A careful survey of this and the two following chapters reveals that our locality throughout is at Jerusalem; and that here gradually unfold the hostilities from thence by which Babylon is overthrown. This triad of chapters is thereby a TRILOGY of Babylonic destruction. Thus mount Zion, Revelation 14:1; the throne and… elders, Revelation 14:3; the temple, Revelation 14:15; the temple, Revelation 15:6; Revelation 15:8; Revelation 16:1, all indicate that we are in Jerusalem. Of the war from Jerusalem by which Babylon is overthrown in this triad of chapters, chapter 14 contains Jerusalem’s war manifestoes and menaces; chapter 15 her preparation; and 16 her execution, of the war, ending in the demolition of the guilty capital. The choral song on mount Zion, Revelation 14:1-5; the three angels menacing Babylon and her followers, 6-13; the aerial omens of harvest and blood, 14-20, are all warlike manifestoes issued in gradually-increasing definiteness from the holy capital against the Satanic metropolis. More fearful still, chapter 15 prepares the battery of plagues for the devoted city issuing from the Jerusalem temple. Chap. xvi goes through the terrible seven discharges of the plagues, each with increasing sureness of aim, 1-12; responded to from the Babylonic powers sending forth their emissaries to rally their Satanic hosts, and to gather them to the battle, 13-15. Then at the seventh vial comes an earthquake crash, and Babylon goes to pieces, 17-21. 1. I looked, and lo—The words signalize the change of sight-direction, and the opening of a new scene of symbols. Great is the contrast between the sea of the beast and the mount of the one hundred forty and four thousand. The phrase, And I saw, or looked, opens a second movement of the panorama at Revelation 14:6, and a third at Revelation 14:14. A Lamb—Rather, the Lamb; known from former mention. The glorious leader is here the Lamb, since it is in his atoning character that this glorious host expects to conquer. The mount Zion was of course easily seen by John from Moriah. The throne might seem to be in the most holy place, yet allowing all visional freedom. The Jerusalem they are in is not the material Jerusalem, but the mystic Christian capital, in antithesis with the mystic antichristic capital, Babylon. And with him—Who are this hundred forty and four thousand? Dusterdieck denies them to be the same as those of chapter vii, and affirms them to be a choice body of eminently pure saints. For, 1. The article is omitted before the number, so that they are not the, but a hundred forty and four thousand, the number being merely a churchly designation; and, 2. They are the Jewish symbol, because the enemies they oppose are pagan, that is, Gentile. But Alford maintains the full identity with the glorious company of the former chapter. We think the truth lies between the two commentators. The two glorious companies are the same, but not in equal amount. Chapter vii purposes to symbolize the entire Church of glorified spirits; this simply represents a part of the same, including only the earlier Church—the Church of both the pagan and papal martyrdoms, hence they are called first-fruits. The hundred forty and four thousand are still from Israel, and the harpers are still the Gentiles. In fact, the whole are the souls under the altar of chapter vi, multiplied in number, and giving their own holy character to the whole Church of their period; they have risen from beneath the altar, have scaled mount Zion, and fill the very heaven above the mystic Jerusalem, pouring down their strains of song upon the ear of St. John. 2. Heard a voice from heaven—From the ethereal or firmamental heaven, over the company on the mount, there comes a choral voice. The blessed air is full of heavenly music. It is from a very full celestial choir, for their voice is as the voice of many waters, as… a great thunder. And I heard—Better reading, And… the voice which I heard was as the voice of harpers, etc. There was but one aerial company, at first heard but not seen, whose voice was sweet as harp melody, yet full as the waters’ roar, and loud as a great thunder. 3. A new song—Different, quite, from the wail under the altar of Rev 6:10.Before the throne—The invisible harpers become visible; from the ether they have descended on Moriah; they are before the Theophanic throne and its permanent court. No man could learn that song—None but the redeemed can truly learn and truly sing the song of the redeemed. Others may imitate it by rote, but the full depth of its music is not in their souls, and the imitation is spurious and counterfeit. Hence it is clear that the harpers were not angels, but redeemed saints. They were an abridged specimen of the multitude that no man could number of Rev 7:9, and, like them, Gentile counterpart to the Israelite hundred forty and four thousand. The Israelite number, as being at home in the mystic Jerusalem, are on Zion; the Gentiles, as coming from all the nations, gather on Moriah, before the throne. It is a festal gathering. The new song indicates that an era auspicious of future triumph over the strongholds of Satan has opened. 4. These are they—Revelation 14:4-5 are strikingly parallel with Revelation 7:14-15. This fact indicates that Dusterdieck is mistaken in supposing that this company is a select class of eminent saints. The simple truth is, that the virtues specially ascribed to them are selected as contrast to the vices ascribed to their Babylonian persecutors. These are not defiled with women, in contrast with the whore and her partisans that did corrupt the earth with her fornication. Compare Revelation 18:3; Revelation 18:7; Revelation 18:9. They are virgins—The Greek term is applicable to either sex, and in its full literal sense implies not only purity from fornication, but abstinence from all sexual indulgence. But it cannot be supposed to be affirmed that all the early Church were chaste celibates. Rather, are they all virgins in the sense in which the whole Church is the purely chaste bride of Christ, which takes sexual purity as the ideal type of all purity from sin. Such a view honours matrimony, and yet allows that there may be a chaste celibacy, not forced nor bound by changeless vows, which may enjoy the royal prerogative of pre-eminent consecration of itself to God. Note 1 Corinthians 7:1-9. Follow… whithersoever he goeth—They are the special retinue and obedient body-guard of their Lord. The oath of the ancient soldiers bound them, in similar words, “to follow their generals wherever they may lead.” Redeemed… men—Not redeemed as Dusterdieck, “in an eminent sense,” but in the same sense as the whole true Church. First fruits—Early in time in comparison with the Christian and millennial ages that will follow; choice in character, as having fought the battles of persecution against the beast. 5. No guile—Greek, no lie. Contrast with the “great wonders” of the second beast, “the false prophet,” who “deceiveth them that dwell on the earth,” (Revelation 13:13-14,) “with all signs and lying wonders,” “with all deceivableness of unrighteousness,” “that they should believe a lie.” 2 Thessalonians 1:9-11. And the work of the reappearing dragon is to “deceive the nations,” Revelation 20:3; Revelation 20:8. The song of this holy throng bodes no good to the powers of darkness. And still clearer omens now appear in the mid-sky. 6. Another angel—In addition to the many angels who have appeared in former scenes. The everlasting gospel—The truth of Jesus, everlasting in its endurance, unlike the falsehoods it contradicts. It is here strikingly intimated that the very beginning and source of the overthrow of antichrist’s citadel is the everlasting gospel. It is divine truth that is to overthrow this mighty stronghold of error and sin, which the “Lord shall consume with the breath of his mouth.” 2 Thessalonians 2:8. Nation… kindred… tongue… people—The cosmical four, implying the utmost universality, unlimited to any one land or continent. It is strictly a universal gospel, proclaimed to all mankind, and destined to universal diffusion. 7. Fear God… glory to him—And not to saints, angels, Mary, the wafer, or to images. The absolute universality is again shadowed by the cosmical four—heaven… earth… sea… fountains. The clear proclamation of this gospel is destruction to Babylon. And this its aim is rendered more specific by the announcement of the next angel. 2. Second angel defines the object of these war manifestoes—Babylon, Revelation 14:8.8. Babylon… fallen—Or, with the elegant inversion of the Greek: Fallen, fallen, is Babylon the great. It is the prophetic future-preterite. Here first occurs in the apocalypse the name of “great BABYLON.” It carries our thought back to the Babel built by the survivors of the flood on the plains of the Euphrates, where was first developed in history, under Nimrod, the type of mighty but godless nationality. It next appears in sacred history under one of the greatest princes of antiquity, Nebuchadnezzar, as the conqueror and leader into captivity of beloved Jerusalem. Then commenced the antithetical typology which is unfolded in the apocalypse. Babylon was then the great profane empire city, hostile to the city of God, in which a false religion dominates the world and persecutes the followers of Jehovah. But Babylon is now transferred westward and impersonated in Rome. And this new Babylon first is dragon or pagan, and then, semi-Christianized, is bestial or papal. It was first anti-God, and so anti-Christ; it is now specifically anti-Christ. And under the victorious career of Christ it must finally fall; fall embracing in itself all the profane traits of its typical national predecessors; fall followed by the destruction of all Babylonianism, secular and ecclesiastical. Wine of the wrath of her fornication—A very pregnant expression. Her fornication is at once a seductive wine and a destructive wrath; wine to the appetite, wrath upon the soul and body. 3. Third angel pours forth a volume of divine malediction against Babylon and her devotees for martyring the saints, Revelation 14:9-12.9. The third angel—Most terrible and full of all, this angel crowns the climax of menace with denouncing judgments on all the Babylonic peoples, Revelation 14:9-13. Beast… image… mark—Note Revelation 15:2. 10. Wine of the wrath of God—The double effect of wine—first to exhilarate, and then, when drunk in full quantity, to asphyxiate—is here alluded to. The former images the exciting power of sin, the latter its destructive effect. To sip the wine is a delight; to drink the cup to its dregs is destruction. Poured out without mixture—The Greek has a play upon words: Which is mixed without mixture. The wine was so customarily mingled with water that the Greek word mixed came to signify prepared. Hence the phrase prepared without mixture could, as here, be verbally, mixed without mixture. Cup of his indignation—As if divine justice had a regular retributive cup. Fire and brimstone—Imagery borrowed from Genesis 19:24. “Jehovah rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire.” The imagery of fire and brimstone for the wicked is used in Psalms 11:6, and brimstone in Job 18:15. This imagery is not used in the New Testament excepting in the Apocalypse, namely, here and Revelation 19:20; Revelation 21:8. “The addition of brimstone to the imagery,” says Stuart, “renders it exceedingly intense: for this not only makes the fire to rage with the greatest vehemence, but it is noisome to the smell and suffocating to the breath.” Of those who maintain that final punishment is in literal fire it may be asked, Is the brimstone literal? Presence of angels… Lamb—Their sentence and execution take place by the judgment and solemn approbation of the holiest and most merciful of Kings. Holiness and love ratify the penalties of divine justice. 12. Here—In refusing this worship of the beast and avoiding this direful destiny. Patience—Endurance of persecution from Babylon and her adherents. Keep—Faithfully obey. The commandments of God—Against all idolatry with its fornications, as noted on Revelation 14:7. Faith of Jesus—The Lord of the holy capital. 13. Heard a voice from heaven—The above three menacing angel-voices were from the mid-heaven; but now peals down a voice from the highest heaven in beautiful contrast with the menacing voices. Amid the menaces upon the persecutors it interpolates a benediction upon the faithful dying sufferers. Write—Let this blessed assurance be well recorded. Blessed are the dead—They are under no malediction, in no torment, in no unconsciousness, for they are blessed, that is, happy and more than happy. Die in the Lord—Said on occasion of their martyr-death, yet in such comprehensive terms as to include all the dying faithful in all ages. From henceforth—This from henceforth, starts from the death of each individual dying saint. The meaning then is, those dying in the Lord are thenceforth and forever blessed. The end of a holy life is the commencement of an eternal bliss. This assures the unshrinking faithful who refuse the beast, his mark, and his number, and thereby meet death, that their destiny is not torment, but blessedness. Yea, saith the Spirit— This appears to be a responding voice ratifying the affirmation of blessedness. John hears this response from the same highest heaven, and knows and tells us that so saith the Spirit. By inspired intuition he knows the voice of the Spirit, and allows us now to infer that the first voice was from the First Person of the Trinity, and the response from the Third. That—In order that. Depends upon die. Those dying in the Lord do truly die, in order that they may rest from their labours. And—Better reading, For, assigning a reason for their blessed rest, namely, that their works of keeping the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus, (Revelation 14:12,) do follow them, namely, from this world to the next, as witnesses for their justification with God. 14. And I looked, and behold—A fresh movement of the panorama reveals a new wonder in the sky. White cloud—A nebulous image of “the great white throne” of Revelation 20:11. Like unto the Son of man— The expression implies, not doubt of the identity, but the visionary aspect of the object to the eye. A golden crown—The token of his lordship over the land. 15. Another angel—Besides the three menacing-angels above described. Out of the temple—Still at Jerusalem. Crying—The angel superintendent of the Lord’s field pronounces the harvest to be ripe. The earth, or land, was reaped. It takes but a single thrust of that sickle! 17. And—The misty forms of the white cloud, its occupant, and the harvest field, have all instantly disappeared. But a second and more terrible, though equally transient, volume of the sky-picture appears in its place to complete the series of omens. To the harvest of wrath succeeds the vintage of blood. By the phrase temple in heaven Dusterdieck and Alford are somewhat nonplussed. The word heaven means, as often elsewhere, the firmamental heaven, (note Revelation 4:11,) or sky. And the simple meaning is, that a visional temple, with its altar, outlined itself in the sky-vision as part of the omen scenery. Angel… sharp sickle—The Lord of the harvest has reaped the grain; but leaves to his servants the treading of the bloody winepress. The blood-red colour of the juice of the grape suggests the thought of carnage; and the pressure by which it is crushed out suggests the wrath that compels the carnage. The image is taken from Isaiah 63:3, where Jehovah’s treading the winepress and pouring forth the blood of the grape, is an image of the crushing of the wicked powers in behalf of his people. 18. Another angel—The two angels of Rev 14:17-18, are the angels of the bloody vintage. The former has the sickle, and is the executioner; the latter reports the ripeness and readiness for the bloodshed. Came out from the altar—As the previous came from the visional temple in the sky; where the divine wrath against Babylon is brewing. The altar is the basis on which the victim is placed with bloodshed; thence it is revealed that the moment is ripe for the sacrifice. Power over fire—And was, therefore, the proper angel to guard the fires of the altar. The imagery presupposes the guardianship of the different elements by appointed angels. So in Revelation 7:1-2, we have the angels of the four winds, and in Revelation 16:5, the angel of the waters. Are fully ripe—As the juice of the grape has fully matured for the press, so the sins of Babylon are full for divine punishment. 20. Without the city—As grapes and vintage are usually rural matters, so this symbolic picture, 14-20, reaches not to the complete downfall of the city, but to the adjacent slaughters. But what city? The bewildered Alford, with many others, replies Jerusalem! But throughout this whole chapter Jerusalem is the place of the menace, and Babylon is its object. Even unto the horses’ bridles—The visional sky-horses waded in blood so deep that their bridles were visionally bathed in its crimson. A thousand and six hundred—The root of this number is the creational four, intimating that this battle is no local event, but world-wide. This view is intensified by the squaring of the four and the multiplying of that square, sixteen, by the square of ten, one hundred. This brief menacing cloud-picture of the coming contest predicts that the destruction from the city will spread over the earth; or rather, perhaps, indicates that the real city is itself earthwide in locality. 2. The chapter of War Preparation (at Jerusalem) for Babylon’s destruction, Revelation 15:1-8.The seven destroying angels in the temple; presented with the vials, Revelation 15:1-7.1. And—As the menaces of the last chapter were in Jerusalem and the temple, so here we are still in the temple at the glass sea; the martyr spirits on its shore are chanting anticipated victory over the beast, 1-4; the tabernacle is opened, 5; the seven angels of the last plagues come from the temple, 6, 7; while the divine presence of Jehovah himself stays in the temple, 8, until the seven plagues do their fatal work on antichrist’s capital.Another sign—Or symbol. Another, in addition to those in Revelation 12:1; Revelation 12:3. In heaven—That is, in the heaven or region, of symbol. Note Revelation 4:11. The seven angels, as being the main figures in the great overthrow, are mentioned before their time, (which comes at Revelation 15:6,) and as emphatically the sign… great and marvellous. Or, we may say the sign… great and marvellous comprehends the entire exhibition of this chapter; nay, perhaps even including the process and catastrophe of next chapter. And thus this another sign forms a marvellous antithesis to the two of 12 and 13. Last plagues—Last as being final for Babylon. For— Assigning reason for their being a finality; they fill up the retribution due to Satan’s capital. Plagues—The Greek word for plague signifies, literally, a blow, a smite; and the infliction is thus assumed to be made by a divine stroke. It is as if the outpouring of the vial was the external sign; but a stroke from Jehovah from his secret place in the temple (Revelation 15:8) made the infliction. 2. Sea of glass—Not glassy sea, but sea consisting of glass. As in Revelation 4:6, it is before the throne; and the martyr spirits who in 14, I stood at a distance therefrom on mount Zion, are now advanced to this higher position. The sea, which on the former occasion was pure and colorless, is now suffused with fire, the omen of coming retribution. Gotten… victory over—Better translated by Stuart, were conquerors from the beast; that is, had come victorious from the combat with him. Image… name—The image they had never worshipped; the name they had never borne; the significance of its number they had never realized. On the sea—Like Moses of old on the shore of the Red Sea, after the overthrow of Pharaoh. 3. Song of Moses—Sung on the sea after a similar escape. Of the Lamb—The same song elevated to a higher triumph. It is a song not only of triumph but of judgment; once over Egypt, now over Babylon, finally over the world. Saying—The import of the twofold song is now given. It is a chant of adoration to God for his wonderful judgments on the organic wickedness of the profane world. Works—Of just overthrow by him whose name is majestically expanded to its trinal form. King of saints— Better reading, of ages; and perhaps still better, of nations. It then alludes to the profane nations typified by Babylon, and bound to be overthrown. 4. Only art holy—Even we, the redeemed, are holy only from thee. All nations—A premonition of the time when the world shall be filled with the true knowledge and worship of God. And it is to be noted that the nations, though overthrown in their profane character, are not destroyed, but so attracted as to come and worship. See notes on Revelation 20:1-4. Are made manifest—The prophetic preterite-future, prospecting the coming judgment on the great city. 5. The present song of the martyr spirits before the throne corresponds with their song on Zion, Revelation 14:1, and also to the utterances of the great voices in heaven at the sounding of the seventh trumpet, Revelation 11:15-19. And as in the latter passage (Revelation 11:19) the ark of the testimony is made visible, so there is here also the same opening of the same token of testimony to the sight. In both presentations the meaning is the same, (see note Revelation 11:19,) namely, the responsive pledge of Jehovah that the judgment predicted by the martyr song shall be inflexibly inflicted. By the faith of the Lord God Almighty the judgment is assured. I looked, and, behold—This opening of the inner sanctuary was a startling wonder. Temple—The naos, or most holy place. Of the tabernacle—The reproduction of the old tabernacle of Moses in the wilderness, where God once dwelt with Israel. Of the testimony—Namely, of God’s covenant with his people. In this vision it declares God’s covenant with his martyrs that judgment shall not fail. And forthwith the executioners of that judgment, the seven angels, appear on the scene. 6. Seven angels—The number, sacredly assigned, of the divine ministers of judgment on Babylon. The temple—The very citadel of Christ’s capital: the inmost residence of the hostile forces against the antichristic citadel. Having the seven plagues—Said here to designate their assigned ministries, though the seven… vials are not given them until the next verse. Clothed—Arrayed in the priestly vestments, for theirs is a holy office, the bloody sacrifice of the enemies of God. Pure and white linen— The sacred antithesis of the “scarlet” of the harlot. The rendering here then would be, Decked with a clear and brilliant stone. Golden girdles— Girdles, to signify preparedness for their ministry; golden, to show its rich and royal nature. Note on Revelation 1:13. 7. One of the four beasts—The four living creatures represent creation; and correspondently the first four plagues are poured out upon different parts of the created framework. It seems most obvious that these four plagues are in the order, not of chronological succession, but of the suitable occurrence of the objects. The attempt, therefore, to assign dates of year or month is illegitimate. And as the seven-series of the plagues does not, like those of the seals and trumpets, mount up to the scenes of the dissolution and final judgment, but images a judgment limited to the earth’s surface, so the whole seven vials are given by one of the four creational beasts. Vials—Rather, saucers; being, as Alford says, “a shallow bowl or cup, usually without a stand or foot, in which they drew [a liquid] out of the crater or goblet.” It is as if these angels drew from the “wine” of the divine justice in their saucers, or drinking cups, the measure of judgment for Babylon. Full of the wrath—As if the wrath were a condensed liquid. Depot of divine wrath upon Babylon—in Jerusalem temple, Revelation 15:8.8. Smoke from the glory—The glory was as a central fire-point, whence issued the smoke, or intense vapour, indicative of the actual divine . And from his power—As if within this citadel of the Lord’s capital, namely, the Jerusalem temple, the concentrated omnipotence of Jehovah was gathered, charged with destructive judgment, ready to be discharged upon the devoted capital of Satan. No man was able to enter—The divine Presence was so dense as to exclude all entrance; was too sacred for mortal approach; too fearful for mortal safety. So at the completion of the first tabernacle the glory of the Lord within excluded even Moses. Exodus 40:34-35. So also at the completion of Solomon’s temple the priests were excluded by the filling glory. 1 Kings 8:10-11. Till… plagues… fulfilled—So that Jehovah himself, within the mystic Jerusalem temple, is the source whence Babylon’s destruction goes forth through the plagues of his ministers of justice. They are but the manifested forms of the secret, sacred, avenging power in the holy place. Until the retributions do their perfect work the central fire is burning in the temple, into which none may enter.And now, from that awful Presence in the holy place, the commission of the seven angels is about to go forth. So the next words will declare. 3. The chapter of the destruction of Babylon by batteries of wrath poured from Jerusalem, Revelation 16:1-21.a. The four creational vials upon earth, sea, waters, and sun. Revelation 16:1-9.1. And—The preparations of war are complete; (see introduction to xiv;) the officers are armed with their ammunition of plagues; the object is Babylon, the beast; and from the inmost holy place, where omnipotent Justice is secreted, the command for action comes forth. Go… pour… earth—For this Babylon is not wholly local; Rome is, indeed, with John, its primal representative, but its virtual presence, wickedness, and liability to retribution, cover the human earth. And so the angels receive their vials from one of the four beasts who represent creation; and the first four are poured upon the four creational points. The plagues, like the menaces of the fourteenth chapter, appear, at first, general, but at each advance grow in definiteness until the real object is struck with the final blow. 2. Went—As commissioned, from the temple, (Revelation 15:5,) the Christic citadel. Upon the earth—The Babylonic land or soil; the ground element. Earth was first cursed for man’s sake. Sin has created a discord between man and nature. When man comes right, all will for him be right. But, at any rate, at this crisis of judgment the creation must reflect that retribution upon Babylon. Sore—Like Egypt’s plague of “boils.”Exodus 9:10. The broad land is plague-smitten, as in Egypt, for the crime of the capital. The earth is, perhaps, made to give forth miasms that corrupt and disease the systems of the Babylonic peoples. 3. Blood of a dead man—The magnificent blue and billowy sea… became, not like the crimson and fluid blood, still living, but black and coagulated, as being dead. This was fatal not only to the fisherman, the sailor, and the merchant, but to the life of every living thing in its waters. Notes on Revelation 18:15-19; Revelation 18:24. Living soul—Literally, every soul of life; that is, the animal soul, in which the vitality is inherent. To the power that has used the sea for oppression, the sea must pour back corruption and death. 4. Rivers and fountains—Like the first plague of Egypt which ensanguined “the waters of Egypt,” “their streams,” and “their rivers, and their ponds.” Exodus 7:19. This blood was a vivid image of the slaughter of the martyrs. 5. The angel of the waters—Note on Revelation 14:18. The water-angel might have complained at this sanguinary invasion of his domain, but he humbly acknowledges the divine justice. Note Revelation 18:6. Not for his own sin, nor for the guilt of the waters, is this terrible transformation; but for the guilt of man, the idolatry of Babylon. 6. For they—The Babylonian men of Rev 16:2. Are worthy—Deserving this recompense in kind. Revelation 18:6. 7. To the angel of the waters now there comes a response from the altar. Really, the words another out of are not in the Greek; and Alford truly says, that the “simplest understanding is,” that it is the altar itself that speaks and is heard. The altar is cognizant of blood. The “souls” of the martyrs who were as sacrificed victims are under the altar. 8. Unto him—To the sun, and not, as some think, to the angel. With (solar) fire—A very intense expression. Note Revelation 18:8. 9. Blasphemed—Penalty sometimes admonishes and reforms, as in Revelation 11:13; but it aggravates the hardened, as here and in Revelation 9:21. Like the hardened Israelites of Isa 8:21, these sun-scorched sinners could only “curse their God and look upward.”From the four creation points the avenger now approaches nearer and nearer the beast. Clearly, (notwithstanding Dusterdieck’s denial,) there is a distinct transition from the previous four vials, poured upon points of inanimate nature, on account of man, and the three directly poured upon the bestial throne, his Euphratean population, and his metropolis. b. Fifth vial on kingdom of the beast, Revelation 16:10-11.10. Seat—More truly, throne. Of the beast—As the throne of God is in the temple of the mystic Jerusalem, so, antithetically, the throne of the beast should be in the citadel of the mystic Babylon. Its pride, power, and darkening are chanted in Revelation 18:7-8. Bold and terrible was that stroke of the angel-plague! From that high centre it would radiate darkness through his kingdom; and no wonder his subjects gnawed their tongues for pain. 11. Blasphemed… because… pains—It strikingly illustrates this passage to note that the papacy has grown more bold in its theological blasphemies as its political power has waned. The syllabus of Pope Pius IX, and his assumption of infallibility, were his blasphemous defiance of the modern age, wrung from the beast by the plagues upon his throne. Dusterdieck notes, that there is in the four vials no such limitation of the ruin to the third part as appears in the seals and trumpets, and so infers that they indicate the final destruction of the world. The mistaken inference arises from his not noting the fact that Babylon’s destruction alone is the object of this triad of chapters; and the non-limitation signifies simply that the whole of Babylon is to be destroyed, and the destruction is to be total. c. Sixth vial on the Euphrates, for the kings of the East, Revelation 16:12.12. Great river Euphrates—Viewed here not as a part of the framework of creation, but as a symbol of the populations (Revelation 18:3) that sustain Babylon and the beast. Revelation 9:14. This symbol is drawn from a signal passage in profane history. When Cyrus the Great came with his mighty armies from the east, with many a king and prince in command of the various sections of his hosts, to conquer old Babylon, he found “the great city” impregnable. At length, in a master-stroke of military genius, he set his men to work to turn the direction of the channel of the Euphrates, which ran through the city. When its channel was sufficiently dry he led his soldiers on its bottom into the city, and so conquered it. So, then, the Euphrates was literally dried up, that the way of the kings of the east might be prepared. Most beautifully does our seer appropriate this historic event to his symbolic purpose.Cyrus is styled by God himself (Isaiah 45:1,) “mine anointed,” that is, my messiah, and so, if not exactly a type, is certainly an illustrative figure of our Messiah. One is from the east, and the other is from “the day-spring from on high.” Luke 1:78. One conquered the literal, and the other conquers the mystical, Babylon. Here as elsewhere John’s symbols are taken from sources within the biblical range. The meaning, then, is, that the population and powers of Babylon are wasted away, that the way of our Messiah, with his kings of the east leading his armies, might be prepared to the capture of the mystic Babylon. Alford objects, that to introduce an “auspicious event” like this here, where all is adverse, would be incongruous. But the event is very inauspicious to Babylon, and so is congruous with all the previous plagues. 13. From this infernal triad—the pagan dragon, pseudo-orthodox beast, and the hierarchic false prophet—three unclean spirits go forth. One goes from the mouth of each, and so is the symbol of utterance and propagation of principles according to the utterer. Like frogs—Unseemly figures issuing from the mouths of the monsters, like frogs from a miasmatic morass. The only appearance of the real frogs in Scripture previous to this is as one of the plagues of Egypt. The Hebrew word for frog signifies marsh-leaper; and the Egyptian conception was, that he was truly slime-born. Hence the slimy frog well represents the earthborn errors and depravities of the three monsters sent into the air in opposition to the heavenborn forces bearing down upon them. And, with their dismal croaking, they are the proper missionaries of atheistic despair, and fit pleaders for a falling cause. The pagan frog-form comes forth from the dragon; and modern atheism is essentially pagan. It substitutes a falsity in the place of the true God. Sometimes, with ancient Epicurus and Lucretius, it substitutes blind law, abolishing any intelligent lawgiver. Or, with Holbach, it substitutes the great material whole, under the name of Nature, as evolving all the changes we see. Or, with Comte, it makes an object of worship of what he calls the Great Being, the human race, and establishes a ritual in honor of the greatest specimens of humanity. Or, with Spencer, it imagines an Unknown Absolute, which, without consciousness or sense itself, is author of the intelligent system. The deity last invented seems to be god, Force, which produces motion, and in some unexplained way moves things into intellectual forms and operations. All these conceptions are simply the antitheistic workings of the old rebellious, godless spirit which transformed the first archangel into that old serpent the devil, here symbolized as the dragon. The beast—Is the power of spiritual despotism. It assumes to take the place of God in overruling the consciences of men, and thereby ruling over men themselves, to its own supreme aggrandizement. Its primal apocalyptic representative is the Romish spiritual empire, personally individualized in the pope, and brought to a climax in the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility. But developed by that expansion of which we have repeatedly spoken, it applies to all the great spiritual despotisms, whether Christian, Mohammedan, or Pagan, which have organized force and persecution, interfering between man and God. The false prophet—The lying theologian, the framer of mendacious dogmas, superstitions, and systems of error. He is often subservient to the spiritual despot, and often becomes the spiritual despot himself. And thus the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet are a sort of anti-trinity. The first, as pagan and atheistic, is opposed to God; the second, as lord of a hostile kingdom, is opposed to Christ; and the third, as the spirit of error, is opposed to the Holy Spirit of truth. Alford insists that these demons are literal; but as two of them come from the mouths of symbolical beings they may well be held as symbols. Not, indeed, as symbols of “classes of men” or “sects,” but of malign principles, infernal influences, and depraved systems and organisms. Working miracles—Or supernatural wonders, pretended or real. These prodigies are, of course, wrought through the agencies of men. The pseudo-“spiritism,” or demonism, of the present day may at least serve as illustration. Unto the kings… world—Correcter reading, Upon the kings of the whole inhabited world. Revelation 18:3. The universality of kings symbolized by the ten horns. Neither the summons to war or the fight itself is limited to a single locality. The battle—A battle of ideas, resolving itself into perhaps a corporeal battle, a series of wars for centuries. Yet there may be great critical contests, or even one all-decisive contest, greatly decisive of the vast result. 15. Behold—A solemn warning to watchfulness against being seduced by the spirits of devils into the antichristic army. He who is “the way, the truth, and the life,” steals upon us in the midst of these vain shows “as a thief;”—”a thief,” not in his hostile purpose, but in his difficulty of recognition. Yet unless one watcheth and keepeth his garments he will be left to nakedness and shame. The loose garments of the oriental sleeper are easily purloined, and the victim is liable, when he wakes, to walk naked. His safeguard is vigilance. 16. And he—Rather they, referring to the spirits of devils, Revelation 16:14. It is the three demons who go as envoys to the kings of the earth, to form alliance and compact their forces against the divine invasion. Gathered them—The success is gained, the alliance formed, and the armies are gathered. Armageddon—A symbolic name invented by St. John and nowhere else found. Ar is the Greek form of the Hebrew har, mountain; and Mageddon is the Greek form of the Hebrew Megiddo. Megiddo was the scene of the great defeat of Sisera by Deborah and Barak, celebrated in Hebrew poetry by the song of Deborah, and thence traditionally glorious as the scene of a great victory for Jehovah. Our seer elevates it, though a plain, into a mountain, as symbol of the pre-eminence of the future conflict.All this indicates that the place is symbolical. When the day of this battle comes, the world will include not Europe alone, but America, Asia, and even Africa. The cities of the nations, Revelation 16:19, fall in the catastrophe with Babylon. We are not at all required to expect that such a contest will be decided in a single spot on the plain of Esdraelon or anywhere else. e. The seventh vial, on the air—the earthquake, the battle, and BABYLON’S , Revelation 16:17-20.17. And—The great event is not given in this consecutive order. On the contrary, the tumult of the terrible conflict is reflected in the confusion of the narrative. A great voice out of the temple—Where the avenging divine Presence is fixed until the downfall. Note on Revelation 15:8. It is done—The catastrophe is, in immediate anticipation, complete. The capital of antichrist is prostrated. Note Revelation 18:8. 18. Voices—Though the seventh seal sends forth the seven trumpets, and the seventh trumpet the seven plagues, the seventh plague sends forth no further seven-series, but ends with this catastrophe. The voices, and thunders, and lightnings are the prelude to the great earthquake. Such as was not… earth—For it covers all the continents and disturbs all the islands. It changes the face of the human earth. The seer wants words to magnify our thoughts to its true magnitude. 19. Divided, by the earthquake, into three parts—Laid into three separate heaps. Of course so great an earthquake would leave no structure standing. The three, the divine number, intimates that it was the divine work. Babylon falls not so much by man as by God. And note that it is not said that the destruction was divinely limited to a third part, but that the divine destruction rested on all the parts. The great battle is a trifle to the great earthquake. Cities of the nations fell—All the antichristian capitals, among all nations, fell by the same earthquake. And yet by the run of the commentators it is held that Babylon itself does not fall—is only menaced and partially damaged. In view of the awful menaces and dread preparation narrated, all aimed at Babylon, we have the ludicrous result that Babylon is the only city among the nations that does not fall! Remembrance… to give… cup… wrath—Here we catch a gleam of the battle. This can mean nothing less than that Jehovah here and now accomplished the destruction to the utmost. The words Revelation 18:1-2; Revelation 18:8-23, are a picture of her consequent condition. Every island fled—Neither Megiddo nor Rome has any sea islands in sight. The picture is, that the continents were shaken by the earthquake, the islands were frightened away, and the mountains were leveled to the plain, or became invisible— were not found—to the eye of the seer amid the smoke and confusion of the earthquake, battle, and downfall. 21. Fell… out of heaven—As if to leave a full, last impression that the destruction was from Jehovah, a new form of judgment came out of heaven. These were icebergs, sixty pounds in weight, hailed down from the sky. These fell upon men, crushing them with their cold, solid, remorseless weight. Note Revelation 18:21. Yet, though the divine hand was so apparent, the survivors repented not, but blasphemed God. They persisted in their adherence to antichrist until the battle of Rev 19:11-21.By our interpretation of this triad of chapters thus closed, it may be truly said that “we are living under the period of the vials;” apparently under the fifth. The Roman spiritual world-power, which succeeded the imperial Roman world-power, is smitten with serial plagues, and declines. Yet it grows spiritually more impenitent, self-asserting, and defiant with every successive smite. This world-wide Babylon presents itself before us here in America, claiming absolute supremacy over us, and ready for the battle; moral battle as long as the physical battle is not in its power; physical battle as soon as a sufficiency of the moral battle is won. How long this vial-period will endure we have no chronometer or almanac that can tell us. But every man of us would do well to be alert in duty so long as the contest lasts. SECOND —OF ’S HARLOT.1. Picture of the harlot mounted on the beast, Revelation 17:1-6.1. And—Antichrist’s capital has fallen; but antichrist himself is not dead nor imprisoned until Revelation 19:20; and his harlot still lives, and her destiny is not revealed until Revelation 17:16. One of the seven angels—For, doubtless, one of the destroyers is one of the best expounders of the destruction. Which of the seven is not clear, but perhaps the seventh, as the last and greatest. The judgment—John first shows the character and the sentence of judgment in Revelation 17:15-16. Great whore— On the question whether the harlot represents pagan Rome or the papal Church, Alford forcibly says: “The figure here used, of a harlot who has committed fornication with secular kings and peoples, is frequent in the prophets, and has one principal meaning and application, namely, to God’s Church and people, that had forsaken him, and had attached herself to others. In eighteen places out of twenty-one, where the figure occurs, such is its import, namely, in Isaiah 1:21; Jeremiah 2:20; Jeremiah 3:1; Jeremiah 3:6; Jeremiah 3:8; Ezekiel 16:15-16; Ezekiel 16:28; Ezekiel 16:31; Ezekiel 16:35; Ezekiel 16:41; Ezekiel 23:5; Ezekiel 23:19; Ezekiel 23:44; Hosea 2:5; Hosea 3:3-4, [Micah 1:7. In three places only is the word applied to heathen cities, namely, in Isaiah 23:15-16, to Tyre, where, Revelation 17:17, it is also said, ‘She shall commit fornication with all the kingdoms of the world upon the face of the earth;’ and in Nahum 3:4, to Nineveh, which is called the ‘well favoured harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts, that selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts.’”And here, we note, it appears that Israel, though a corrupt Church, was still a true Church, and the truly pious within her limits were heirs of salvation. She was, at her worst, better than heathendom. And so of Rome. And in regard to the better side of Rome, see our note 2 Thessalonians 2:9. There is no fair doubt that the Christian Church appears as a woman in Revelation 12:1. And the antithesis between the harlot of antichrist and the bride of Christ is very decisive. Note on Revelation 11:1. Sitteth upon many waters—Rome on the Tiber was not seated on many waters. It was more true of Babylon on the Euphrates. But Rome as a commercial power, especially with those nations subject to her power, was based upon many waters.Fornication, the latter more deeply have been made drunk with the wine of her fornication. Such was not a true picture of the relation of Rome to the kings and peoples of the world. She conquered them by force, and ruled them by equitable civilizing force, save when her own domination required injustice. In religious matters she stood aloof, and allowed each nation its own national superstition. She was no seducer or fornicator. These qualities belong to a later than pagan Rome. 3. Carried me away—From the visional Jerusalem temple, where were the throne, the living four, and the twenty-four elders. These are resumed again at Revelation 18:1, as appears at Revelation 19:4. Into the wilderness—Where she has been driven by the downfall and desolation of her capital, Babylon. That this wilderness, or desert, is a typical image of a condition of deprivation or desolation is indicated by the fact that the same Greek word, in verb form, is used in Revelation 17:16 for desolate. Desolate now by the loss of her capital, the nations will yet make her both desolate and, richly arrayed though now she be, naked. Having lost the real organic power of despotism and persecution, she still can glorify herself in gorgeous apparel, pomps, and display, and make proud pretensions of infallibility and universal supremacy, but of even these costly attires the ten horns will finally strip her naked. Revelation 17:16. Alford, however, maintains that Babylon herself was in a wilderness, and that this woman is that Babylon. He argues, that in the Septuagint the chapter of Isaiah (Isaiah 21:9) from which the clause “Babylon is fallen” is quoted, is headed “The vision of the wilderness.” But Babylon is not there said to be “in the wilderness,” but the wilderness or “desert” is the region whence the vision sweeps in upon the conception of the prophet. It is incongruous to say that a city which was an empire in itself was in a wilderness. But we have a close analogy much nearer at hand. The woman of chapter 12 was driven from her high place into the wilderness; and so this harlot is driven from her fallen home into a parallel wilderness. And what makes this certain is the following parallelism:— seven angels which had the seven vials, and talked with me, saying, Come hither; I will show unto thee the judgment of the great whore. So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness. Revelation 17:1; Revelation 17:8.the seven angels which had the seven vials full of the seven last plagues, and talked with me, saying, Come hither, I will show thee the bride, the Lamb’s wife. And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain. Revelation 21:9-10.This remarkable and certainly intentional parallelism fully proves that as the bride is a pure Church so the harlot must be a corrupt Church. Pagan Rome was no Church at all. Beast—The seven heads and ten horns worn both by the dragon of 12 and 13 identify this as the Roman beast of the latter chapter. Scarlet is the colour of popes, and especially cardinals; and Newton says, “The mules and horses which carry the popes and cardinals are covered with scarlet cloth, so that they may be properly said to ride upon a scarlet-coloured beast.” Wordsworth says, quoting the historian Platina, “Paul II. made it penal for any one to wear hats of scarlet except cardinals; and he gave them scarlet trappings for their mules and horses.” 4. Decked with gold and precious stones and pearls—The pomp and glare, and lavish richness of the Romish equipage and worship, are notorious to all the world. The Italian historian Platina, quoted by Newton, says of Paul II: “In his pontifical vestments he outwent all his predecessors, especially in his regno or mitre, upon which he had laid out a great deal of money in purchasing, at vast rates, diamonds, sapphires, emeralds, chrysolites, jaspers, unions, and all manner of precious stones, wherewith adorned, like another Aaron, he would appear abroad somewhat more august than a man, delighting to be seen and admired by every one.”A golden cup in her hand—And so it was said of ancient Babylon, Jeremiah 51:7 : “The nations have drunken of her wine, therefore the nations are mad.” Full of… filthiness… fornication—Not wine alone is in her cup, but drugs and philters, and stimulants to fornication. 5. Upon her forehead… written—By Roman custom professional harlots presented themselves to view with their names inscribed upon their persons. This harlot has a full and most significant inscription. Mystery— This word is at once a reminder of St. Paul’s “mystery of iniquity,” 2 Thessalonians 2:7. He mentions, indeed, a “mystery of godliness,” 1 Timothy 3:16. But, in contrast, here is a “mystery” of profound “iniquity,” of harlotry, spiritual and real; and of stupendous abominations. Of this mystery the present woman is the impersonation; it is her name; she is that Mystery. And, therefore, in unfolding her mystery, our interpreting angel must unfold her true character. 6. Saw the woman drunken—She is plainly now drunken before his eyes. But he knows it is the drunkenness, not of wine, but of blood. She is like the warriors of savage tribes, who seek to inflame their courage by drinking the blood of their slain. Wondered—What so strange a phenomenon could mean; and the angel thereupon proceeds to explain.The Rhemish note here says, (authorized by the pope:) “The Protestants foolishly expound it of Rome, for that there they put heretics to death, and allow of their punishment in other countries: but their blood is not called the blood of saints, no more than the blood of thieves, man-killers, and other malefactors: for the shedding of which, by order of justice, no commonwealth shall answer.” 2. Angel’s exposition of the Beast, Revelation 17:7-14.The angel will now solve the mystery of this woman, whose name is Mystery.8. And first he explains (Revelation 17:8-14) the beast, then (Revelation 17:15-18) the woman. Bottomless pit—Or sea, compare Revelation 13:1. And yet is—Better reading, And yet shall be. The other phrases of this verse will be explained at Revelation 17:10. 9. Here is—Or rather, here let there be. To the interpreter who would solve what follows, let there be mind with wisdom. The seven heads are seven mountains—That Rome is here meant even the ablest champions of Popery admit, such as Bellarmine, Baronius, and Bossuet, as quoted by Dr. Wordsworth, in his “Lectures.” “St. John, in the Apocalypse,” says Cardinal Bellarmine, “calls Rome Babylon; for no other city except Rome reigned in his age over the kings of the earth, and it is well known that Rome was seated on seven hills.” “It is confessed,” says Cardinal Baronius, “that Rome is signified in the Apocalypse by the name of Babylon.” Bossuet says, “The features (in the Apocalypse) are so marked that it is easy to decipher Rome under the figure of Babylon.” Romanistic authors maintain either that pagan Rome only is meant, or that the prophecies, as applied to Christian Rome, are to be fulfilled at some future day. 10. Seven kings—The mountains have a double import; physical, representing the hills on which Rome is founded, and political, representing kings, or, as in the words of Daniel’s prophecy, on which this is based, kingdoms. “These great beasts, which are four, are four kings,” that is, as the context shows, kingdoms. In the despotic East the King was the State. And a beast is never a king except as one with his kingdom. Five are fallen—To ascertain which these fallen kingdoms are, we note that the present beast, as stated in Revelation 13:2, comprised in himself leopard, bear, and lion, which are the beasts of Daniel, (Daniel 7:4-6,) traced in backward order. The present is, therefore, the “fourth beast, dreadful and terrible;” and Daniel’s four beasts, as explained in that chapter, given in his order, are Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome. And this is the order of the same kingdoms as presented in Nebuchadnezzar’s image, in Daniel 2. And, previous to these, there were but two antichristic monarchies—Egypt and Assyria. One is—The five fallen being EGYPT, ASSYRIA, BABYLON, PERSIA, and GREECE; the one that now is, is imperial ROME. Not yet come—Pontifical Rome. Hence, comparing ver.8, the beast that was and is not, is imperial Rome, which expired with the last emperor, Augustulus, A.D. 475. Is not yet come—To imperial Rome succeeds papal Rome. The universal emperor ceased, and revived in the universal bishop. When, in the fifth century, the Roman empire succumbed to the flood of the northern barbarians, and the emperor no longer existed, Rome was left with little or no civil government. Then was the period when the imperial beast was and is not. After this the pope came into supremacy, and in due time became the substitute for the imperial Cesar. And that stupendous spiritual Roman empire, in far greater extent than the first secular empire, stands to the present hour.On the subject of the revival of the dead imperial in the pontifical head, Elliott quotes from Vitringa two pertinent statements from papal writers of the papal era. The first is from Augustin Steuchus, librarian to the pope, who says: “The empire having been overthrown, unless God had raised up the pontificate, Rome, resuscitated and restored by none, would have become uninhabitable, and have become a most foul habitation thenceforward of cattle. But in the pontificate it revived as with a second birth; its empire not, indeed, equal to the old empire, but its form not very dissimilar; because all nations, from east and from west, venerate the pope not otherwise than they before obeyed the emperors.”The second statement is from Flavius Blondus, a celebrated papal antiquarian writer in the sixteenth century, who says: “The princes of the world now adore and worship as perpetual dictator the successor, not of Cesar, but of the fisherman, Peter: that is, the supreme pontiff, the substitute of the aforesaid emperor.”And hereby was fulfilled the ancient prediction that the “man of sin,” the antichrist in the temple of God, would not be revealed until the Roman emperor disappeared. See note on 2 Thessalonians 2:6.The tiara, or triple crown worn by the pope, is a claim that he is emperor as well as pontiff. “It was,” says Baronius, “a mitre intertwined with a crown.” Pope Alexander III. first added the crown to the mitre; Boniface VIII. added a second crown in 1303; and Urban V. a third in 1362. Innocent III. wrote, in A.D. 1200, “In token of spiritual things is conferred upon me the mitre; in token of temporal things, the crown; the mitre for the priesthood, the crown for the royalty.” Again, “The mitre he uses always and every where; the crown not every where nor always, because The pontifical authority is both prior and worthier than the imperial.” This claim to the exists and is asserted to the present day. To the Roman professors who refused to officiate under the king Victor Emmanuel, Pope Pius gave each a medal of himself, saying, “Receive in reward the image of that CESAR who stands before your eyes.”Let it not be for one moment supposed that in these modern days, and in our own country, the popedom has in the least degree abated its claim to being God’s vicegerent on earth, entitled as such to the absolute obedience of every human being, and of all human governments, with the right of inflicting force and bodily punishment for disobedience. Though the name of God is less frequently applied to the pope, the attributes and authority of God were never more explicitly ascribed to him than at the present day. Whatever he judges, the Vatican decree declares, “It is not lawful for any one to judge concerning his judgment.” That decree declares that all are bound to obedience to him in all things, “not only that pertain to faith and morals, but in those things which pertain to the discipline and government of the Church diffused throughout the world.” Besides faith and morals, whatever the pope pleases to include under the head of church-government thereby becomes subjected to his absolute authority, the decisions of which, man must not question. Romish doctors may give opinions beforehand—they may ingeniously interpret away, and, as it called “minimize” these claims—but their statements are of no value, since it is the pope alone who has authority to pronounce upon their extent, and when he pronounces all doctors must be silent. And this authority rules men who are rulers, whether kings or presidents, even over their official action. If the pope make it the duty of the American president, as matter pertaining to “the government of the Church,” to execute all heretics, the president disobeys to the loss of his salvation, and under just law of being deposed from his office, and handed over to death.Cardinal Manning expressly declared, in 1874, “The spiritual power knows, with divine certainty, the limits of its own jurisdiction, and it knows, therefore, the limits and the competence of the civil power. It is thereby, in matters of conscience and religion supreme.” “And power which is independent, and can alone fix the limits of its jurisdiction, and can thereby fix the limits of all other jurisdiction, is, ipso facto, supreme. But the Church of Christ, within the sphere of revelation, of faith and morals, is all this or is nothing, or worse than nothing—an imposture and a usurpation—that is, it is Christ or antichrist.” And as it is the pope that decides, above all questioning, what “faith,” “morals,” and “the government of the Church” include, so the pope is absolute over every thing over which he decides himself to be absolute. No allegiance to any sovereign can be more absolute; and when a Romanist in America swears, as he must in his oath of allegiance to our government, to renounce all foreign allegiance whatsoever, his oath is, by strictest logic, a perjury.Hereby we see why it is that Rome determines to have absolute control of the education of the young wherever she can. It is to shape their minds to a complete subjection to the absolute authority of a foreign potentate, and render them ready executioners of the pope’s decisions. Such schools are therefore schools of treason. So far from making provision for their existence, they should be held as hostile to the existence of our free American government.That in America the Romish doctrine is that the pope is entitled to control legislation, is declared in the Catholic World for July, 1870, a periodical published in New York, endorsed by the pope. “All legislation in harmony with the organic law is theocratic and divine. Since justice and our honour and dignity require that we should obey God and not man, we are compelled to ascertain his will. The finger of the pope, like the needle in the compass, invariably points to the pole of eternal truth, and the mind of the sovereign pontiff is as certain to reflect the mind and will of God as the mirror at one end of the submarine cable to indicate the electric signal made at the other.” That is, all legislation is to be subjected to the will of the pope as to the will of God.And what Romanism includes under education is thus declared in the same article. “The supremacy asserted for the Church in matters of education implies the additional and cognate function of the censorship of ideas, and the right to examine and approve or disapprove all books, publications, writings, and utterances intended for public instruction, enlightenment, or entertainment, and the supervision of places of amusement. This is the principle upon which the Church has acted in handing over to the civil authority for punishment criminals IN THE ORDER OF IDEAS. It is the principle upon which every civilized government acts in emergencies, and it was asserted vigorously and unsparingly North and South during the recent revolution.” That is, the pope has the same, or even better, right to execute, or cause to be executed, a man for rebellion against himself, than the civil government for treason against itself. See Methodist Quarterly Review for 1870, p. 633.He must continue a short space—Or, a little while. As Alford well observes, the emphasis must be read upon continue, and the meaning be that of permanence. The others will have past, but he will stay awhile. The space must be measured by the scale of national history. Rationalistic commentators find in these seven kings the first seven Roman emperors. But, 1. John, after Daniel’s model, uses the word kings for kingdoms. See our note on Revelation 13:2 This beast expressly embodies the last three beasts of Daniel 7, and so the last three kingdoms of Daniel’s image. 2.In order to explain the king that is, these commentators are obliged to falsify history, and make the Apocalypse be written in the reign of Nero. And this is followed by the further outrage of making John base his imageries on a whimsical superstition of the pagan populace. 3. Under this interpretation the Apocalypse no longer roundly and majestically closes the New Testament, as the standard prophecy, covering the new dispensation, it shrivels into insignificance, and is shaded with suspicions of imposture. It simply raises the old question of the reality of the supernatural. 11. And the beast—Passing from the heads, our angel now considers the whole beast. Was, and is not—As the predicate, and yet is, (Revelation 17:8,) is omitted for abbreviation, this describes the beast through all his historic changes, from Egypt to Pontifical Rome. Each previous phase once was, then by fall is not, and then is in its successor, until the perdition. The beast, here, is the totality of the entire successional antichrist—the whole composite beast. He is the eighth—The Greek article being omitted, it should read an eighth, that is, a sort of eighth. Not an eighth head, for there were, as the cut shows, but seven heads to the beast. Besides, the Greek adjective for eighth could not grammatically agree with head, being of different gender. The meaning is, that it is the beast, as a totality, which, forming a sort of eighth individuality, finally goeth into perdition. Not one head alone—not merely all the heads—but the entire beast is destroyed. With papal Rome—the last head—all the five or six inherited by and embodied in her—namely, Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece, pagan Rome—all go as one whole beast with her as antichristianities into perdition. And is—Or, consists or results of, or rather from, the seven. Counted as a single head he is but one of the seven; counted as the whole beast he is an eighth. The six profane empires, traceable through and beyond Daniel’s image, are all abolished in her; an abolition which does not, probably, imply the destruction of the peoples but of the SYSTEMS by which the nationalities are antichristian despotisms. When, by the power of divine truth and the blessed Spirit, rectitude reigns in every heart, governments of force, of tyranny, and of war, may cease. The inequalities of wealth even, based, as they largely are, upon the thriftlessness and vices of a large share of the community, may largely disappear. And the equalized distribution of the goods of life, with all the necessary reforms of society, according to the laws of a truly Christian social science, would prove the downfall of iron politics and despotisms. 12. Ten kings—That is, kingdoms. No kingdom as yet—They exist, as yet, (that is, in John’s time,) as sections of the empire, and are not developed into nationalized independencies. But (will) receive power— Or, become sovereignties. One hour—One season. The Greek word may signify a season of the year; a period of human life, as manhood; and in John 4:23, it covers the whole period of the duration of a spiritual christianity on earth. Alford insists that it shall here mean, literally, an hour; but how absurd to suppose that the concurrence of the nations with Rome should be precisely sixty minutes! The national magnitude of the matter requires a correspondent magnitude of the season. With the beast—For a period the European sovereignties will act in alliance with, and in obedience to, the Romish spiritual empire. The bishop of bishops will be king of kings. Though a large share of these ten kings have, since the Reformation, withdrawn from Romanism, yet Pius IX, in an address to the Italians, once said, “We three millions of subjects have two hundred millions of brethren of every language and of every nation.”—Wordsworth. 13. One mind—During that hour, or season, there shall be an unbroken unanimity. The nations will humbly give their power and strength unto the beast, as to the vicar of Christ and representative of God on earth. 14. Make war… the Lamb shall overcome—They shall persecute the evangelical Church, slaughter pure Christians, and raise great religious wars, but the cause of freedom and true religion will finally prevail. This is the grand note of apocalyptic triumph. King of kings—See Revelation 19:16. The battle of Rev 19:21 is not the battle of one day, but of centuries. Its initiation is here shadowed. 3. Exposition of the harlot, and her total destruction, Revelation 17:15-18.15. Peoples… multitudes… nations… tongues—Universal terms with the angel symbolic of the world-wide. Romanism claims to be catholic, that is, universal. She claims it as her proof of being a true Church. Cardinal Bellarmine asserts that the “first note of a true Church is the very same of the Catholic Church.” His fourth note, in words remarkably similar to the terms of this verse, is, “Amplitude, or multitude of believers. For a Church truly catholic ought not only to embrace all times, but all places, all nations, and races of all men.” 16, 17. When the hour of one mind has passed, and the victories of the Lamb have multiplied, a new turn shall come. The ten horns shall begin to hate the whore. Her capital having been destroyed, her power diminished, her deceptions refuted, and her character exposed, she will be made desolate and naked. Eat her flesh—The great body of her wealth and substance, of which the people have been robbed by false pretences, shall be appropriated to feed the poor. Burn her with fire—The penalty of incest, Leviticus 20:14, and of unchastity in a priest’s daughter, Leviticus 21:9. In this woman the harlot shall be burnt away and the bride of Christ shall appear in her place. His will—That she should be permitted to fill the measure of her iniquities. The words of God—The prophetic predictions, especially of Daniel 7.These ten horns, or kingdoms, have a wonderful significance in prophecy. They first appear in the ten toes of Daniel’s image, proceeding from the Roman legs of the image. Then they are verified and enlarged, Daniel 7:7, as the ten horns growing from the head of the Roman beast, defined (ver. 33) as ten kings—kingdoms to be developed out of the Roman empire. Next we have the ten horns (with the seven heads) of the pagan-Roman dragon. This is repeated in the papal-Roman beast, Revelation 13:1, reiterated Revelation 17:1, and here, Revelation 17:12, the ten horns are expressly defined as ten kings=kingdoms not yet organized, but which will come up from the Roman empire, and, first uniting with the Roman harlot, ultimately destroy her.Looking into secular history for these ten nations, as emerging from the downfall of the old Rome, we are startled to find the constant tendency of the European nations to a decimal number. This is shown by earlier and later writers, Romish and Protestant. Elliott gives such lists by Jerome, Machiavelli, Bossuet, Mede, Sir Isaac Newton, and Bishop Newton. Elliott himself furnishes a list which seems preferable to any by his predecessors.It stays within the Western Empire; it is posterior to the disappearance of the imperial power; it is made up of Teutonic governments; it contains a three which (in accordance with Daniel’s prophecy) impeded for awhile the growth of the power of the pope, but were finally abolished and made part of his patrimony. Elliott selects the year A.D. 531, and finds the following ten kingdoms on the platform of the Western Roman Empire: “the Anglo-Saxons; the Franks of Central, Allman Franks of Eastern, and Burgundian Franks of South-eastern France; the Visigoths, the Suevi, the Vandals, the Ostrogoths, in Italy; the Bavarians, and the Lombards—still ten in all.” Of these three were nigh and obstructive neighbours to the pope at Rome; namely, the Vandals in Corsica and Sardinia, the Ostrogoths in Central Italy, and the Lombards in Northern Italy. The Vandals and the Ostrogoths were conquered by the Eastern Emperor Justinian, erected into the Greek exarchate of Ravenna, and afterward given to the pope. Lombardy held out until the eighth century, an impediment to the papal power, when it was conquered by Charlemagne and given to the Roman See. These three kingdoms became “the patrimony of Peter.”Elliott well notes that, in spite of frequent variations of number, ten has been the ever-recurring number of Europe ever since. To this effect he quotes Gibbon, Whiston, and Cunninghame. To these we may add that Schlegel, a convert to Romanism, in his “Philosophy of History,” (re-published by Appleton,) about forty years ago reckoned ten kingdoms as constituting the modern system of Europe.But apocalyptic thought makes provisions for world-wide extensions as time advances. The local Jerusalem, symbolized as the true Church, becomes universal, and so Babylon, as the anti-Church. The Roman-papal beast expressly includes all the preceding anti-christianities in her descent to perdition. Note Revelation 17:11. As the apocalypse draws toward its close its geographical area seems to enlarge from the limits of the Roman empire to the entire surface of our globe. The “nations” of Revelation 19:15, and Revelation 20:3; Revelation 20:8, and “the kings of the earth” of Revelation 19:19, must be taken in their widest extension; and it is the whole human race of all ages that finally appears before the throne, Revelation 20:11. And we seem easily bridged over this enlarging process by the double meaning (specified in our Introduction) of the word “ten.” From its literal count of the nations of the Roman empire it may emerge into its symbolical universality, and become truly world-wide. In this full sense the people of America are of the ten nations. And all the peoples of both hemispheres are clearly included in “the nations” after the ten is dropped. 18. The woman… is that great city—The harlot is Babylon, and Babylon is the beast, for all three are different aspects of the same one antichrist.Yet the woman survives the city and the beast survives both, Revelation 19:20.We refer the Babylon-symbol to the politico-ecclesiastical organism of this ever-enlarging antichristic system—a system which finds its immediate symbol in Rome as the seventh head, but its inherited totality symbolized in the eighth. Note Revelation 17:11. It is secular and ecclesiastical , which, essentially pagan and atheistic, usurps the place of the true King, and tyrannizes over the consciences and rights of mankind and subjects them to the despotism of antichrist.The harlot symbol is that unity of corrupt doctrine with corrupt character and conduct once eminently belonging to the ancient Baal system, (see note on Revelation 2:20,) by which whoredom, united with dogma, became a common name for a false and corrupt religionism. This harlotry is a compound of false theology with a debauchery and depravation of mind and manners.The organic combination falls first, has fallen, and is falling. Men are gaining freedom of conscience; and religious despotism, with its religious wars and inquisitions, is going down by force of right asserting itself. But the purification of thought and life, the banishment of false theology and of all practical depravities and vices, social and individual, is a later reformation. Its fullest earthly completion will not be attained till Satan himself is bound and banished, and the millennial reign is inaugurated. 4. Song of triumph over the accomplished destruction of Babylon, Revelation 18:1-24.1. And—After the full completion of the account both of Babylon’s fall and the harlot’s destiny, our seer finds the moment for giving the triumphal rejoicing upon the victory separately over each. This entire chapter is occupied with the triumph over the capital; nearly half of the next chapter over the harlot.The fact that most of the verbs after Revelation 18:3 are in the future has beguiled the commentators into the idea that “the great city” is not demolished in chapter 16. Thus Alford says, “The seer does not see the act of destruction,” which is in itself antecedently a very improbable supposition, and contradicted by the whole narrative of that chapter, as our notes, perhaps, have shown. These interpreters overlook the dramatic character of this paean; the frequent preterites that remind us that the event is really past; the numerous instances in which the future tense really describes the long future desolation and woe consequent upon the past downfall; and that in a large share of the chapter the futures are uttered from the standpoint of the ancient prophets, and are simply the triumphant applications of the maledictions upon old Tyre and Babylon to Babylon the new. 2. He cried… with a strong voice—As announcing a stupendous event! The words that were prophecy in Revelation 14:8, are now become history. Devils—Demons. See note on Revelation 16:14. The idea occurs more than once in Scripture—and we do not know that it was an illusion—that there are invisible as well as visible beings to whom solitudes and desolations are a congenial abode. If devils haunt human society, why may they not haunt the deserts? Perhaps the devils which seduced the living populations of Babylon still haunted the scenes after the populations were no more. Hateful bird—Averse from the society of man, and at home amid damp and desolation. b. Celestial rehearsal of the ancient menacing predictions, as having been now fulfilled in Babylon’s downfall, Revelation 18:4-8.Voice from heaven—We might conceive this voice to come from an impersonation of ancient prophecy. We might suppose it an expression from the body of the old prophets in heaven. Come out of her—Quoted from Jeremiah 51:45. My people—Commentators, not realizing the dramatic nature of this interlude, are puzzled to know who utters this my. Stuart says, it is “the Saviour.” Alford says, it is “an angel speaking in the name of God.” But what authority for attributing the voice to “an angel?” Very plainly it is a celestial quotation from the old prophet who spoke the words of Jehovah. Her plagues—Alluding, of course, as also Revelation 18:8, to the seven last plagues of chap. 16, which have passed. For even those who deny the literal totality of the ruin in Revelation 16:19-21, admit the priority of the plagues to the song of this chapter. 5. Reached unto heaven—Not merely in their “cry,” or rumor, but in their accumulating heap, rising, like the tower of Babel, with a “top unto heaven.” Genesis 11:4. Remembered—A clear reference to Revelation 16:19; another reference to the past event. 6. Reward… rewarded you—A blending of Isa 61:7, and Jeremiah 51:56. 7. I sit a queen—Quoted from Isaiah 47:7-8. 8. Plagues—Note on Revelation 18:4. One day—Modification of Isa 47:9. Referring here, not so much to their suddenness as to their simultaneity in the end. Most commentators understand that her plagues came gradually, and even in chronological order. Death… mourning… famine—The united consequence of her plagues. Burned with fire—Jeremiah 51:58. c. Portraiture (mostly in prophetic form) of her mercantile and commercial desolations, Revelation 18:9-20.It would, of course, be physically impossible for kings in their foreign capitals, and merchants beyond sea, to behold, with bodily eye, the burning metropolis, and even be obliged to withdraw to a distance (Revelation 18:10; Revelation 18:15) for fear of being scorched. This close grouping, however, gives us a very vivid conception. Yet under this poetic parable of commercial desolation it is the overthrow of the Babylonic anti-christianity of all ages that is symbolized.9. Kings bewail the cessation of the alliance of debauchery and luxury, merchants weep for the loss of the great market for their commodities. 11. Shall—The speaker here adopts the present tense, buyeth, as if detailing what is truly now occurring over the late ruin. At Revelation 18:15 the future is resumed; at Revelation 18:17 the preterite. 12. The enumeration, though irregular, to express the cumulative character of the merchandise, or lading, as the word signifies, runs into spontaneous groups. Gold… silver… precious stones… pearls—The solid substances possessing an artificial value. Fine linen… purple… silk… scarlet—The costly array of the wealthy, noble, and royal. Thyine or citron wood. Vessels, or any implements, of ivory… wood… brass… iron… marble—The furnitures of most costly material. 13. Cinnamon… odours… ointments, and frankincense—The most refined perfumeries. Wine… oil… fine flour… wheat—Luxuries of drink and food. Beasts—Of burden. Sheep… horses… chariots… slaves—Or, as Stuart well renders, grooms. Mostly the means of conveyance. And souls of men—The phrase in Ezekiel 27:13, rendered in our translation “persons of men,” is literally, in the Hebrew, “souls of men,” who, as being then “traded,” were clearly slaves. The same phrase is used by St. Paul, (Romans 2:9,) “every soul of man,” in an elevated sense; and it is here used with an aggravating and condemnatory emphasis. 14. In this verse the second person thee, indicating direct address to Babylon, seems to be resumed from the thy of Rev 18:10, having been interrupted by the list of merchandise in the intervening verses. Fruits that thy soul lusted after—Literal Greek, the harvest of the desire of thy soul. An harvest probably does not refer to fruits, but means the ingathering of all the above enumerated luxuries. Dainty—Radically means, fat, and is so rendered by Alford, and would then seem to refer to animal foods. But more probably the secondary meaning, derived from the smoothness of a fat surface, is glossy or varnished, and is here applied to furniture. Dainty and goodly may be rendered glossy and glittering; and that, indeed, would preserve the alliteration really existing in the Greek words. 17. Enumeration of the various marine mourners. Shipmaster—The helmsman who steered, and was, generally, also the ship captain. Company in ships—Literal Greek, every one sailing to a place; rendered by Alford, “Who saileth any whither.” Stuart renders the phrase, “Every coaster,” understanding those who do not put out to broad sea, but ply from place to place on the coast. They gathered, perhaps, the commodities to be shipped in larger craft to the metropolitan market. Trade by sea— Literal Greek, whoever work the sea; as if taking care, comprehensively, that all should be included. 18. Saw the smoke of her burning—Too distant to see the flame. 19. Cast dust on their heads—The Oriental style of self-humiliation; signifying that we are but dust, and in the intensity of our emotions would humble ourselves beneath it. Her costliness—Her munificence, by which she lived richly for herself, and paid liberally to her providers of supplies. 20. Rejoice—The divine voice closes its mercantile catalogue with a lofty jubilate. The downfall of Satan’s capital is a just penalty for her sins, and a salvation to the world. Thou heaven—From which this voice chanted its celestial interlude. The ungraceful thou is not in the Greek, which should be rendered, O heaven. The heaven addressed consists of the classes next named in the verse, whose chorister the voice is. Holy—Not an adjective, belonging to apostles, but a noun, saints. The three classes, saints, (or the body of Christians,) apostles, and prophets, are those in and constituting the heaven first named. When John wrote, in the time of Domitian, all the apostles but himself had probably deceased. Prophets—Of whose ancient predictions this voice is a grand reverberation. Avenged—For this Babylon takes in the whole line of antichristic empires, including those under whom the ancient prophets predicted and suffered. Thus this mournful interlude closes in a climax of triumph. d. Mournful picture of the silence by day, and the darkness by night, within the city home, Revelation 18:21-24.And—In the present paragraph there is not a verb in the future tense, except one, shall be thrown down. This is future, because it is a quotation from Jeremiah 51:63-64, where a similar throwing of a stone into the sea illustrates the downfall of ancient Babylon. All the other verbs of the passage are in the (aorist) past tense. No more at all—This solemn expression of perpetual ruin is seven times uttered in this paragraph; the symbol number of absolute divine completeness. 22. The three silences—of music, of manufacture, and of sustenance. Harpers, on the chords; musicians, vocalists; pipers, flute-players; trumpeters, with rousing martial music. Craftsman… craft he be— Literally, the artisan of every art. Sound—Greek, voice of the personified millstone. 23. No lamp shall illuminate the wedding chamber. For—The double for assigns reason for different things. First for implies how great the desolation; for Babylon’s merchants were once princes; the second for implies the justice of the downfall; for she was the world’s corruptress. 24. Prophets—The prophets were slain by Rome only as she is identical with the antichrist of the Old Testament ages, with Babylon, and even with the antichrist in the material, literal Jerusalem. And this is transparently true of the last clause—all the good that were slain upon the earth. And the fact that the Romish Babylon is type and inheritress of all the great antichristic systems, being the complete beast of all the seven in one total eighth, explains the commercial figures imported into this bold chant. The city is figure of the profane, spiritual, and secular antichristic world-power. The theological and moral debauchery of all the antichristic ages was identical with all their pomp and trade and commercial intercourse. Prophecy mingles them all in one, and consigns them to the same ruin.Then shall a new system arise, in which righteousness and purity shall reign. 5. Song of triumph over the destruction of the harlot, (Revelation 19:1-5;) and the coming of the pure bride, (Revelation 19:6-10;) Revelation 19:1-10.1. And after these things—We are carefully to note here, as at Revelation 18:1, these explicit declarations of consecutiveness. The jubilations of this coming paragraph are not to be confused with those of the last chapter, which are closed. The last chapter celebrates the overthrow of the city; this paragraph the destruction of the great whore. Hence we must not (as Dusterdieck) literally identify the harlot with secular and material Rome upon the Tiber. Much people—Much multitude of saints and angels. Alleluia—Greek form of the Hebrew hallelujah, praise Jehovah. Its euphony in English, together with its sublime import, has made it a vocal favourite with joyous Christians. Salvation… God—A rapturous exclamation; rightly translated by Stuart, “Hallelujah! the salvation, and glory, and power, of our God.” A trinal ascription to the Triune. 2. Hath avenged—In accordance with the prediction of Rev 17:16-17, that she should be destroyed by the ten horns; her flesh be eaten, and her body burned. That was prophecy; this is jubilant history. At her hand—Quoted from 2 Kings 9:7. “That I may avenge the blood of my servants the prophets, and the blood of all the servants of the Lord, at the hand of Jezebel.” Jezebel is type of this harlot. Note, Revelation 2:20. The preposition at, here, is in the Greek from. Alford well explains it: “The vengeance is considered as a penalty forced out of the reluctant hand.” This is preferable to Stuart’s rendering, “Hath avenged the blood of his servants [shed] by her hand.” 3. Again—A new outburst of praise after a pause. Rose up… ever—”The original imagery,” says Stuart, “is taken from the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. As they had already become a perpetual desolation, so should spiritual Babylon be.” We may note that the past tense, rose, makes it seem as if the for ever and ever had passed. The real meaning seems to be, that the smoke rose up with a for ever and ever, that is, a fixed perpetuity to it. 4. To the song in heaven there now comes a profound response. It is from the twenty-four elders and from the four living ones, who commenced their session at chapter 6. The elders rise from their seats and prostrate themselves before the throne. They give their responsive amen, and a third utterance, to the alleluias of the great voice in heaven. 5. Voice came out of the throne—Commentators differ as to whose was this voice, the throne. Stuart thinks it was the Messiah; and for the words our God, as from him, Stuart quotes as precedents John 20:17; Hebrews 2:11, and Revelation 18:4. Against this view Alford protests. We venture to ask, Why was it not the voice of the throne itself? In Revelation 7:13, we have, “A voice from the four horns of the altar;” and in Revelation 16:7 there is a voice from the altar, which Alford rightly interprets as the altar itself becoming vocal. This would add plausibility to Wordsworth’s attributing the words in Revelation 11:1, to the “reed,” which the literal wording of the Greek requires. 6. The responsive song has now come to a climax. First, there was a great voice from heaven; then, a repeat; third, a response from the elders; fourth, a response from the throne; and last, this universal voice as of waters and thunderings, in which the seer is drowned. Reigneth—Aorist, has reigned. That is, has acted the king—has decisively ruled in destroying the harlot; for that is the theme of all these responsive chants. 7. The marriage of the Lamb—By the association of contrast the thought turns from the harlot to the pure and holy wife. Nevertheless, the immediacy of the time-words here is no proof that the marriage of Rev 21:9 (and so the second advent) is literally close at hand.Even in our Lord’s day on earth (Matthew 21:1-10) that marriage was “ready,” and the invitations were sent forth. That is, men are now invited to the New Jerusalem, irrespective of time. And so the justification of the believer is a marriage supper, Revelation 2:20. And so, in different stages, both the sanctification of the Church and her glorification is a divine marriage.Mr. Glasgow, however, calls attention to the fact that the marriage and the marriage supper are two entirely different things. He avers that in every instance in the New Testament the word ãáìïò, wedding, refers, not to the marriage ceremony but to the feast, which was often some days after. The marriage at Cana was the marriage feast, not the actual wedding. Jesus, by his incarnation, became the bridegroom, (since John was the friend of the bridegroom,) as appears by John 3:29. So that while the marriage is on earth, the feast is in heaven. And so here the word is not bride, but wife; and in Revelation 21:9, the word “bride” is explained by “wife,” as if the marriage had passed, and the feast was to come. Is come—The union of the pure Church with Christ is frequently imaged as a marriage. Thus, to the Jewish Church Jehovah says: “I am married unto you.” Jeremiah 3:14. And in Isaiah 50:1, there is divorce in consequence of unfaithfulness. Yet the completion of the marriage of the Lamb, in its fullest sense, is after the great white throne of Rev 20:11. For the actual final wife is the New Jerusalem, as shown by Revelation 21:9. And at Revelation 21:2, this New Jerusalem comes “down out of heaven prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.” And that is very decisive proof that, as the bride is the pure Church, so the harlot is an impure Church. 9. He—Who? The last-mentioned antecedent is, Revelation 17:1, “one of the seven angels that had the seven vials.” And in Revelation 17:7, the same “angel said” all the rest of that chapter. And the same angel reappears after the millennium and after the final judgment, (Revelation 21:9,) and shows the bride the Lamb’s wife, namely, the New Jerusalem, the description extends to the end of that chapter. And the next and final Revelation 22:1, commences with, “And he showed me,” etc., referring to the same angel. Then, in Revelation 19:6 of that chapter, he evidently refers to the same angel-guide. Two remarkable points here present themselves. First, this same angel-guide crosses, officially, over the thousand years of chapter 20. Of course, in the panorama visible to the seer, the thousand years could not be optically presented, and could only be narrated. The continuity of the angel is, therefore, only the convenient continuity of the panorama. And as the seven-vial angels were contents of the seventh trumpet, so the proper inference is, that the peal of the seventh trumpet continues from the beginning of the twelfth chapter to the end of the Apocalypse; that is, from the first advent to the end of the millennium, and the opening of eternity. Second, the parallelism shown in our note on Revelation 17:3, between Revelation 17:1; Revelation 17:3, and Revelation 21:9-10, shows not only that there is an intended contrast between the harlot, or old Babylon, and the wife, or New Jerusalem, but indicates that the immediacy of the marriage of the Lamb, indicated in Revelation 19:7 of this nineteenth chapter, is also very much a panoramic immediacy, and that it crosses over the millennium and reaches to the descending of the celestial city, which is the true wife. Hence it clearly follows, that the said immediacy does not prove a real nearness of the second advent and judgment. That is, the scene of Rev 19:11-21 of this chapter is not Christ’s personal, literal, judgment-advent. Write, Blessed—Here is a blessedness, as in Revelation 14:13, worthy of record while the world stands. Called—A call resulting from the justifying faith of the invited guest. The same hand that seals the pardon of the sinner writes his name in the book of life, and calls him to share at the marriage supper. Stuart supposes it to be a great difficulty that the saints of last verse, who really constitute the bride, are here only invited guests. But while collectively the body of saints is the bride, yet individually each saint may be viewed as guest. True—Both genuine, as being truly God’s sayings, and true as uttering what is truth. 10. Fell… to worship him—Compare the parallel passage, Revelation 22:8-9. Our seer probably supposed his apocalypse closed, and would return worship for so great a boon. Thy fellow-servant—Fellow testifier to Jesus. He supplies the visible testimony, and John publishes it to the world. Thy brethren—Properly, the apostles who were the chosen witnesses of Christ. Note, Luke 1:2. Testimony of Jesus—Both Jesus’s testimony and the apostles’ testimony of Jesus. More the latter than the former. The testimony of Jesus—Possessed and delivered by the apostles. Is the spirit of prophecy—The same inspiration as revealed the truths of the ancient prophecy. Hence apostles and prophets are on a level, and the revealing angel was their fellow-servant. III. THIRD AND LAST —OF THE ARMIES OF , Revelation 19:11 to Revelation 20:3.This last sublime victory is now to be achieved. The capital of antichrist was taken, 14-16; his harlot was destroyed, xvii; and now comes the final destruction of all the forces and champions opposed to truth and righteousness, preparatory to the introduction of the universal reign of holy peace. That these three great successive phases of historical progress evolve through centuries, is required by the whole structure of the apocalypse, based, as that is, on the imageries of Daniel’s visions. The three phases succeed in the order given, yet, no doubt, each preceding phase laps into its successor. This last—”the great moral battle of the world”—doubtless in a measure includes the preceding two, and carries the whole process of advancing knowledge, truth, and righteousness to the millennial culmination.On this important passage we may note, 1. We do not agree with Alford in identifying the rider of the white horse here with that in Revelation 6:2. But it conclusively follows, that if that is symbolical, so is this. There is no more reason for supposing the personage is corporeally “present” in one case than in the other. 2. Nor is there any more reason for supposing a corporeal riding out of heaven on a literal live horse here, than to suppose a corporeal dragon in chap. 12, flung by Michael from the sky to the ground. That downfall is, no doubt, allusively drawn from the pre-terrene fall of the angels; just as this is drawn allusively from the real post-terrene second advent yet to come. The dragon is a real person, namely, Satan; yet this, his phenomenal apparition, is a symbol; just so the Messiah is a real person, while this, his phenomenal presentation, is a symbol. And so fallacious is Gebhardt’s argument, that the man-child’s ascension was real, and so, therefore, this descent of the same must be literal. The man-child was real, but his infantile snatching up, in chapter 12, was symbolical, based on his real ascension. See notes chap. 12. 3. The phantasy that this is a picture of Christ’s real coming to “judge the quick and dead,” is contradicted on the entire face of the passage, and by every detail of its particulars. It is not a judicial scene, but a military. It is not a court, but a battle. The leader is not here a judge in the judiciary sense, but a general and a conqueror. Can it be for one moment seriously believed that there will be literal horses in heaven, on which Christ and his saints will sit astride, and ride down to the earth? 4. What confirms this view is, that it is the last battle in a serial emblematic war; the last third of a regular symbolic campaign. The enemy’s capital has been captured, his harlot has been exposed and destroyed. But the chief leaders—the dragon, the beast, and the false prophet—with their armies, are yet in the field. This is simply a clear narrative, under due symbol guise, of their overthrow, arrest, and consignment to durance vile. 5. What settles this view finally and conclusively is, the fact that at the close of the battle and the imprisonment of the last great rebel, (Revelation 20:3-6,) we have the trophies of victory and the repose and full enjoyment of conquest. The world is cleared of rebels and devils; the imparadised martyr “souls” are enthroned with Christ in exaltation, and rule over its broad area; and for a symbolic thousand years not a traitor dares lift a warlike head. When, at the close of that period, the ancient rebel re-rebels, the world’s status is fixed forever.The grand judicature takes place, and the portals of eternity are opened. 6. This picture is, then, symbolical. The horses and the riders on horseback are the impersonations of the cause, and of the champions of truth, righteousness, and human happiness, headed by Him who is the Word of God, the Truth itself. His enemies are the agencies of evil, the obstructive forces to the Gospel, to human progress, to universal Christianization, peace, and civilization. But the leader in the advance is divine; heavenly auxiliaries form his retinue; the enemies are paralyzed, and victory crowns the day. If any one doubts whether this battle of right against wrong, of the true against the false, of Christ against antichrist, is really in hopeful progress, let him consider a few facts.Three or four centuries ago this our American continent was covered with the howling forests, inhabited by savage pagans, with their horrid Satanic rites and diabolical cruelties. It is now being overspread with churches, schools, and universities. At that time the sea was navigated by a feeble craft, and liable to be overrun with piracies. Europe was wrapped in ignorance, the press was uninvented, Christendom was ruled by the absolute pope, and yet the Turks were threatening Vienna, with a great possibility of establishing Mohammedanism as the religion of the western world. Asia was ruled by pagan or Mohammedan, and locked against all Christian missions, had there been life enough in Christianity to send one.Africa was an unexplored pagan blackness. And thus two or three centuries ago the four quarters of the globe were covered with a solid midnight, save a few rays of twilight dawn in Europe. Picture as great a change for the better through our next three centuries, and say if the heavenly battle is not in progress! Thus is our Apocalypse the book of hope and triumph. 12. Eyes… fire—Note on Revelation 1:14. Dazzling to the view, searching and omniscient in their glance. No enemy can deceive him, no secret lurk from him, no fugitive escape him. Many crowns—In correspondence with his being (Revelation 19:16) king of kings and Lord of lords. Name… no man knew—So the Jewish high priest wore on his forehead the name of Jehovah, which none but the high priest might utter. Perhaps the present words mean that Christ is Jehovah. Otherwise the meaning may be, that there are depths—there is a secret—in the nature of Christ, which none can fathom save his self-conscious self. 13. A vesture dipped in blood—The allusion may be to Isaiah 63:1-2, where a warrior comes from Bozrah, with garments “dyed,” that is, “sprinkled,” with blood. But here the word dipt, βεβαμμενον, suggests that there may be an allusion to his own atoning blood. This view lies in close connexion with his gospel name next given, and with the white raiment of the armies, next verse. His name—Known to the world as his gospel name. Word of God—The incarnate expression to men of the divine nature. Hence a name of truth, of revelation, and of salvation. And so our John says in his Gospel, Revelation 1:14, “The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us… full of grace and truth.” The armies— Namely, of martyred, disembodied spirits; the souls once under the altar, Revelation 6:9-11; then, on Mount Zion, with the Lamb, Revelation 14:1-5 : next, here; and finally, as the souls of Rev 20:4. Fine linen—The righteousness of the saints, Revelation 19:18. White—The leader is arrayed in red; the armies are in white. They are whitened by his crimson. They bear no carnal armour; they are the white warriors for purity and peace. 15. There is but one sword in the armies, and that belongs to the leader. And it brandishes not from his hand, but from his mouth. The image blends the double thought of conversion and destruction. See note on Revelation 1:16.Here is verified the truth of our note on St. Paul’s (2 Thessalonians 2:8) “whom the Lord shall destroy with the spirit of his mouth.” Here it is the spiritual power going forth from the lips of the Word of God that overthrows the power of antichrist. At Revelation 20:9-10, that same antichrist will be not only overthrown but destroyed “by the brightness of his coming.” Smite the nations—But not destroy. On the extent of these nations see note, Revelation 17:16. Rule them—Literally, shall shepherd them. He guards and controls them as the sheep of his pasture.But his crook is a powerful, or benevolently despotic, one. It is a rod (or sceptre) of iron—It rules with exactness, and those unyielding to its sway receive its destroying stroke. Treadeth the wine-press—The ruddy image of carnage and destruction. 16. On his vesture… thigh—On his vesture overspreading his thigh. King… lords—Great sovereigns, like those of Persia, who had kings and viceroys for their vassals, were accustomed to display this title. But none but He who here wears it is entitled to its universal extent. The arts and forces of war are now in the hands of our Christian civilization. This began to be the fact when Charlemagne subdued the savage Saxons, and brought the peace and unity upon which the modern civilized system has been based. It was the fact when Charles Martel drove back the tide of Mohammedan invasion. Christian preeminence is now slowly, yet with increasing rapidity, spreading Europeanism over Asia, and invading, from all sides, the “dark continent” of Africa. And the Protestant power is through every decade overmastering the forces of the papacy. Who does not know that a higher Christian civilization, either by war or peace, must overspread America within a century or two more? All this because Messiah shepherds the nations with a rod of iron. 17. And—A sublime taunt now upon the dark and puny enemies of advancing truth and righteousness. There will be, not a battle, but a feast for the birds of the air. The onward wheels of progress towards the millennium will crush all opponents on the track. Angel standing in the sun—A most splendid image. The sun is a large, luminous orb, in which the angel-form stands like a picture in a radiant circular frame. The sun is a favourite and goodly emblem. Its angel is on the side of the Prince of Light. Cried… to all the fowls—As lord of the firmament the birds of the air are his subjects, and obey his call; especially a call so welcome as this. Midst of heaven—The mid-heaven, space between heaven and earth, for all the fowls that fly. The supper—The principal meal of the day; banquet. 18. Eat the flesh—The enumeration takes in the army ranks, kings, captains, that is, chiliarchs or commanders of a thousand, our colonels: mighty men, powerful fighters, and the entire cavalry, that is, doubtless, the whole army. To these are added all men; the men in italics is not in the Greek. It means all adherents to the side of old darkness.It is to be noted, very specially, that the living nations are not cut off by this massacre. In Revelation 19:15 it is said that he will smite, but not destroy, the nations; in Revelation 20:3 it is said Satan is shut down that he should not deceive the nations; and in Revelation 20:8, at close of the millennium, Satan does go forth to deceive the nations. It is demonstration then, that through this battle, and through the millennium, and until the great white throne of Rev 20:11, there is an uninterrupted roll of the successive generations of the nations.Flesh of kings—To show the rich variety of the supper, flesh is repeated at each enumerated rank; and the word flesh is, in fact, in the Greek, plural; thus taking in the individuals of every rank. Horses, and of them that sit on them—The cavalry, probably including the whole army, as both armies seem to be on horseback. 19. And—Though the adverse armament and array seem to be fearfully great, the battle seems to be no battle. Make war—Nobody seems to be slain of the armies of heaven. 20. Capture of the adverse leaders. The beast and the false prophet—The latter the two-horned lamb, and so clearly an ecclesiastical deceiver. In the false prophet the entire pseudo-spiritual body (the image of xiii included) as the corrupt spokesmen of a corrupt Church are individualized as a single person. Lake… brimstone—Note on Revelation 20:14-15. Alive— Not slain, like the remnant of next verse. As both these personages are allegorical, we may be at a loss, at first, what can be meant by their being cast into Gehenna. But the thought appears to be, that hell is the final receptacle of all that is essentially evil, whether persons, systems, or principles, whether personal or abstract; just as the bottomless pit, (Revelation 20:9,) is its source. It is not said (Revelation 20:10)that these two were tormented as the dragon is. 21. The remnant—The non-military adherents of antichrist. Slain—And so not cast into the lake of fire until after the day of judgment, Revelation 20:11-15. With the sword—One divine weapon does the whole work. Fowls… flesh—The great supper is served; the very substance of the enemies of truth and righteousness is borne to the four points of the compass by God’s aerial servitors. Of the triad of leaders the last and greatest remains to be disposed of. That part is, unhappily, severed from this by the wrong division of chapters. Capture of the real antichrist—Satan, and his thousand year imprisonment, Revelation 20:1-3.1. And—See last note. Of course, no intelligent reader imagines that an angel with real metallic chain lays corporeal hand upon Satan’s body. The angel is the going forth of divine power energizing the moral and spiritual forces repressive of sin and Satan. Chain—The decisive check upon infernal agencies over man. 2. Laid hold on—Doubtless a true restraining force on the very person of Satan. Dragon… Satan—Same accumulation of epithets to identify the world’s great villain as in Revelation 12:9. Bound him—A release of men from all demoniac temptation or instigation. 3. Bottomless pit—See note on Revelation 9:1. Why are the beast and false prophet (Revelation 19:20) said to be cast into the lake of fire, the final doom of all the wicked, and Satan only into the “bottomless pit?”The reason we would suggest is this: The former two are not real personages, but only principles or organisms which arise in human history, (really originating from that bottomless pit, see notes on chap. ix,) and so are consigned to their finality; whereas, the latter is a real being, whose life-history commences before the creation of man, who procures the human fall, and is, therefore, destined by the divine order to receive his finality when the period of human history is closed at the final judgment. Set a seal upon—So that he cannot break out without breaking the seal. Deceive the nations no more—Hence, the nations are still in existence, and blessedly exempt from all infernal influences. The bottomless pit of chapter 9 is closed up, and the demon-locusts fly no more. The prince of the power of the air no longer works in the hearts of men, rendering them children of disobedience. A blessed negation of evil forces—an abolition of depraving influences—is now established. So that whereas a Christian civilization of an impure kind has heretofore been extending itself over the world, that Christian civilization is itself now becoming purer and far holier. This is, however, to a great degree of a negative character. Great oppressions, injustices, impurities, falsities, and corruptions, are disappearing. But there are needed yet the positive blessed influences of the reign of Jesus and his paradise over the earth to kindle the heart of the world with the glow of a sublime piety. Those come in the next paragraph. Must be loosed—It is the divine order that he be permitted to show himself worthy of his final doom. RESULT OF —THE -YEAR REPOSE OF VICTORY AND REIGN—THE , Revelation 20:4-6.4. I saw thrones—An inauguration of a new and better regimen over the world. The infernals being cast out, the celestials, with benign influences, are crowned as kings. Where John saw the thrones he does not say; but, apparently, they should be in the firmamental heaven, where once (chap. xii) the dragon reigned. And this would represent the place of spiritual natures. Notes on Ephesians 2:2; Ephesians 4:9. And they sat upon them— Namely, those who reigned in the latter part of the verse, the souls of the martyred in the battles with antichrist. Judgment—The authority to judge, or, according to Scripture sense, to rule, was given them. Herein is more completely fulfilled the symbolic promise to the twelve that they should sit on twelve thrones, judging, that is, ruling, the twelve tribes of Israel.Matthew 19:28. But we see no judging of angels (1 Corinthians 6:2-3, where see note) here. The souls—Not bodies. As it was antichristic spiritual beings who have been dethroned, so it is Christic spiritual beings who are now enthroned. Satan and his angels have heretofore ruled; Christ and his saints shall rule now. In both cases the rulers are spiritual, in the spiritual region, that is, in the spiritual atmosphere overlying the earth, and ruling its populations with spiritual influences and sway.It was these same martyred souls whom the seer beheld, under the fifth seal, (Revelation 6:9,) lying under the altar, in sad suppression beneath the despotism of the persecutor, calling for retribution and bidden to wait awhile. They have waited; their number is fulfilled, and their regal time has come. This exaltation is the glorious reversal of that humiliation. They were victims then—they are kings now. The order of strata is reversed; those who were then underlying are now overlying. But in both cases they are souls, not bodies. In other cases, where the soul signifies the whole person, the idea of disembodied soul is excluded by the narrative, as in Acts 27:37. But here, and in Revelation 6:9, they are the souls of dead men; of persons beheaded with the axe. And the Greek word for beheaded is not in the aorist tense, which would imply that the fact was transient, but the perfect, which implies the continuance of the dead condition of the body. Whatever the soul of a living man may be, the soul of a dead man must be a disembodied soul.We trace the souls under the altar of Rev 6:9, through their history to this verse. We find them among the hosts on Mount Zion with the Lamb, in Revelation 14:1-4, where they are in the Lamb’s retinue, following him wherever he goeth, chanting a future victory over Babylon, but not yet reigning. We find them in the armies of heaven, Revelation 19:14, (where see note,) who fight the great battle. We find them here, the exalted, inaugurated trophy of that victory, reigning with the Great Victor. They lived—They were endowed with the element of glorified vitality; by which they surmount and overcome the power of the second death, Revelation 20:6. This is the true resurrection of souls. What is the nature of this life? It is the same life as occurs constantly in these last chapters of Revelation in the phrases book of life, tree of life, water of life, river of life, word of life, eternal life, life. It is the paradisiac life; by which, over and above the mere conscious existence of the soul, or even its regenerate life in this world, it glows with bliss, and expands into an immortal growth and beauty; the principle of celestial life implanted by Christ in the glorified spirit.The primal sentence, thou shall surely die, included the fulness of death upon the whole man, and upon his everlasting being. That “die” manifests itself, indeed, in the body, by decay and dissolution, which is the first death; it manifests itself in the soul by spiritual depravity and eternal destruction in the world to come, which is the second death. By Christ both these deaths may be reversed; first, by a revival of the soul to a prospective celestial life here, to be exalted and continued in a glorified spiritual state hereafter, which is the first resurrection; and by a revival and reorganization of the body to an eternal union with the soul, which is the second resurrection. Thus, the first resurrection is a resurrection of souls, the second a resurrection of bodies.Nor are we quite alone in this interpretation. Grotius, in his commentary upon the passage, says, “The souls which are in hades are not all said (ζην) to live; but those only which are translated to beneath the throne of glory, as the Jews say; for so they call the perfected state of souls before the universal resurrection.” Upon the words ουκεζησαν, they lived not, he remarks, “That is, they remained in hades in that state which was according to the life which they had lived on earth.”That the blessed souls were said by the Jews to live this paradisiac life in this intermediate state (located by them as under the throne of glory) the following beautiful passages from eminent doctors of the Jewish Church will show, for which we are indebted to Schoettgen’s Horae Hebraicae.Midrasch Coheleth, (fol. 90:4,) commenting upon the biblical words, “for the living know that they must die,” says: “They are meant who, even in death, are called living. ‘But the dead know not any thing.’ The impious are meant, who, even while active in life, are called dead. Whence we prove this: that the just, even in death, are called living.” Jalkut Simeoni, (part ii, fol. 109:3:) “No difference is there between the just, living or dead, except that they differ in name.” Synopsis Sohar, (p. 138, n. vii:) “Jacob our father, and Moses our teacher, upon whom be peace, are not dead; and so all who are in their perfected state, because the true life consists of this. Although it is written of them that they are dead, this is to be understood in respect to us, not to them.”That the blessed intermediate state is called under the throne of glory appears as follows: Schoettgen, upon Revelation 6:9, “Souls under the Altar,” quotes Sohar Chadasch, (fol. 22, 1.) Said Rabbi Jacob, “All the souls are taken from under the throne of the glory of God, that they may (at the resurrection) resume their body, as a father takes his child.”The same upon Sol. Son 8:1 : “By vine is meant the righteous soul, which in heaven is planted under the throne of glory.” In another place, “How loved by God is that soul which is taken from under the throne of God’s glory—from the holy place—the land of the living.”Schoettgen also shows that the same throne of glory was the place of the Messiah in his exaltation. “Messiah was to be descended from the fathers, and in human flesh to redeem us; then he was in the same to occupy the throne of glory.”—Vol. ii, p. 439.From these extracts the meaning of this language from an ancient Jew is plain. The disembodied spirits of the saints, being in the perfected state, are said, in contradistinction to the wicked, to LIVE, and to live with the glorified (Christ) Messiah. This is the same with the abode of Lazarus in Abraham’s bosom; the same as the “being absent from the body” and the “being present with the Lord” of St. Paul; the same as the being in paradise with Christ of the penitent thief; and the same as the life and reign of souls of St. John.Reigned—Became the overlying, controlling, spiritual power over the nations of the earth, as Satan and his angels once were. With Christ— Yet all their victory and reign is in unification with the Redeemer. As they fought his last battle through his one sword, so they reign through his one sceptre.This picture of living and reigning souls, however, is given (like the mountains of Rev 17:9) as a double symbol, or more properly, as a symbol and a specimen. As a symbol the souls stand to represent the victory over antichrist. Hence only those who are martyred in that war seem to be made visible. As a specimen they serve to show the true nature of the first resurrection; that is, the glorified triumphant state of the imparadised disembodied spirits, in the glorified side of hades, who have won the battle of life, and await in bliss, incomplete yet wonderful, for the second resurrection. Hence, as a specimen of the nature of the first resurrection, though these alone are in the foreground and visible, yet all the spirits of the departed just, though in the background, are by right and just implication there. Hence, we look to this passage as describing the blessedness of all our departed brethren who have passed through the portals of death to the land of blessed spirits. It is to this blood-washed throng that we hope to go from our death-bed in Christ. See our article, on “The Millennium of Revelation 20,” in the “Methodist Quarterly Review” for January, 1843, for a full discussion of this whole subject. 5. The rest of the dead—The rest are those who live not in this first resurrection life. Lived not again—The word again must be stricken out as a false reading. It is unquestionably spurious. We have then only the rest of the dead lived not. This—The Greek for this grammatically agrees with resurrection. So that, literally, we have: this (resurrection) is the first resurrection. Or, (as Alford,) making this the predicate, the first resurrection is this (resurrection.) In either case this resurrection refers to the living of the souls. This imparadised life is the life of the first resurrection. This circumscribes and fixes the meaning of the word lived. It was not merely the soul’s regenerate life in this world, or the soul’s life of the dead, who are not in this first resurrection. It is the soul’s first-resurrection life. The life of souls is the first resurrection; the added life of bodies is the second. Until the thousand years were finished— This does not imply that the rest of the dead did live after the close of the thousand years. The Greek words αχρι and μεχρι both signify until, but with a difference. The latter would determine that the not living (or any other affirmed condition) ceased at the end of the period. The former only affirms that the said condition lasted for so long, without affirming whether it lasted longer or not. It is the former that is used here. The not living of the rest lasted for a thousand years; and then—he will tell us what happened. Namely, they were put into a condition by which they never could attain the first resurrection life, but did remain under the power, and finally sink into the condition of, the second death.There are numerous instances of this use of the word until. Psalms 90:1 : “Sit thou at my right hand until I make thine enemies thy footstool,” and then sit there forever. 1 Samuel 15:35 : “Samuel came no more until the day of his death,” and no more after that. Romans 15:13 : “Until the law sin was in the world,” and after the law also. And so, the rest lived not until the millennium ended; nor then either.Our note here thus far assumes the genuineness of the sentence. But the rest… finished; but Glasgow shows that the entire sentence is spurious. For, 1. It is wanting in the oldest New Testament manuscript, the Sinaitic, and in the Syrian version, dated from commencement of sixth century. 2. There is a suspicious number of variations in copies containing the sentence. There are three variations in the Greek of the words but the rest; three variations of the word for lived; two for until. These indicate that the words were interpolated in the copies containing the sentence, not wrongly omitted in those not containing it. 3. The sentence, like an interpolation, interrupts the current of the style. It breaks in between the next word, this, and the antecedent to which its affirmation refers. The sentence reads like an explanatory note by some copyist, which has been wrought into the text, and that in a very awkward position. We may add, that until the discovery of the Sinaitic Codex, this sentence has been considered by the corporeal interpreters of the lived of Rev 20:5, as their stronghold. But no sound biblical scholar will now consider it worthy reliance as a main proof of so stupendous a theory. 6. Our seer now specifies the nature of the life of this first resurrection. Over that high and unique vitality the second death hath no power. By the first resurrection we are raised from beneath the power of the second death to above the power of the second death. This is initiated at our earthly regeneration, but it is not completed until the glorification of our spirits. Our souls pass through as true and literal a resurrection as our bodies; and it is by that resurrection of our souls that they become a fitting unity with our resurrection bodies. We might, perhaps, more truly say that it is by the resurrection and glorification of the body that it becomes fit for unification with the resurrect soul. Or, stronger still, it is by its own first resurrection that the blessed soul brings the raised body to a fitting unity with itself. It is the soul that glorifies the body. And thus soul and body both pass through each its literal resurrection to the final glorious unification. The first resurrection is, therefore, a resurrection of souls; the second, of bodies.A thousand years—As we are here still in the land of symbol, there is ample reason for applying the symbolic interpretation to this number. We have the number of universality, ten, raised to a cube, and producing, on the year-day principle, 360,000 years. The 1260 years of antichristic rule dwindle thereby to an insignificant extent in comparison with the earthly reign of Christ. Glasgow well says, “Against the hypothesis of the contracted millennium there lies this startling objection: that it assigns to antichrist a more extended reign than to Christ. But, if the reign of Jesus be 360,000 years, and the end of antichrist or heathenism be speedily approaching, their duration is of no moment, being, at most, about 7,000 out of 360,000, or one-five-hundredth part.” We are then only in the morning dawn of human history. Progress is the law, not only in nature and in history but in the Messianic kingdom. It is not only the few that are finally saved. Entirely correct is the inference drawn from the doctrine of the millennium by Dr. Bellamy, that the number of the lost in comparison to the saved may finally be as the number of malefactors now hung to the rest of society. See our work on The Will, p. 359.Alford, on the passage, in insisting that this resurrection of souls is a bodily resurrection, makes two points. 1. If the first resurrection is “spiritual,” so must be the second. To which we answer, If the first is not a “spiritual” resurrection, it certainly is a soul-resurrection: and a soul-resurrection is not a body-resurrection. It does not follow that if a soul-resurrection is spiritual, therefore a body-resurrection must, also, be spiritual. Professed “literalists” must render souls literally, and not figuratively, as bodies. 2. “Those who lived next to the apostles,” says Alford, “and the whole Church for 300 years understood them in the plain, literal sense;” that is, forsooth, understood souls to mean bodies! And that is a very queer “literal sense!” This argument, based on the authority of the post-apostolic Church, comes with a bad grace from Alford, who persistently maintains, in his Commentary, that the apostles themselves, even in their inspired writings, made the sad mistake of expecting the second advent to take place in their own day. And we call the attention of our readers to this special point: That this very mistake of expecting the advent in their own day is identical with the mistake of placing the advent before the millenium. Many of “those who lived next the apostles” did make this mistake. Bringing the advent into their own day, they, of course, thereby cut off the millennium, and placed it beyond the advent, and hence arose the errors of ancient Chiliasm, or pre-millennialism. This error was not held by “the whole Church for 300 years;” but, probably, by a decided majority of the post-apostolic Church. See the whole question of ancient Chiliasm discussed in our article on “Millennial Traditions,” in the Methodist Quarterly Review for July, 1843.In his commentary on the Apocalypse, Mr. Glasgow has some ingenious methods of disproving the danger of millennial over-population. The fear of some is, that in 360,000 years of peace and prosperity the earth would be over-stocked with inhabitants. Glasgow first quotes many beautiful texts to prove the future increased fertility of the earth. “The wilderness shall be a fruitful field.” “I will plant in the wilderness the shittah-tree, and the myrtle, and the oil-tree.” “He will make her wilderness like Eden, and her deserts like the garden of the Lord.” “Break forth into joy, ye waste places.” “The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them, and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose.”The mountains, deserts, and morasses, may be, he thinks, rendered a fertile plain, and the earth become a garden by geological changes, by a better distribution of waters, and a diffusion, truly possible, of warmth over the Arctic regions. Nay, there are supposable methods by which the orb of the earth may be enlarged and furnish a larger area of life. In all which, he professedly and carefully states what may, and, for aught science can show can, be; not what certainly will be. The latest conclusion of science seems to be that the area of land is continually gaining upon the ocean.But the most valid solution of this difficulty lies in what are now the known laws of population. In the animal creation it is found, largely, that low life is enormously prolific, and high life chary of over-population. The fishes spawn and the insects breed in trillions while the lion and elephant are generating a score. So also among mankind the poor, ignorant, and miserable are prolific, while the higher classes, the rich, the aristocratic, and the intellectually and morally cultured classes tend to sterility. The nobility of England would die out were it not replenished from the commons. People who have few resources for enjoyment fall back upon the animal and domestic gratifications within their reach. As the higher faculties find full play in a variety of directions, these enjoyments are often deserted. As the passions of mankind become regulated, fecundity becomes moderate, and a perfectly balanced race would never over-populate the earth. The new rebellion of Satan—closed by his destruction, Revelation 20:7-10.7. Are expired—It is interesting to note how the seer bridges us over the period of the thousand years in less than an hour. His own position remains the same as in Revelation 19:4, in presence of the royal state of Rev 4:11. In describing the millennium, he repeatedly changes the tense; sometimes predicting in the future, and sometimes describing or narrating as in the past. Shall be—Will be; the simple future, as also in next verse. Why is Satan loosed? We might, also, ask, Why was he first permitted to enter Eden? Which resolves itself into the general question, Why is evil allowed in the universe? Why the possibility of, or the agent’s freedom to, sin? Why allow free agency, tried virtue, penalty for guilt, or reward for virtue? Because a system of free-agents, a moral system, a probationary system, is superior to and better than a system of pure moral machines. But, in the present case, doubtless, an age had arrived when the free tendencies to apostasy called for Satan, as apostate Israel called for a king, whom God granted in his wrath. And if it be asked how so pure an age could apostatize, we may ask in reply, How could the first angels rebel? and how could our first parents fall? The most perfect free-agent in a scene of temptation is one with whom it is easy to keep right with care. Hence we cannot be sure that in the millennium there will be no exceptions to the general rule of holiness. 8. Go out—The last revelation of antichrist. It is the revelation that precedes the second advent. Deceive the nations—Note on Revelation 14:5. Probably by taking a religious form, and erecting a hierarchy and becoming a pontiff, thus reviving the pre-millennial POPERY. Yet, as we are informed in 2 Peter 3, one form of the deception will be a denial of the reality of a second advent, based on an infidel scepticism. And yet, while infidel to Christ and his second advent, the nations may be faithful to the renewed pontificate and spiritual empire of the dragon, who emphatically deceives them into a belief of his Messiahship. And here it may be noted, that the prefix anti signifies not only opposition but instead of; so that antichrist signifies not merely an opponent to Christ, but a substitute Christ; just as anti-pope signifies a false claimant to be pope. The result will be apostasy, persecution, irreligion, vice, and misery. Four quarters of the earth—The symbolic Jerusalem—the beloved city of next verse—is assumed as the centre; and from all the four points of the compass the hostile forces are seen advancing. That is, the true Church of the period will find itself in the midst of a growing scepticism, vice, and persecution, rising in all parts of the world, and bearing down upon herself. Gog and Magog—An invasion shadowed by that described by Ezekiel xxxviii and 39. That invasion was led by Gog and Magog from the north countries, but it received cooperation from all quarters; from Persia on the east, from Ethiopia and Libya south, and from Gomer, west. In the tenth chapter of Genesis Magog is classed among the sons of Japhet, and, therefore, represents here the Japhetites, (Caucasians,) or Gentiles. And as in the apocalypse the Jews represent true Christians—as Jerusalem here represents the true Church—so Gentiles are antichristic, and assailants of the righteous cause. Gog, according to Ezekiel, is “prince” of Magog.St. John here uses imagery known to the old Jewish doctors. Thus the Jerusalem Targum upon Numbers 11:27, says: “At the close of the last days Gog and Magog and their armies shall go up to Jerusalem, and shall fall by the hands of Messiah, and seven years shall the children of Israel burn their arms.” And Avoda Sara, i: “When they shall see the war of Gog and Magog, the Messiah shall say unto them, For what have you come hither? They will reply, Against the Lord and his Messiah.” Sand of the sea—Wonderful it is how numerous are the devotees of infidelity in trying times. 9. Went up—These hosts from all parts of the earth are concentrating upon Jerusalem. Breadth of the earth—The earth visible to the seer is a vast surface, with four corners, or compass points, and over the plain the armies from every point are making themselves visible. Camp—The heroic body of champions and defenders of the faith. The beloved city—Not the “New Jerusalem,” for that is yet to come down “out of heaven,”Revelation 21:2; nor the old Hebrew capital; but the mystic Jerusalem, the true Church, the antithesis of the mystic Babylon. She is at this period the earth’s centre, and upon her are gathering from all the horizon the hosts of Satan. Fire… devoured them—As it once did Sodom. And now is fulfilled St. Paul’s wonderful prediction of the Man of Sin. See our notes on 2 Thessalonians 2:6-9. This is the final parousia of Satan preceding the second advent. As before the millennium antichrist was consumed “by the breath of his mouth,” so here he is destroyed by “the brightness of his coming”—blazing forth in devouring fire. Even Romanistic interpreters admit this future antichrist. Just before the great white throne appears antichrist is consigned to gehenna. There was no need of trial and sentence for him. 10. Beast and false prophet—Of this antichristic triad two are allegorical persons, and the third only a literal. It might seem that their fate must be literal cessation of existence, and no consciousness of torment. The for ever and ever, literally taken, can only signify that for them there should never be reversal of their doom. Yet, as figurative persons, they are figuratively held to suffer, as truly as to be slain, in the last chapter; and so their doom is ideally held to be eternal. Day and night—Figuratively representing ceaselessness, even after day and night have forever ceased. 11. I saw—From what standpoint did the seer behold the throne? See note Revelation 21:5. Great white throne—”Great,” says Bishop Newton, “to show the largeness and extent, and white to show the justice and equity, of the judgment.” Him that sat on it—”None other,” says Newton, “than the Son of God, for (John 5:22) the Father hath committed all judgment unto the Son.” And this entire passage is to be identified with Matthew 25:31-46. The great white throne here, is the throne of his glory there. And each entire passage supplements the other. This excludes the great pre-millennial error of imagining Revelation 19:11-21, to be the judgment-advent. From whose face—Homer’s image of Jupiter sitting upon his throne, nodding with his ambrosial curls, and shaking all Olympus with his nod, has been admired for its sublimity. But how small its imagery compared with this enthroned One, from before whose face creation flees! Earth… fled—Hence, a new heaven and a new earth appears at Revelation 21:1. No place for them—The apparent meaning is, not that the face of the earth is changed and renewed; but that the very solid globe itself vacates its place and disappears. This implies not annihilation, but removal and departure of the old, and substitution of the new. And this seems to coincide with 2 Peter 3:10, “the heavens shall pass away with a great noise.” See note there. 12. Dead… stand—Not that they were dead and standing at the same time. Just so it is said, Matthew 11:5, “the lame walk, the deaf hear;” not that they were deaf and hearing at the same time: but the previously deaf now hear; and so the previously dead now stand. This presupposes the one universal resurrection (see Revelation 20:13) declared by the Lord’s mouth, as related by this same John in his Gospel, John 5:28-29. The dead implies the universal dead; small and great implies every individual. Before God—True reading before the throne; identical with “the throne of glory” of the “Son of man,” in Matthew 25:31. But the received reading God would not contradict the idea that it was visibly God the Son, to whom, indeed, the office of judging is committed. The books—The volumes both of the human and of the divine memory. These form a perfect universal human history, read by the eye of omniscience by the light of a blazing world, in the ears of the human race. Physiological facts render it probable that the human soul never truly forgets any idea once impressed upon its memory. So Byron:—“Each fainter trace that memory holds So darkly of departed years, In one broad glance the soul beholds, And all that was, at once appears.”Besides the record-books of the facts of human histories—the universal particular biographies—there is another book. There is a “double-entry;” one of facts condemning or justifying; the other a register of the true citizens of the New Jerusalem. The record of the name in the book of life decides the case, but that record is verified and sustained by the books of memory. Judged—Their eternal destiny decided. Works—The deeds done in the body. For there is a truth in the doctrine that we are justified by works. 2. The final penal award—the lake of fire, Revelation 20:13-15.13. The sea gave up—Even while the heaven and earth are fleeing in flames before the throne, the sea surrenders the myriads who have perished in its waves. Death and hell (hades)—From three sources do the dead, body and soul, come forth. From the sea and from death (by land) come their bodies; from hell or hades, (the intermediate state of disembodied spirits,) come their souls. How unhappy here the term hell is for hades is illustrated by the fact that it was the abode of the blessed as well as of the unholy souls. It included Paradise as well as Tartarus. Judged—Solemn and emphatic repetition of closing clause of last verse. 14. Death and hades—Not personification, but the submergence of the two conditions in the dark finality is expressed. Condemnation of both is implied; for both are the results of the fall; since without the fall man would have passed into the glorified state without death or an intermediate state. Death is a disorganization of the man into two parts; and hades is a continuation of that separation and a detention from full final bliss. Lake of fire—The most awful thought that can occupy the human mind. This is the second death—Alford well says, “As there is a second and higher life, so there is also a second and deeper death. And as after that life there is no more death, (Revelation 21:4,) so after that death there is no more life. Revelation 20:10; Matthew 25:41.” There is a deathless life, and a resurrectionless death. 15. Book of life—There was no book of death. Heaven has a glorious citizenship, and a glorious census-book of its citizens. But gehenna is an anarchy, without record and without citizenship. 3. The final glorious award—the new heaven and earth, Revelation 21:1 to Revelation 22:5.a. Visible descent of the New Jerusalem to the new earth, Revelation 21:1-4.1. And—The old world—this our present earth—disappeared before the approach of the judgment throne, (Revelation 20:11.) The new celestial earth now forms the visional scene. Over its broad surface sin and pain are no more, and a sorrowless immortality reigns. But the greatest glory of the new earth is its central metropolis. This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 2. And I—To our seer who has been narrating the victory over Babylon, the harlot, the first thought to occur is the new Jerusalem, the bride. But after this first outburst he postpones the city to Revelation 21:9; while he stops to tell us (Revelation 21:3-8) something about the country. From God—Of this city the builder and maker is God. Out of heaven—Coming down from above the firmament by an opening in its vast visible concave. 3. And—The description of the region is dramatically given by a voice out of heaven, (Revelation 21:3-4,) and by repeated utterances of the divine occupant of the throne, 5-9. Of this heavenly land the utterances declare that God himself is a present inhabitant; that no deaths or sorrows burden its divinely salubrious air. Its inhabitants shall be gifted with the water of immortality, while all transgressors shall be excluded from its pure society.Great voice—An utterance from an unknown utterer, but from a heavenly source. Tabernacle—Or, tent. The allusion is to the Mosaic tabernacle in the wilderness, where Jehovah dwelt by symbol. On this new earth he will dwell in person. Shall be his people—His new, glorified, eternal Israel.For this is the heavenly Canaan, where all are Israel and all are Gentile. The “hundred and forty-four thousand,” and the “multitude which no man could number” of chap. 7, are now united. The tribes and the nations are one; and all may, according to a divine order, enter into the twelve gates, yet each tribal nation, perhaps, into its own gate. 4. The present God makes all the happiness of heaven. It is he who will wipe away all tears. No more death—For the resurrection took place previously to the great white throne, Revelation 20:11, and death died at Revelation 20:14. The inhabitants quaff immortality from the river of life. Crying—Rather, outcry, from the oppression and violence of assailants. Pain—The healing leaves of the tree of life give perfect health. Former things—The pains, sorrows, deaths, and violences of the old world. b. Divine announcement of its blessedness and conditions, Revelation 21:5-8.5. The throne—What throne? Probably the throne of Rev 4:2. That throne of revelation did not disappear with the old earth, (note on Revelation 4:11;) and the throne of judgment, (Revelation 20:11,) appeared simply as one of the visional phenomena, just like any other symbol in the vision. The throne in the New Jerusalem (Revelation 22:1) has not yet appeared. The throne of revelation, like the angel of the last plagues, (Revelation 22:8,) continues to the close. New—This is the grand, final renovation. Write these words—Of this apocalyptic revelation. This is a divine authentication of what the seer is bidden to write. Note Revelation 22:6. 6. And he—The sitter upon the throne. It is done—The great plan and work of redemption are completed. Alpha and Omega—Without a beginning or ending, he is the origin and completion of all things, as of this great plan. I will give—The divine speaker in these two verses describes the past and settled, in terms of the future: that is, he places himself at the origin, when the conditions of salvation were laid, utters them in the future tense, and thereby describes the fulfillment that has now and forever taken place. So in Revelation 18:4-21, (where see notes,) the accomplished fall of Babylon is described in the future tense. 7. Overcometh—Against antichrist and the world. All things—Better reading, these things. 8. The fearful—The moral coward who overcometh not, because he shrinks from fight. Thousands are lost for want of exercising moral courage against the persecutions and contempt of the world.Unbelieving—Who deny the reality of the battle and reward, and so never overcome. Abominable—Guilty of unnameable vices. Sorcerers— Seducers, who win to crime by guilty fascinations. c. Description of the capital of the heavenly earth—the New Jerusalem, Revelation 21:9-27.9. One of the seven angels—As the millennium occurs between this and the last mention of this angel, it was at least a thousand years ago in the event. But in the narrative of the panorama it was, perhaps, an hour. The bride, the Lamb’s wife—The holy Church, which has now passed through the resurrection to her glorified state. Note Revelation 19:7. 10. In the spirit—In the visional trance. Great and high mountain—Not as the place on which the city was built, but as the standpoint of his survey of the city. So one gets a view of the old Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives.It would doubtless require a very high mountain to afford a clear view of this metropolis of heaven. Apparently on a vast plain of the heavenly land, it rose up before the seer a stupendous luminous cube. It stood upon the surface 375 miles square, and towered up into the pure space 375 miles high! Of this cube the sides were jasper; a softly green transparency. And, as the divine Essence was centralized in the city, so this city cube was a vehicle of his glory which radiated a soft, vernal day over this heavenly earth. It was a great Kohi-noor, throwing light and life over the celestial world. Of this cubic city twelve layers of precious stones formed the basement; each layer of different hued radiance. So that this basement presented to the eye so many horizontal streaks of various brilliant colours.Into each of the four walls there opened three lofty gates; each gate made of one massive pearl. The material of the solid city structure was a transparent gold, divided by streets and squares and places. No grander conception of the kind ever proceeded from the genius of poet or painter. And if the extraordinary height seems enormous, we must remember that it is a capitol as well as a capital. The angel-like citizens of the land of the resurrection, to whose will gravitation is subordinate, have no difficulty with its lofty chambers; and here may be laid up the books (Revelation 20:12) of the universal library, and the archives of the divine Sovereign over the nations of this wide and glorious monarchy.We have narrated in such order as might give a united impression of this cube-city. The seer, however, narrates in the order that the perceptions of the distant object dawned upon his eye. Note, Revelation 1:12-15. First the general contour of jasper-hued walls, with the gates and foundations, 11-14. Then a regular measurement of its magnitudes, 15-17. Then a detailed picture of the many-coloured foundations, 18-21. Then its illumination, irradiating the nations, who frequent it from afar, 22-27. Last, are the throne, and the tree and river of life, Revelation 22:1-5. And that closes this apocalypse in triumphal glory. Old Babylon has been sent to hell, and New Jerusalem brought from heaven.Descending—This resplendent block, itself of mountain size, John sees (so he declares in Revelation 21:2) descending from the opened firmament, and taking its position on the plane of the celestial earth. 11. Having the glory of God—Of which it was the vehicle. This, the great fact, is more fully detailed, 23-27 and Revelation 22:1-5. 12. Twelve gates—Three, four, and twelve are the predominant numbers; of the last, the twelve tribes are expressly said to be the basis. And the twelve tribes are symbolically the eternal Israel of this eternal city and land. They form the nations of its blessed territory. Twelve angels—The porters of the twelve gates, which are, however, ever open. The angel warders, doubtless, see that the citizens of each tribe from the rural regions enter the gate over which its own tribal name is inscribed. There is a divine order, a well organized polity, in this new land and capital. Anarchy belongs to the other place. 13. Three gates on each side, always open, with an angel welcomer at each gate for all the rural excursionists to the capital. 14. Had twelve strata of foundations—As the gates bore the twelve tribal names, these basal strata bear the twelve apostolic names. 15. The measurement. He that talked with me—The one of the seven angels of Rev 21:9. A golden reed—Compare Revelation 11:1. 16. Twelve thousand furlongs measured the four sides, eight furlongs to the mile, so that its base was 375 miles square. And as breadth and height were equal, it was a cube. It was, therefore, about as truly a house as a city. That this double significance is intended is indicated, not only by its being a tabernacle, but by the fact, suggested by Wordsworth, that the Greek word for gate, ðõëùí, as properly signifies the door of a house.Nor can we doubt that the structure is an intentional exemplification of the words given by this same St. John, “In my Father’s house are many mansions.” Alford makes an unnecessary attempt to relieve the city of its cubical shape by assuming that its height is increased by its position being on a height, (like old Jerusalem,) and the measurement being made to the ground. But the exactitude of the statement of the equality of the three dimensions, shows that the cubical form is intended. This house-city is a temple, although it has no temple in it. And so it is (beginning with the idea of a tabernacle) at once a city, a capital, a capitol, a temple, and a royal residence, a palace. 17. The foursquare city was lined by a low foursquare wall; low, that is, in comparison with the vast height of the city itself. One hundred and forty-four cubits are two hundred and sixteen feet. Measure of a man— That is, a human, not some great celestial measure, although made by the angel. 18. The building—That is, the superstructure standing above and upon the foundations. 19. “Jasper, as we have seen above, is usually a stone of green transparent colour, with red veins; but there are many varieties. Sapphire is of a beautiful azure or sky-blue colour, almost as transparent and glittering as a diamond. Chalcedony seems to be a species of the agate, or more probably, the onyx. The onyx of the ancients was probably of a bluish white, and semi-pellucid. The emerald was of a vivid green, and next to the ruby in hardness.”—Stuart. 20. “Sardonyx is a mixture of chalcedony and cornelian, which last is of a flesh colour. Sardius is probably the cornelian. Sometimes, however, the red is quite vivid. Chrysolite, as its name imports, is of a yellow or gold colour, and is pellucid. From this was probably taken the conception of the pellucid gold which constitutes the material of the city. Beryl is of a sea-green colour. The topaz of the present day seems to be reckoned as yellow; but that of the ancients appears to have been pale green. Chrysoprasus, of a pale yellow and greenish colour, like a scallion. Sometimes it is classed at the present day under topaz. Jacinth, (hyacinth,) of a deep red or violet colour. Amethyst—A gem of great hardness and brilliancy, of a violet colour, and usually found in India.“In looking over these various classes we find the first four to be of a green or bluish cast; the fifth and sixth, of a red or scarlet; the seventh, yellow; the eighth, ninth, and tenth, of different shades of the lighter green; the eleventh and twelfth, of a scarlet or splendid red. There is classification, therefore, in this arrangement—a mixture not dissimilar to the arrangement in the rainbow, with the exception that it is more complex. The splendour of such a foundation, or basis of the wall, admits of no question. As to the order of arrangement of colours, it is difficult to say what rule is followed, and mere mental conception about propriety of order is hardly adequate to guide us. Whether this arrangement is in conformity with some ornamental arrangements of the day which were regarded as beautiful, we cannot positively affirm; yet, in itself, this is highly probable. At all events, the precious stones here named were the same, beyond any reasonable doubt, which are mentioned as set into the breastplate of the Jewish high priest.Exodus 28:17-20; Exodus 39:10-13. On these stones in the breastplate, moreover, were engraved the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, (Exodus 28:21; Exodus 39:14,) just as the names of the twelve apostles are here said to be engraved on the precious stones in the foundation. Revelation 21:14.”—Stuart. 21. Twelve pearls—The material of each gate was a solid pearl. This gave variety to the aspect. The street—Πλατεια, would include any regular spacing, as street, public square, or city park. You trod on transparent gold in walking its pavement; and you beheld structures of the same transparent gold as you looked around you. 22. No temple therein—No place of sacrifice and ritual, for the very God himself was present. Yet the whole was a temple, and for that very reason needed no temple therein. Are the temple of it—The divine Presence makes its temple. 23. The lighting of a city it is very important to know. And no city was ever lighted like this city. It is lighted by the very Light of all lights. No candle (Revelation 22:5) needed to relieve its darkness; no gas, no calcium, no electricity, no luminiferous ether dispersed its night; no sun, no moon, created its day. The very glory of God did lighten it, being in itself one perpetual day. 24. Of… saved—Though doubtless giving a true meaning, these words appear to be a spurious reading, inserted by some copyist as an explanatory note. Shall walk in the light of it—So powerful is the light of the present divine Essence, so transparent the vehicle in which it is contained, that the radiant day is flung over the vast surface of the heavenly earth. The nations of all the redeemed, in their resurrection glory, however numerous and however distant, walk in the noonday light thereof. This city is the ample luminary of all the heavenly world. Alford and Wordsworth both speak as if those kings were monarchs in our present old earth. This ignores the fact that this earth is the heavenly land, beyond the millennium, the resurrection, and the judgment. These all are kings, even though they have no subjects; and all are priests, even though there be no sacrifice. Yet kings may be there bearing rule. It is not clear that there are no degrees of the blessedness and glory of the subjects of the heavenly monarchy. Even in the new earth there may be “principalities and powers,” rulers over ten cities, and rulers over five cities. These kings may be the representatives through whom the spontaneous movements of the heavenly polity are transacted and superintended, so that the sweet harmony and blessed rhythm are ever preserved. Or we may suppose that each king, that is, every celestial dweller, has within his own being a realm. greater or lesser, of powers, glories, and felicities, infinitely superior to all earthly royalty. Or there may be in the nature and structure of the new earth, a common, undivided domain, of which each single heavenly being is a most rich and powerful proprietor, user, and king. Then what a royalty, is it not, to walk the golden streets, through the very dense divine glory, and as a prince to behold the face of the Monarch of the Universe! Bring their glory and honour into it—Neither the nations nor the kings of this heavenly earth dwell in the capital. They come from far, many of them, and then they bring not trade, or manufactures, or garden truck, into town. But they bring their glory, (a somewhat doubtful reading,) their own affluence of magnificent being, history, and character; and their honour, that is, their adoration, for the resident King of kings in his capital. Even in this appears, perhaps, a difference of ranks and honours. Some kings are farther distant in the earth than others. On the very distant realms perhaps a dimmer glory shines. More seldom visits, less amount of glory brought, less full vision of the royal countenance, may be allowed to some kings than others. When Whitefield was asked by a bigoted follower if he expected to see Wesley in heaven, “Yes,” answered the great-hearted evangelist, “unless he should stand so much nearer the throne that I cannot descry him.” 25. The twelve pearl gates or doors, each three approachable from the four points of compass, shall never be shut. The twice twelve tribal nations shall ever find it day, and ever find open gates. The gates of gospel grace are ever open here on earth, the gates of the New Jerusalem shall ever be open to the dwellers of the heavenly earth. For—Reason for mentioning day only, there shall be no night. The divine glory never remits, never dims. No revolving of the orb renders the opposite hemisphere dark. No north pole caps the arctic with ice. No glaciers chill the air, no night-shade broods with malaria, or spreads her cover over crime. Here we may read into this description the beautiful passage, Revelation 7:14-17. See our notes there. 26. The glory and honour—Not only of the kings but also of the nations, the collective peoples, shall pour into God’s royal capital. 27. But open as are these gates, there is a terrible yet salutary exclusion. As this city is glorious in structure, and most gloriously lighted, so its society is pure. Any thing that defileth—No filthy object shall disgust the sense, or spread miasms through the pure atmosphere. Whatsoever—Rather, no person, as the change to the masculine implies, that worked abomination or flagitious vice. The elegant debauchee is not admitted into good society. No author of any baseness—of any offense against chastity, decency, honour, or uprightness—shall enter. They have no citizenship in the heavenly earth, but are assigned their abode in a darker region. Maketh a lie—Manufacturers of a damnable dogma, deceiving men’s souls; utterers of slanders, destroying men’s characters; writers of fictions, depraving men’s imaginations. The authors of the theory of wickedness, great “philosophers” though esteemed, take share with the practisers of the license they have preached. Written—It is not necessary to record your name as at a modern hotel. It was written at the day of judgment analysis. Book of life—Ephesus had its “town-clerk,” and this city has its registry of citizens; nay, a record, a census-book, of all the names of the individuals of all the nations of the heavenly earth. Augustus sent forth the decree that all the world should be enrolled for taxation. The august monarch of heaven has an enrollment of all the inhabitants of heaven.It may be asked, Are these chapters a true description of heaven? We may ask in reply, What higher heaven can corporeal and spiritual man conceive than is here described? On a transfigured earth, immortal man walks in the atmosphere of the divine Essence, in the midst of a society of holy beings, in sight of the glorious palace of the present God. What can the sublimest human conception imagine more celestial? d. Its river and tree of life—Close of Apocalypse, Revelation 22:1-5.1. And—The entire passage, Revelation 21:1 to Revelation 22:5, should be read as one unbroken description. He—The angel interpreter of Rev 21:9; Revelation 21:17. Clear—Rather, bright, radiant. Throne—The royal seat of the eternal KING. We may suppose its position central, the most illustrious point in the luminous capital. 2. On either (each) side of the river—The river cleaves the street lengthwise into two long strips; so that there is a breadth of street on each side of the stream. On both the banks of the river, the tree of life grows in rows, extending in line between street and river. Twelve manner of fruits—Rather, twelve fruitages, or (as Stuart) fruit-harvests. The idea is not that there were different species of fruits, but successive crops.The twelve tribal nations of the celestial earth have a salubrious clime and a lofty, luminous capital, with a gate for each tribe into it, labeled with the tribal name. On what immortal fruit do these immortals live? The tree of life furnishes twelve fruit-harvests a year, a harvest for each tribe. Here is a beautiful coincidence between the natural and symbolic twelve.But are the river and the tree confined to the capital? And must the nations, each one, pay an annual visit to the capital to obtain its harvest, just as the old Jews paid their annual visit to old Jerusalem at the Passover? And is it at these visits that the kings and nations (Revelation 21:24; Revelation 21:26) bring their glory and honour into it? Or does the river flow into all parts of the earth, refreshing the nations with renewed immortality? The former seems to be the view indicated by most of the statements. At the same time, this presents a pleasing idea of movement, and of perpetual reverence to the resident King. And, as the fruit of the tree is the ambrosia, and the river furnishes the nectar, so the very leaves of the tree are a medicine, warding off every decay, disease, or lesion. So the tree of life in the original Eden was the source of Adam’s immortality, exclusion from which was exposure to certainty of decay, disease, and death.Genesis 3:22-24. Here, then, is paradise restored. The resurrectional immortality—the immortality of body with soul—seems conditioned on the tree and river of life, the source of which is God’s own throne. 3. No more curse—The primal curse of death upon man is removed by the river and tree of immortality. 4. By JESUS, reaffirming his coming, denouncing the corrupters of the record, 16-19. 5. The seer reiterates the pleasing thought, no night there, Revelation 21:25. No repose is needed by these immortal frames; no debility weighs down the limbs, no stupor closes the eyes.For ever and ever—The length of the reign of the saved is measured by the same terms as the length of the doom of the lost, Revelation 20:10. And the Greek word for reign is the verb for the Greek word for king, they shall be kings for ever. Hence, in one sense at least, all the inhabitants of heaven are kings of the heavenly earth.The book of this Revelation is here properly closed. But its genuineness and transcendent value and dignity are now to be attested by the principal personages through whom it is delivered to the Church and world. —FOUR TO THE TRUTH OF THIS DIVINE , Revelation 22:6-19.1. By the ANGEL briefly reiterating the divine endorsement, Revelation 22:6.6. He—The interpreting angel of Rev 22:1, reaffirming the words of God, Revelation 21:5. These sayings—The utterances and revelations of this book. He who was commissioned agent pronounces that the apocalypse by him delivered is both a genuine revelation and a truthful doctrine. As a mere instrument his testimony is brief, modest, and subordinate to God’s.2. By JOHN, recapitulating the fact of God’s sending his revealing angel, and his own over-reverence to the angel, Revelation 22:6-9.6. And—That John’s own words commence here is evident from the fact that he really repeats at this close the words by him uttered at the commencement of the Apocalypse, Revelation 1:1; Revelation 1:3. John’s words are introduced with the Hebraistically repeated and, as in Revelation 22:10; Revelation 22:12; Revelation 22:17.The usual method of commentators is to make this whole verse (Revelation 22:6) the words of the angel; to make John here re-perform in literal act his over-reverence in Revelation 19:10, and to make the angel resume at Revelation 22:10 and continue to Revelation 22:15. This is in many ways objectionable. It makes John mechanically and stolidly re-commit an already corrected blunder. It makes the angel speak at full length the words of God in his own person, as if he himself were God; an inadmissible assumption, inaccurately supported by Dusterdieck by the precedent of Rev 11:3, where he incorrectly assumes that “my” is uttered by the angel in the name of God.We make John’s words begin in Revelation 22:6, adding an implied saying, in italics, at the close of that verse. John thus narrates in Revelation 22:6-7 God’s sending the revealing angel to him and the promise of quickly coming; and in 8 and 9 he reiterates how over-gratefully he received this angelic communication. Ahus saw and heard in Revelation 22:8 is antithetical to sent to show in Revelation 22:6, so that the thought of the sending by God is transmitted down to Revelation 22:10, where he refers to God of Rev 22:6. The entire of Rev 22:10-15 is then spoken by God. Holy prophets—Preferable reading, of the spirits of the holy prophets; that is, of their spirits as instruments of his revealing work. By this solemn phrase John places his apocalypse on the same high level with the Old Testament, as conscious that it takes equal rank in the sacred canon. He is aware that he is making New Testament. Note, Revelation 22:19. 7. Behold—A part of God’s sent prophetic message. Blessed—See note on Revelation 1:3. 8. Saw… and heard—What God sent his angel to show. These things—The apocalyptic showings and sayings. I fell down—Re-narrating here the fact of Rev 19:10, to show that so truly divine seemed this apocalypse that he came near to worshipping the mere messenger that brought it. 9. Saith he—This apocalypse was no mere angel apocalypse, for the angel himself referred it to God. 3. By GOD, bringing before us and realizing the judgment as immediate, Revelation 22:10-15.10. And he saith—Who saith? The connexion, as well as the entire tenor of the words said, show that it is none other than the Lord God of Rev 22:6 who sent the angel so over-honoured by John. God sent the angel; John saw, heard, and almost worshipped; and then God saith as follows.God testifies to this apocalypse most strongly, by forbidding it to be sealed up, and by furnishing a vivid realization of its immediate fulfilment.In the words of God which follow, the seer is in spirit transferred to the last hours and minutes before the impending judgment-advent. Rather, we may say, that the advent is conceptually brought to the immediate future. See note, Revelation 1:7. That the judgment-advent is not taught to be literally at hand, is certain from the very fact that the millennium (xx) is made to intervene. It is in God’s own view that the divine coming is just at hand. See 2 Peter 3:8. Seal not… at hand—The book was to be kept unsealed and ready for the reading of all, as the event is virtually at hand to every human reader. 11. As the words Revelation 1:7 conceive the advent as really present, so the words of this verse conceive it so near that probation is closed, and moral change impossible. As there is a moment at every closing life when character and destiny are fixed, so there is a moment of the closing world-history when the fixedness of eternity has already arrived. Repent? It is too late! Unjust—Referring to offences against equity. Filthy— Referring to shameful iniquities, offences against chastity, decency, and honour. Righteous—Moral rectitude. Holy—Implying spiritual consecration, including moral rectitude. Let him—There is no space for the reformation of the evil, or the apostasy of the good. 13. I am Alpha—Assuredly words spoken by no angel. 14. Have right—All these expressions point to the tree of life as the final reward of a successful probation; and show that not the millennium is meant, but the final heaven beyond the universal resurrection. May enter… gates—May be allowed a life in the new earth, of which entrance to the capital is a right. 15. Without are the dogs, with the article. Not meaning that the dogs are admitted into the new earth, while excluded from the city. The Greek word for without is used for moral separateness in l Corinthians Revelation 5:12-13; Colossians 4:5; 1 Thessalonians 4:12. In Acts 26:11, it means out of the country, even to foreign cities. The foreign and distant place assigned for characters represented by the dogs is specified in Revelation 21:8, with which passage compare this verse. 16. I Jesus—Giving now in his own person his attestation to this book as really from his commissioned angel. In the churches—Greek, åðé, literally, upon; but upon as an audience on whom the utterances are expended as to them addressed, Revelation 2:7. So in Revelation 10:11, the same preposition (rendered in our translation before) does not signify that the peoples named would be the subject of the prophecies, (as Dusterdieck insists,) but would be the object of their direct address. The churches—First the seven Churches of Asia, and through them to the churches of all lands and ages. Root and the offspring—Note on Revelation 5:5.The bright and morning star—A beautiful image of the Saviour, presented by St. John here on the threshold of the celestial world. This new world is the morning of our endless existence; in its gray dawn happy is the man upon whose faith beams this bright and morning star, the promise and harbinger of an eternal day. 17. Come—To the promise of the morning star that he will come quickly, a welcoming response is now by the star, Jesus, heard. It sounds like the plaudit of a happy audience to a most welcome speaker, interposed without unwelcomely interrupting his speech. It is the united response of the Spirit in the heart of the bride, (the Church, Revelation 21:9,) and of the bride herself to the bridegroom, Come! And every one that heareth that divine promise has privilege to re-echo to him that same Come! The blessed final result will be that, when He, the morning star, has come, every redeemed soul that is athirst, and whosoever will, will be permitted to enter the golden city and stand on the banks of the river, (Revelation 22:1,) and take the water of life freely. See our note on Revelation 22:20. 18. For—This word is pronounced spurious by the best authorities. I testify—Who, here, testifies? The testifieth of Rev 22:20 shows that it is Jesus. Add unto these things—With purpose to corrupt the apostolic truth. The words refer not so much to additions to the text of the manuscript, as to the adding unholy falsehood to holy truth. God shall add unto him—Remaining unrepentant. 19. Take away—Seeking to destroy the truth, or undermine its authority.His part—Either in possession, or the part he would have had had he been true. As the Apocalypse is rich with all the truths of the New Testament, so no one can impugn its doctrines without impugning the Gospel; and to impugn the Gospel is to impugn his own salvation. John, as before said, is conscious that he is making New Testament; he is doubtless conscious that he is closing the canon. But we cannot quite say that he includes the whole canon under the safe-guard of these maledictions otherwise than by the scope of analogy. Note, Revelation 5:14. 5. John’s final welcome to the Coming—, Revelation 22:20-21.20. Testifieth these things—Jesus, who attests his sending the revelation, and the deep danger of corrupting or undermining his truth. Come, Lord Jesus—Come with that coming which brings the final glory. Note Revelation 22:17. 21. Be with you all—The true reading more comprehensively is, with all the saints. And so our seer, whose unspeakable honour it was to close the sacred canon, dismisses the whole Church of all the then coming ages with the apostolic benediction. To which, at this, the solemn close of his own labour, the humble commentator adds his own deep AMEN.