Verse 10.— But chiefly to them that walk after the flesh. A class of persons are here described minutely, false teachers heretofore mentioned included, and of the punish­ment that awaits them, the inspired penman asserts the certainty. The word "chiefly," indicating a greater punish­ment than others, is not, either in the Syriac or Vulgate, employed. There the word "especially" appears, which is followed by Dr. Macknight. Either indicates certainty and leaves no doubt upon the mind as to any ungodly escaping. As to degrees in pishment, or whether some will be punished more than others, or to a greater extent, I have only this to say: When one is punished by banishment from the presence of God and of his glory forever, I can see in such a state little room in which to discuss the question of degrees. At all events, it is a field I care not to enter, and shall therefore leave, unexplored. No matter about that, we are informed by inspiration that the ungodly shall be punished, and with that class our attention will now be engaged. Walk after the flesh. Those that follow and are governed by the passions and appetites, and thus live impure and unholy lives. Despise government. Those who recognize no authority either of God or man. Presumptuous are they, self-willed. They are audacious. They assume to do after their own wills or wishes, and so strong is this propensity that they have no fear to utter reviling speech against officers in stations of government in the exercise of their legitimate duties.