VIII.  And how shall we preserve the truth that God pervades all things and fills all, as it is written “Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord,” Jer. xxiii. 24. and “The Spirit of the Lord filleth the world,” Wisd. i. 7. if God partly contains and partly is contained?  For either He will occupy an empty Universe, and so all things will have vanished for us, with this result, that we shall have insulted God by making Him a body, and by robbing Him of all things which He has made; or else He will be a body contained in other bodies, which is impossible; or He will be enfolded in them, or contrasted with them, as liquids are mixed, and one divides and is divided by another;—a view which is more absurd and anile than even the atoms of Epicurus Epicurus taught that Matter is eternal, and consists of an indefinite number of Atoms or indivisible units, floating about in space, and mutually attracting and repelling each other; and that all that exists is due to some chance meeting and coalition of these atoms. and so this argument concerning the body will fall through, and have no body and no solid basis at all.  But if we are to assert that He is immaterial (as for example that Fifth Element which some This is a speculation of Aristotle, who imagined a Fifth Element, consisting of formless matter. have imagined), and that He is carried round in the circular movement…let us assume that He is immaterial, and that He is the Fifth Element; and, if they please, let Him be also bodiless in accordance with the independent drift and arrangement of their argument; for I will not at present differ with them on this point; in what respect then will He be one of those things which are in movement and agitation, to say nothing of the insult involved in making the Creator subject to the same movement as the creatures, and Him That carries all (if they will allow even this) one with those whom He carries.  Again, what is the force that moves your Fifth Element, and what is it that moves all things, and what moves that, and what is the force that moves that?  And so on ad infinitum.  And how can He help being altogether contained in space if He be subject to motion?  But if they assert that He is something other than this Fifth Element; suppose it is an angelic nature that they attribute to Him, how will they shew that Angels are corporeal, or what sort of bodies they have?  And how far in that case could God, to Whom the Angels minister, be superior to the Angels?  And if He is above them, there is again brought in an irrational swarm of bodies, and a depth of nonsense, that has no possible basis to stand upon.