A co-presbyter with Linus and Cletus, he succeeded them in the government of the Roman Church. I have reluctantly adopted the opinion that his Epistle was written near the close of his life, and not just after the persecution of Nero. It is not improbable that Linus and Cletus both perished in that fiery trial, and that Clement's immediate succession to their work and place occa- sions the chronological difficulties of the period. After the death of the apostles, for the Roman imprisonment and martyrdom of St. Peter seem historical, Clement was the natural representa- tive of St. Paul, and even of his companion, the " apostle of the circumcision ; " and naturally he wrote the Epistle in the name of the local church, when brethren looked to them for advice. St. John, no doubt, was still surviving at Patmos or in Ephesus ; but the Philippians, whose inter- course with Rome is attested by the visit of Epaphroditus, looked naturally to the surviving friends of their great founder ; nor was the aged apostle in the East equally accessible. All roads pointed towards the Lnperial City, and started from its Milliariiim Aiireum. But, though Clement doubtless wrote the letter, he conceals his own name, and puts forth the brethren, who seem to have met in council, and sent a brotherly delegation (Chap. lix.). The entire absence of the spirit of Diotrephes (St. John, Ep. HL 9), and the close accordance of the Epistle, in humility and meekness, with that of St. Peter (Ep. I, v. 1-5), are noteworthy features. The whole will be found animated with the loving and faithful spirit of St. Paul's dear Philippians, among whom the writer had learned the Gospel.