ἐκ προκοπῆς.  We learn from Athanasius (c. Arian. i. 37, 38, 40), that from St. Paul’s language Philipp. ii. 9:  “Wherefore also God highly exalted Him, &c.,” and from Ps. xlv. 7:  “Thou hast loved righteousness and hated iniquity:  therefore God, thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows,” the Arians argued that Christ first received Divine honour as Son and Lord as the reward of His obedience as Man.  Athanasius replies (c. 40):  “He was not from a lower state promoted; but rather, existing as God, He took the form of a servant, and in taking it was not promoted but humbled Himself.  Where then is there here any reward of virtue, or what advancement (προκοπή) and promotion in humiliation?” The same doctrine had been previously held by the disciples of Paul of Samosata, who said that Christ was not originally God, but after His Incarnation was by advance (ἐκ προκοπῆς) made God, from being made by nature a mere man:  see Athanas. (de Decretis, § 24, c. Arian. i. 38).  S. Cyril refers to the error and uses the same word, in xi. 1, 7, 13, 15, 17, and xiv. 27.