§4. History of the Period, and of the Arian Controversy . (a) Conflict of the Church with Heathenism. On the later persecutions Aubé , Les Chrétiens dans l’Emp. romain , Paris, 1881, id. ‘ L’église et l’état ,’ ib. 1886, Uhlhorn Der Kampf des Christentums , &c. (4th ed.), 1886, Bernhardt Gesch. Roms von Valerian bis Dioklet ., 1876, Görres , Licinianische Christenverfolgung , 1875. On Diocletian, Mason , Persec. of Diocl ., 1876, Monographs by Vogel , 1857, Preuss , 1869. On the general subject of the decline of paganism, Lasaulx Untergang des Hellenismus , 1854, Merivale’s Boyle Lectures, 1864–5, Chastel , Destruction du Paganisme , 1850, Schultze Gesch. des Untergangs des G.-R. Heidentums , 1887 (not praised), Döllinger , Gentile and Jew (E. Tr.), 1862. On the revival of paganism under Julian, Rendall , Julian 1879, Bp. J. Wordsworth in D.C.B., vol. iii., lives of Julian by Neander , 1813, Rode , 1877, Mücke , 1879, Naville , 1877, Strauss , der Romantiker, u.s.w. , 1847, Julian’s works, ed. Hertlein , 1875, and Neumann , 1880. Monographs by Auer , 1855, Mangold , 1862, Semisch , 1862, Lübker , 1864; Capes, University Life in Ancient Athens , 1877, Sievers , Leben des Libanius , 1868. (b) The Christian Empire . Keim , Uebertritt Konstantins , 1862, Brieger , Konst. der G. , 1880, Gibbon’s chapters on the subject should be carefully read. Chawner’s Legisl. of Constantine , De Broglie , L’église et L’emp. romain , iii., Ranke , Weltgesch . iv. pp. 1–100 (important), 1884, Schiller , Gesch. der röm. Kaiserzeit (ii), 1887. See also the full bibliography in vol. 1 of this series, p. 445–465. (c) General History of the Church . It is unnecessary to enumerate the well-known general histories, all of which devote special pains to Athanasius and the Arian controversy. This is especially the case with Schaff , Nicene Christ . ii. 616–678, 884–893, with full bibliography. See also supra §3. Bright’s Notes on the Canons (Oxf. 1882), and Hefele , vol. 2 (E. Tra.), are most useful: also Kaye , Council of Nicæa (Works, vol. v. ed. 1888). Card. Hergenröther’s Kirchengeschichte (allowing for the natural bias of the writer) is fair and able, with good bibliographical references in the notes (ed. 1884). By far the best modern historical monograph on the Arian period is that of Gwatkin , Studies of Arianism , 1882, constantly referred to in this volume, and indispensable. His Arian Controversy , 1889, is an abridgement, but with supplementary discussions of importance on one or two points; very useful bibliography prefixed to both. (Cf. also below, Chap. v. §1) Kölling’s Geschichte der Arianischen Häresie (1st vol., 1874, 2nd, 1883) is pretentious and uncritical.