The vision of Isaiah. This is the title of the whole book. he saw = he saw in vision. Hebrew. chaza, to gaze on, as in Isaiah 2:1; Isaiah 13:1. Not the same word as in Isaiah 6:1, Isaiah 6:6; Isaiah 21:6, Isaiah 21:7; but Jehovah was the speaker. Isaiah’s voice and pen, but Jehovah’s words (Isaiah 1:2). concerning Judah and Jerusalem. This is the subject of the book. It is not concerning the or the: nor to other nations, except as they come in contact with "Judah and Jerusalem". Its theme is the salvation of the nation by Jehovah through judgment and grace, as being "life from the dead". (Romans 11:15). It is addressed to those who look for Messiah (Isaiah 8:17; Isaiah 45:22) and those who "wait for Him" (Isaiah 8:17; Isaiah 25:9; Isaiah 26:8; Isaiah 33:2. Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:1-23649 BC). Jotham (2 Chronicles 27:1-9. Ahaz (2 Chronicles 28:1-27). and. The absence of conjunctions between these names, and the Hebrew accents attached to them, seem to indicate that some of them reigned for a time jointly. App-50. Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 29:1Â-32:33, and Isaiah 36:1Â-39:8). Hear, heavens. Figure of speech Apostrophe. App-6. Reference to Pentateuch (App-92). It commences like the Song of Moses (Deuteronomy 32:1. See notes, p. 283), and is the commentary on it. Note the connection of the two books, Isaiah the necessary sequel to Deuteronomy. This verse was put on the title-page of early English Bibles, claiming the right of all to hear what Jehovah hath spoken. for. Note the reason given. the Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. hath spoken: i.e., articulately. Not Isaiah. All modern criticism is based on the assumption that it is a human book: and that prediction is human impossibility (which we grant); and this ends in a denial of inspiration altogether. Against this God has placed 2 Peter 1:21. spoken. Jehovah is the Eternal One: "Who was, and is, and is to come". Hence, His words are, like Himself, eternal; and prophecy relates to the then present as well as to the future; and may have a praeterist and a futurist interpretation, as well as a now present application to ourselves. brought up. Compare Exodus 4:22; Deuteronomy 14:1; Deuteronomy 32:6, Deuteronomy 32:18, Deuteronomy 32:20. children = sons. rebelled. Hebrew. pash’a. App-44. knoweth. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), App-6, for all that that knowledge implies. not know. Compare Jeremiah 8:7. All Israel’s trouble came from the truth of this indictment. Compare Luke The trouble will all be removed when Isaiah 54:13; Isaiah 60:16 are fulfilled. Jeremiah 31:34. Jeremiah 11:9. Compare Jeremiah 9:23, My People. Some codices, with Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "and My people". Ah. Figure of speech Ecphonesis. Note the four exclamatory descriptions, and see note on "gone away", below. sinful. Hebrew. chata. App-44. sinful nation. Note the Figures of speech Apostrophe, Synonymia and Anabasis in verses: Isaiah 1:4, Isaiah 1:5. Contrast Exodus 19:6. Deuteronomy 7:6; Deuteronomy 14:2, Deuteronomy 14:21. laden = heavily burdened. iniquity. Hebrew ’avah. App-44. of = consisting of. Genitive of Apposition. App-17. corrupters. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:5). forsaken. Apostasy in disposition. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 28:20; Deuteronomy 31:16). App-92. Occurs in the "former" portion here, Isaiah 1:28; Isaiah 6:12; Isaiah 7:16; Isaiah 10:3 (leave), 14 (left); Isaiah 17:2, Isaiah 17:9; Isaiah 18:6 (left); Isaiah 27:10; Isaiah 32:14, and in the "latter" portion, Isaiah 41:17; Isaiah 49:14; Isaiah 54:6; Isaiah 55:7; Isaiah 58:2; Isaiah 60:15; Isaiah 62:4, Isaiah 62:12; Isaiah 65:11. App-79. the Hebrew. Jehovah.(with ’eth) = Jehovah Himself (App-4). Not the same as in verses: Isaiah 1:2, Isaiah 1:9, Isaiah 1:10, Isaiah 1:20. provoked = despised, blasphemed. Reference to Pentateuch (App-92). An old Mosaic word (Numbers 14:11, Numbers 14:23; Numbers 16:30. Deuteronomy 31:20). Apostasy in words (see note above). the Holy One of Israel. Occurs twenty-five times in Isaiah: twelve times in the "former" portion (Isaiah 1:4; Isaiah 5:19, Isaiah 5:24; Isaiah 10:20; Isaiah 12:6; Isaiah 17:7; Isaiah 29:19; Isaiah 30:11, Isaiah 30:12, Isaiah 30:15; Isaiah 31:1; Isaiah 37:23,:); and thirteen times in the "latter" portion (Isaiah 41:14, Isaiah 41:16, Isaiah 41:20; Isaiah 43:3, Isaiah 43:14; Isaiah 45:11; Isaiah 47:4; Isaiah 48:17; Isaiah 49:7; Isaiah 54:5; Isaiah 55:5; Isaiah 60:9, Isaiah 60:14). Outside Isaiah it is used by Himself once (2 Kings 19:22 first occurrence); three times in the Psalms (Isaiah 71:22; Isaiah 89:18). gone away backward. Apostasy in act. See note on Isaiah 1:4, and notice the threefold apostasy in this verse. Why. ? Figure of speech Erotesis App-6 wounds. Note the Figure of speech Synonymia Hebrew singular, as are the other two. ointment = oil. desolate. Occurs in "former" portion here, Isaiah 6:11; Isaiah 17:9; Isaiah 33:8; and in the "latter" portion, Isaiah 49:8, Isaiah 49:19; Isaiah 54:1, Isaiah 54:3; Isaiah 61:4, Isaiah 61:4; Isaiah 62:4. your cities. Some codices, with Syriac, read "and your cities". land = soil. strangers = foreigners, or apostates. Hebrew. zur. See note on Proverbs 5:3 (not the same word as in Isaiah 2:6). cottage = a booth, made of reeds. Compare Job 27:18. a lodge. A platform on four poles, sheltered by leaves or sacking. Left to the weather at the close of harvest. Except, &c. The first passage in Isaiah quoted in N.T. (Romans 9:29). very small. Hebrew. kim’at. See note on Proverbs 5:14. as Sodom. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 19:1-29. Deuteronomy 29:23.) Compare Isaiah 3:9, for the reason. rulers of: i.e. rulers who ruled as in Sodom. the law. Reference to whole Pentateuch. Twelve times in Isaiah (Isaiah 1:10; Isaiah 2:3; Isaiah 5:24; Isaiah 8:16, Isaiah 8:20; Isaiah 24:5; Isaiah 30:9, &c. people of: i.e. people who acted as the people in Gomorrah acted. To what purpose, &c. Figure of speech Synathraesmos, in verses: Isaiah 1:11-15. Also Figure of speech Hypotyposis, for emphasis, in describing the hollowness of mere religious observances (as when Christ was on earth. Compare John 2:6, John 2:7 with Isaiah 14:16). Matthew 15:3-8. saith the LORD. The Hebrew fut. of ’amar (= y’, omar), combined with a Divine title, is used thrice in the so-called "former "portion of Isaiah (Isaiah 1:11, Isaiah 1:18; Isaiah 33:10), and six times in the "latter" portion (Isaiah 40:1, Isaiah 40:25; Isaiah 41:21, Isaiah 41:21; Isaiah 66:9). Elsewhere only in Psalms 12:6, while the past tense is frequently used (see App-92). to appear, &c. Reference to Pentateuch. See note (Exodus 23:15). tread = trample, and thus profane. Hebrew. ramas. Ezekiel 26:11; Ezekiel 34:18. Daniel 8:7, Daniel 8:10. oblations. Hebrew. minchah = gift-offering. App-43. is = itself [is]. assemblies = convocations. Hebrew. mikra’. Reference to Pentateuch (App-92); out of twenty-three occurrences, twenty occur in Pentateuch. Occurs only here, Isaiah 4:5, and Nehemiah 8:8 (in a later sense "reading"), outside the Pentateuch. Not kahal. See note on Genesis 28:3; Genesis 49:6; and App-92. I cannot away with. Hebrew. yakol = to be able. Here = "I am not able [to endure, or put up with]". The Figure of speech Ellipsis must be thus supplied. iniquity = vanity. (Not the same word as Isaiah 1:4.) Hebrew. ’aven. App-44. iniquity, even the solemn meeting. Hebrew "iniquity and assembly". Figure of speech Hendiadys = your vain assembly. My soul = I (very emph.) Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. App-6. And when = Even when. spread forth your hands. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for "pray", in which hands are spread forth. make many prayers = multiply your prayers. blood. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Effect), for the acts which shed the blood. evil. Heb ra’a. App-44. fatherless. widow. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), for all kinds of helpless and bereaved persons. let us reason together = let us put the matter right, or settle the matter. It means the putting an end to all reasoning, rather than an invitation to commence reasoning. sins. Hebrew. chata. App-44. though. Some codices, with one early printed edition, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "yea, though". for the mouth of the LORD, &c. This sets the seal on this book as a whole, uniting all its parts. It Occurs in the "former" portion (Isaiah 1:20), and in the "latter" portion (Isaiah 40:5, and Isaiah 58:14). Compare Isaiah 21:17; Isaiah 22:25; Isaiah 24:3; Isaiah 25:8. See App-79. is = [is it that she]. wine = liquor, or drink. Hebrew. saba’. App-27. Thy princes, &c. Figure of speech Hermeneia. Interpreting the Figures of speech Hypocatastasis in Isaiah 1:22. princes are rebellious. Sarim sorerim, not a "pun", but the Figure of speech Paronomasia (App-6), for solemn emphasis. It may be Englished "thy rulers are unruly". gifts = rewards, or bribes. The Lord. Hebrew. Adon. App-4. the mighty One of Israel. Peculiar to Isaiah. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 49:24). App-92. Compare Isaiah 49:26; Isaiah 60:16. turn My hand : i.e. repeat the judgment (Isaiah 1:27) thee: i.e. the city (verses: Isaiah 1:21, Isaiah 1:26, Isaiah 1:27). purge = refine. Compare Isaiah 1:16; Isaiah 6:7 tin: i.e. alloy. judges as a t the first. Reference to Pentateuch Exodus 18:16-26. faithful. Compare Isaiah 1:21. redeemed = delivered Hebrew. paddah. her converts = they that return of her. transgressors = rebels, App-44. oaks: the trees resorted to for idolatrous worship (Isaiah 57:5; Isaiah 65:3; Isaiah 66:17. 2 Kings 16:4; 2 Kings 17:10. Ezekiel 6:13). chosen. Hebrew. bachar. Occurs four times in the "former" portion (here, Isaiah 7:15, Isaiah 7:16; Isaiah 14:1, and sixteen times in the "latter" portion (Isaiah 40:20; Isaiah 41:8, Isaiah 41:9, Isaiah 41:24, Isaiah 43:10, Isaiah 44:1, Isaiah 44:2; Isaiah 48:10; Isaiah 49:7 ; Isaiah 56:4; Isaiah 58:5, Isaiah 58:6; Isaiah 65:12; Isaiah 66:3, Isaiah 66:4, Isaiah 66:4). be = become. leaf. Some codices (one in margin), with four early printed editions, Septuagint, Syr, and Vulgate, read "Leaves" (plural) the strong. Hebrew. hason. Occurs only here, and Amos 2:9. the maker of it = his work (whatever it be): i.e. the idols (doubtless the ’asherahs. App-42). The word that = That which. Compare Micah 4:1-3, written seventeen years later. saw = saw in vision See note on Isaiah 1:1. concerning Judah, &c. The repetition of Isa 1:1 shows that Isaiah 1is to be regarded as a summary Introduction to the whole book, in the last days: i.e. the days of Messiah. mountain of the LORD’S house. Psalms 24:3. Compare Psalms 68:15. See note on Ezekiel 28:16. the LORD’S = Jehovah’s. App-4. all nations. Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Genus) = many from all nations. flow = stream. Same word as in Jeremiah 31:12. people = peoples. go up. Note the Figure of speech Zeugma. The second verb must be supplied (enter into). to the house = "[and enter] into the house", &c The "and" is read in some codices, with two early printed editions, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate. God. Hebrew. Elohim. paths. Hebrew. orah Occurs in the "former" portion here, Isaiah 3:12, &c. and in the "latter" portion, Isaiah 40:14; Isaiah 41:3. the law = law (no Art.) See note on Isaiah 1:10. swords. spears. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of the Part), for all kinds of weapons; while plowshares and pruning-hooks put by the same Figure, for all implements of peace. The signs are Figures, but the things signified are literal. house of Jacob. Generally has regard to the natural seed of Jacob, while Israel has regard to the spiritual. See notes on Genesis 33:28; Genesis 43:6; Genesis 45:26, Genesis 45:28. The expression occurs nine times in Isaiah, six before Isa 40: (Isaiah 2:6, Isaiah 2:6; Isaiah 8:17; Isaiah 10:20; Isaiah 14:1; Isaiah 29:22), and three after Isa 40: (Isaiah 46:3; Isaiah 48:1; Isaiah 58:1). See App-79. Therefore. Or, For. replenished: or, full of divinations. from the east. Especially diviners and mediums from an evil spirit (an ob). Compare Leviticus 19:31; Leviticus 20:6. Deuteronomy 18:11. 1 Samuel 28:3-7; and below, Isaiah 8:9; Isaiah 19:3; Isaiah 29:4, where ob occurs. soothsayers. Reference to Pentateuch Leviticus 19:26 (observe times). Deuteronomy 18:10, Deuteronomy 18:14 (observers of times). Same word in all four cases. Hebrew. ’anan. Occurs only here in the "former" portion, and only in Isaiah 57:3 (sorceress) in the "latter" portion. please themselves = join hands with. children = young children. strangers. Hebrew. nakar = unknown persons; hence, foreigners. idols = nothings. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 26:1. Deuteronomy 17:14-19). App-92. mean man. Hebrew. ’addm. App-14. Contrasting great man. Hebrew. ’ish. App-14. society’s extremes fear = dread. Compare 2 Thessalonians 1:9, 2 Thessalonians 1:10. lofty = proud. Note the Figure of speech Synonymia to impress us with the far-reaching object and effect of Jehovah’s dealings in "the day of the LORD", recorded in verses: Isaiah 2:11-17. Hebrew. gabah. Same word as "high" (Isaiah 2:15), and "loftiness" (Isaiah 2:17). Not the same word as "lofty" (Isaiah 2:12). humbled = -lowered. Note the Figure of speech Synonymia, in Isaiah 2:11 and Isaiah 2:17. Hebrew. shaphal. Same word as "brought low" (Isaiah 2:12), "made low" (Isaiah 2:17). Hebrew = each shall be, &c. and. Note the Figure of speech Polysyndeton (App-6). haughtiness. Hebrew. rum. Same word as "lofty" (Isaiah 2:12), "high" (verses: Isaiah 2:13, Isaiah 2:14). men. Hebrew, plural of ’enosh. App-14. bowed down = brought low. Hebrew. sliahah. Same word as in Isaiah 2:17. exalted. Hebrew. sagab. Same word as in Isaiah 2:17. the day of the LORD. This is the first of twenty occurrences. In sixteen it is simply "y6m Jehovah" (Isaiah 13:6, Isaiah 13:9. Ezekiel 13:5. Joe 1:15; Joe 2:1, Joe 2:11; Joe 2:3, Joe 2:14 (Hebrews 4:14). Amos 5:18, Amos 5:20. Obadiah 1:15. Zephaniah 1:7, Zephaniah 1:14, Zephaniah 1:14. Malachi 4:5). In four passages it is with Lamed (= L) prefixed = for or to : viz. Isaiah 2:12. Ezekiel 30:3. Zechariah 14:1; Zechariah 14:17 = a day known to Jehovah. In other places it is combined with other words, such as "wrath", "vengeance". In the N.T. it occurs four times: viz. 1 Thessalonians 5:2. 2 Thessalonians 2:2 (see note). 2 Peter 3:10. Revelation 1:10 (see note). Thus the expression is stamped with the number "four" (see App-10); for "the day of the LORD" is the day when everything done will be to abase man and exalt Jehovah. Now it is "man’s day" (1 Corinthians 4:3, see note), when man exalts himself, and bows God out of the world He has created. the LORD of hosts. See note on 1 Samuel 1:3. proud = arrogant. Hebrew. ga’ah. Note the Figure of speech Synonymia. lofty = haughty. Hebrew (rum). Same word as "haughtiness" (verses: Isaiah 2:11, Isaiah 2:17), "high" (verses: Isaiah 2:13, Isaiah 2:14). Note the Figure of speech Synonymia. and. Note the Figure of speech Polysyndeton (App-6), emphasizing each of the details in verses: Isaiah 2:11-18, lifted up = self-satisfied. Hebrew. nas’a. Same as verses: Isaiah 2:13, Isaiah 2:14. brought low. Hebrew. shaphal. Same word as "humbled" (Isaiah 2:11). Note the Figure of speech Synonymia. high. Hebrew. rum. Same word as "haughtiness" (verses: Isaiah 2:11, Isaiah 2:17); "lofty"(Isaiah 2:12); "high" (Isaiah 2:14). high. Hebrew. gabah. Same word as "lofty" (Isaiah 2:11); "loftiness" (Isaiah 2:17). ships of Tarshish. Occurs in the "former"portion only here and Isaiah 23:1, Isaiah 23:14; and in the "latter" portion only in Isaiah 60:9. Tarshish. See note on 1 Kings 10:22. pleasant = desirable. loftiness. Hebrew. gabah. Same word as "lofty" (Isaiah 2:11). made low. Hebrew. shaphal. Same word as "humbled" (v Isaiah 2:11), "brought low" (Isaiah 2:12). tops = fissures or crevices. Compare Revelation 6:12-17. Cease ye = Let go. breath, &c. Hebrew. neshamah (App-16). Occurs twice in the "former" portion (Isaiah 2:22; Isaiah 30:33) and twice in the "latter "portion (Isaiah 42:5; Isaiah 57:16, "soul"). App-79: Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 2:7). for wherein. ? Figure of speech Erotesis, for emphasis. accounted of = reckoned on. Compare Psalms 146:3, Psalms 146:4. Jeremiah 17:5. behold. Figure of speech Asterismos, for emphasis. the the LORD of hosts. See note on 1 Samuel 1:3. stay. staff. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia. Hebrew. mash’en (masculine); mish’an (feminine) bread. water. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), for all kinds of food. prudent = diviner: i.e. the king. Compare Proverbs 16:10. ancient = elder. honourable man = eminent or highly respected man. cunning artificer = skilled in arts. eloquent orator = skilled in magnetism. children = youths, or boys. babes = with caprice. Not the same word child = a youth, or a boy. as in Isaiah 3:12. clothing. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), for all necessaries. be = become. swear. Hebrew "lift up [the hand]": i.e. swear. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 14:22. Exodus 6:8. Numbers 14:30. Deuteronomy 32:40). App-92. ruined = overthrown. the eyes of His glory = His glorious presence, "eyes" being put by Figure of speech Metonymy, for the person as manifested. shew = expression. witness = testify. declare. hide it not = have declared. have not hidden. Sodom. See Isaiah 1:9, Isaiah 1:10. their soul = them (emphatic). Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. the righteous = a righteous one. Woe. Figure of speech Maledictio. App-6. the wicked, &c. = a lawless evil one (ra’a’, App-44.), [it shall not be well]. Hebrew. rasha’. hands. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), for what is done with them. given him = done to him. children = little ones. destroy = have swallowed up. people = peoples. of. Genitive of Relation (App-17.) = taken from. poor = oppressed. Hebrew. ’ani. beat = crush. saith = is the oracle of. the Lord. daughters. Compare the "kine of Bashan" (Amos 4:1). their. Hebrew masculine. Often used of women who act as men. the LORD*. One of the 134 places where, in the primitive text, the Sopherim say they changed Jehovah to Adonai. secret parts; or, nakedness. bravery = finery. ornaments = metal crescent-shaped discs. cauls = caps. Old French "cale". their round tires like the moon = round crescent-shaped headbands. chains = pendants. mufflers = light face-veils. bonnets = headdress. Hebrew. pe’er. Not therefore peculiar to the "latter" portion of Isaiah (Isaiah 61:10) as alleged. ornaments = anklets. headbands = girdles. Compare Isaiah 49:18. tablets = scent bottles. Hebrew houses of the soul; nephesh, used in the sense of breath. earrings = amulets. nose jewels. Worn in Palestine to-day. changeable suits, &c. = robes: i.e. state or gala dresses. wimples = a neck binding (Old English), crisping pins = reticules or purses. glasses = mirrors (of polished metal). fine linen = underclothing. hoods = turbans. vails = long flowing vails. sweet smell = perfume. stink = rottenness, or stench. rent = a rope, well set hair = richly plaited hair. stomacher = sash or girdle, often worked in silk and gold. Still worn in Palestine. girding of sackcloth = girding with a rope. burning = branding. mighty = might. Some codices, with Aramaean, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "mighty ones". gates = entrances. mourn. Occurs in "former" portion here, Isaiah 19:8 (as adjective); Isaiah 24:4, Isaiah 24:7; Isaiah 33:9; and in the "latter" portion, Isaiah 57:18 (as noun); Isaiah 60:20 (as noun); Isaiah 61:2, s(as adjective); Isaiah 66:10. And. The Figure of speech Polysyndeton (App-6) links this verse on to the preceding chapter. in that day. Not emphatic, or at the beginning of the verse. the Branch: i.e. Messiah. So the Chaldee paraphrase has it. Hebrew. zemach. Not the same word as in Isaiah 11:1. See the Structure of "the Four Gospels" preceding the Structure of MATTHEW; and note the application of this expression to the Gospel of JOHN and the notes there. Used there to connect the four Titles of Messiah: MATTHEW: the King (Zechariah 9:9 with Jeremiah 23:5, Jeremiah 23:6). MARK: the Servant (Isaiah 42:1 with Zechariah 3:8). LUKE: the MAN (Zechariah 6:12). JOHN: JEHOVAH (Isaiah 40:9, Isaiah 40:10, with Isaiah 4:2). of the LORD = Jehovah’s Branch: i.e. Messiah. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. be = become. beautiful and glorious = for honour and for glory. the earth = the land. escaped of Israel: i.e. those who will have escaped destruction in the great tribulation. These could not be the "Church", for they are of "Israel"; and the blessings are the temporal blessings promised in Isaiah 30:23, &c. Ezekiel 34:29. Joe 2:23-25. Amos 9:11-15, &c. holy. See note on Exodus 3:5. among the living = written down or destined for life. Compare Psalms 69:28; Psalms 87:5, Psalms 87:6. Malachi 3:16. the lord* = Jehovah. purged = cast out. Hebrew duah. Compare Isaiah 1:16. blood. Put by Figure of speech, Metonymy (of Effect), for blood-guiltiness. spirit = blast, as in Isaiah 11:4. Compare 2 Thessalonians 2:8. Hebrew. ruach. every dwelling place of mount Zion. Not merely over the Tabernacle as in the old Dispensation. assemblies = convocation. Hebrew. mikra. Reference to Pentateuch. See note on Isaiah 1:13. upon = over. a defence = a canopy. Hebrew. chuppah, the marriage canopy. Not translated "defence" elsewhere. Occurs only here, Psalms 19:5, and Joe 2:16. Compare Isaiah 62:4. tabernacle = pavilion. a song. Eight sentences describe the vineyard, of which seven give the characteristics, and one (Isaiah 5:7) the result. This "song" sets forth the doom of the Vineyard: the Parable (Luke 20:9-16), the doom of the husbandmen. hath = had. a very fruitful = oil’s son. Can it refer to David and his anointing? Compare 1 Samuel 2:10; 1 Samuel 16:13; Psalms 132:7. Compare Isaiah 5:7 -, below. hill = horn. Hebrew. keren, always "horn" (seventy-five times). Only "hill" here. vine. For Israel as this vine, See Isaiah 27:2-6. Jeremiah 2:21; Jeremiah 12:10. Psalms 80:8. Hosea 10:1; Hosea 14:6-7, &c. One of the three trees to which Israel is likened: the fig = national privilege; the olive = religious privilege; the vine = spiritual privilege. See note on Judges 9:8-13, tower = a watchtower. winepress = wine-vat. Hebrew. yekeb, not gath, a winepress. See note on Proverbs 3:10. wild grapes = bad grapes. Hebrew. beushim, from bashash, to stink. The Hebrew word occurs only in verses: Isaiah 5:2, Isaiah 5:4. in it. Some codices, with one early printed edition, Aramaean, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "to (or for) it". I will, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 28:23, Deuteronomy 28:24. Leviticus 26:19). the LORD of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9 and 1 Samuel 1:3. house of Israel. Occurs four times in Isaiah, twice before Isa 40: (Isaiah 6:7; Isaiah 14:2), and twice after (Isaiah 46:3; Isaiah 63:7). See App-79. Note the introversion: "vineyard", "Israel", "Judah", "pleasant plant". judgment. oppression. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia for great and solemn emphasis, to attract our attention and impress our minds. Not a "pun "or a "play" on words. Hebrew. mishpat. mishpach. righteousness. a cry. Figure of speech Paronomasia. Hebrew. zedakah. ze’akah. See note above. These two lines may be Englished by "He looked for equity, but behold iniquity; for right, but behold might" (as used in oppression and producing a "cry"). and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it. Woe. Figure of speech Epibole, "Woe" repeated six times in succession (verses: Isaiah 5:8, Isaiah 5:11, Isaiah 5:18, Isaiah 8:20, Isaiah 8:21, Isaiah 8:22). Note the six subjects. no. Hebrew. ephes. Occurs in "former" portion only here and in Isaiah 34:12; the "latter" portion in Isaiah 40:17; Isaiah 41:12, Isaiah 41:29; Isaiah 45:6, Isaiah 45:14; Isaiah 46:9; Isaiah 47:8, Isaiah 47:10; Isaiah 52:4; Isaiah 54:15. App-79. ears. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. said. Note Ellipsis of the verb "to say". See App-6and instructive examples in Psalms 109:5; Psalms 144:12. Psalms 28:9. Jeremiah 9:19, &c. bath. homer. ephah. See App-51. strong drink. Hebrew. shekar. App-27. night. Hebrew. nesheph. A Homonym. Compare Isaiah 21:4 with Isaiah 59:10. See notes on Job 24:15, and 1 Samuel 30:17 tarbet = drum. Hebrew. toph. See note on 1 Samuel 10:5. pipe = fife. wine. Hebrew. yayin. App-27. feasts = banquets. the Lord. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. men. Hebrew. methim App-14. hell = Sheol. App-35. enlarged. Figure of speech Prosopopoeia. App-6. herself. = her soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. her. All these feminine pronouns-mean that the nouns belong to Sheol. the mean man = commoner. Hebrew. ’adam. App-14. the mighty man = peer. Hebrew. ’ish. lofty = proud. Hebrew. gabah. See note on Isaiah 2:11. GOD = the mighty God. Hebrew ’El (with Art.) App-4. holy. See note on Exodus 3:5. strangers = foreigners. iniquity. Hebrew. ’avah. App-44. cords, &c. Which draw on sin by the load. cart rope. Implies sin by the cart-load. That say, &c. Compare Jeremiah 17:15. the Holy One of Israel. See notes on Isaiah 1:4 and Psalms 71:22. call = are calling. evil good. Note the Introversion in each of the three clauses of this verse. put = give out. sight. Hebrew "face", put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), App-6, for themselves, or their own view of matters. mighty = strong men. Hebrew. gibbor. App-14. the wicked = a lawless one. Hebrew. rasha’. reward = a bribe, the righteous = righteous ones. him = them. the law. See note on Isaiah 1:10. the word = saying, or spoken word. Hebrew. ’imrah. stretched forth: in judgment. torn in the midst of the streets = as the sweepings of the streets. For all this, &c. Compare the Reference to Pent, in the fivefold consequence of Isa 5:25; Isaiah 9:12, Isaiah 9:17, Isaiah 9:21; Isaiah 10:4, with the fivefold cause in Leviticus 26:14, Leviticus 26:18, Leviticus 26:21, Leviticus 26:24, Leviticus 26:28. stretched out still = remains stretched out. Same word as "stretched forth (above) in judgment". Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 6:6. Deuteronomy 4:34; Deuteronomy 5:15; Deuteronomy 7:19; Deuteronomy 9:29; Deuteronomy 11:2; Deuteronomy 26:8). hiss unto = hiss for (as men call bees). they shall come. Note the Figure of speech Hypotyposis in Isaiah 5:26-30. heavens = skies. king Uzziah. Contrast this leprous king with the glorious king of Isa 6:5. died. In a separate house. This completes the contrast. I saw. Hebrew ra’ah = to see clearly. As in Isaiah 6:6. it: i.e. the throne. seraphims = burning ones. No Art. Celestial beings, named but unexplained. Name used of the serpents (Numbers 21:6) because of the burning effect produced by them, just as nachash was used of a snake because of its shining skin (Numbers 21:9), as well as of the shining one of Gen 3:1. See notes on Genesis 3:1. Numbers 21:6, Numbers 21:9, and App-19. Septuagint reads "and seraphs stood round about Him". Holy, holy, holy. Figure of speech Epizeuxis for intense and solemn emphasis. Compare the threefold blessing of Num 6:24-26 and Revelation 4:8, a threefold unity. Woe. Figure of speech Ecphonesis. App-6. undone = dumb, or lost. The essence of true conviction is a concern for what I am, not for what I have done or not done. seen. Compare Job 42:5. King. Contrast "king Uzziah", Isaiah 6:1. flew. Compare "ran" (Luke 15:20). the tongs. Reference to Pent, (Exodus 25:38; Exodus 25:37. Exodus 25:23 ("snuffers"). Numbers 4:9). App-92. iniquity. Hebrew. ’avah, App-44. purged = covered. Hebrew. kaphar = to cover, and thus, here, atone. See note on Exodus 29:33. Not the same word as in Isaiah 1:25; Isaiah 4:4. voice. See the Structure (p. 980). This is the voice from the Temple concerning the "scattering", corresponding with Isaiah 40:3, Isaiah 40:6, which is the voice from the wilderness concerning the "gathering". Whom shall I send? This was not Isaiah’s original commission to prophesy, but his special commission for this great dispensational prophecy. Chs. 1-5 form a general introduction to the whole book (see p. 930). Us. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 1:26; Genesis 3:22; Genesis 11:7). App-92. said I. In edition 1611 this was "I said". Hear ye indeed. Hebrew "a hearing, hear ye". Figure of speech Polyptoton (App-6) for emphasis. See note on Genesis 26:28. see ye indeed. Hebrew "a seeing see ye". Figure of speech Polyptoton, as above. Make, &c. = Declare or foretell that the heart of this People will be fat. Isaiah could do no more. A common Hebrew idiom. This prophecy is of the deepest import in Israel’s history. Written down seven times (Matthew 13:14. Mark 4:12. Luke 8:10. John 12:40. Acts 28:26, Acts 28:27. Romans 11:8). Solemnly quoted in three great dispensational crises: (1) By Christ (Matthew 13:14), as coming from Jehovah on the day a council was held "to destroy Him". (2) By Christ, as coming from Messiah in His glory (John 12:40, John 12:41) after counsel taken to "put Him to death" (John 11:53, and Compare Isaiah 12:37). (3) By Paul, as coming from the Holy Ghost when, after a whole day’s conference, they "believed not" (Acts 28:25-27). convert = turn or return how long? See the answer (Romans 11:25). wasted = desolate. without = for want of. man. Hebrew. adam. App-14. land = ground, or soil. Hebrew. adamah desolate. See note on Isaiah 1:7. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. forsaking. See note on Isaiah 1:4. But yet in it shall be a tenth, &c. = Still, there is in it (the land) a tenth part; and it (the tenth part) shall again be swept away; yet, as with terebinth and oak, whose life remains in them when felled, the holy seed will be the life thereof. This is no "interpolation"; it is necessary to complete the Structure. shall be. Supply [there is]. teil tree = terebinth. substance = root-stock. is in them: or will be in them. A special rending called Sevir (App-34) reads "in it": i.e. in the land. cast their leaves = are felled. The Ellipsis, here, is wrongly supplied. it came to pass in the days of. See note on Genesis 14:1. Ahaz. For the history explaining this prophecy see 2 Kings 15:37 - Isaiah 16:5. Rezin. See 2 Kings 16:5-9. Pekah. His was the last prosperous reign in Israel. It began in the last year of Uzziah, king of Judah. the son of Remaliah. Repeated for emphasis in verses: Isaiah 7:1, Isaiah 7:4, Isaiah 7:5, Isaiah 7:9. A murderer 2 Kings 16:25). could not prevail against it. Compare 2 Kings 16:5. the house of David. Not to Ahaz only, but to the house which had received the promise of Jehovah’s protection (2 Samuel 7). Ephraim. The leading tribe, put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Part), for the rest of the ten tribes. Sometimes called "Samaria" (1 Kings 16:24). His. i.e. Ahaz. wind. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. Shear-jashub = the remnant shall return. highway. Occurs in the "former" portion, here, Isaiah 11:16; Isaiah 19:23; Isaiah 33:8; Isaiah 35:8; Isaiah 36:2; and in the latter portion, Isaiah 40:3; Isaiah 49:11; Isaiah 57:14 (verb); Isaiah 59:7 (paths); Isaiah 62:10 (verb and noun). for = because of. firebrands. Compare Amos 4:11. Zechariah 3:2. Not like the stump of Judah (Isaiah 6:13). for = consisting of. vex = terrify. the son of Tabeal: i.e. Rezin, king of Syria. the = though the. Damascus: which is soon to be spoiled. Rezin: a firebrand soon to be quenched. He was the last independent king of Syria. and = yet. threescore and five years. To be made up thus: Ahaz 14 + Hezekiah 29 + Manasseh 22 = 65 (13 X 5). Fulfilled in 567-6 B.C. that it be not a people = shall be no more a people. But Judah shall return (Isaiah 6:13). If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia for emphasis and to attract attention to the importance of the sentence. Hebrew. ’im l’o tha’dminu, ki lo the’amenu, which may be Englished thus: "If ye will not trust, ye shall not be trusted". Greek have no belief. . . find no relief; or, will not understand. . . . shall not surely stand; or, no confiding . . . no abiding. Isaiah 7:17 shows that Ahaz did not trust. ye. But specially referring to Ahaz. See note on "shall call" (Isaiah 7:14). surely = [know] that. Moreover. It seems as though Isaiah wanted to see what Ahaz would say to Isaiah 7:9. spake. This identifies the words with Jehovah Himself, and not merely with Isaiah. It shows the vast importance of the coming prophecy. again = added. Literally added to speak. Occurs in this connection only again in Isaiah 8:5 in this book. sign. Hebrew. ’oth, a present visible token or pledge, as in Genesis 1:14. Ex. Isaiah 4:4; Isaiah 4:9; Isaiah 12:13; and especially Isaiah 8:18. This word is used eight times in the "former" portion (here; Isaiah 7:14; Isaiah 8:18; Isaiah 19:20; Isaiah 20:3; Isaiah 37:30; Isaiah 38:7, Isaiah 38:22); and three times in the "latter" portion (Isaiah 44:25; Isaiah 55:13; Isaiah 66:19). See App-79and compare Hezekiah’s sign (Isaiah 38:7). God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. either. Ahaz was not limited, and therefore without excuse. I will not ask. He had already made up his mind to appeal to Assyria, and had probably sent messengers to Tiglath-Pileser (2 Kings 16:7. 2 Chronicles 28:16). His self-hardening is masked by his apparently pious words. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah.(with ’eth) = Jehovah Himself. App-4. he: i.e. Jehovah by the prophet; thus identifying Himself with this important prophecy. men. Hebrew, plural of ’en6sh. App-14. the LORD*. One of the 134 passages where Jehovah, in the primitive text, was altered by the Sopherim to "Adonai". See App-32. a virgin. Hebrew the virgin: i.e. some definite well-known damsel, whose identity was then unmistakable, though unknown to us. See Matthew 1:21-23, Luke 1:31. See App-101. virgin = damsel. Hebrew. ha-’almah. It occurs seven times (Genesis 24:43. Exodus 2:8. Psalms 68:25. Proverbs 21:19. Son 1:3; Son 6:8, and Isaiah 7:14). The Hebrew for virgin (in our technical sense) is bethulah, and occurs fifty times (2 x 52, see App-10). Its first occurrence is Genesis 24:16, where, compared with Isaiah 7:43, it shows that while every Bethulah is indeed an Almah, yet not every Almah is a Bethulah. The prophecy does not lose its Messianic character, for Mary, in whom it was fulfilled, is designated by the same holy inspiring Spirit as "parthenos" (not gune). As a sign to Ahaz this damsel was an almah. As a sign, when the prophecy was fulfilled (or filled full), it was Mary, the parthenos or virgin. shall conceive, and bear = is pregnant and beareth. Reference to Pentateuch. The two words occur together only here, Genesis 16:11, and Judges 13:5, Judges 13:7; and Isaiah 7:12 shows that birth was imminent. Perhaps the Almah was "Abi" (2 Kings 18:2; 2 Chronicles 29:1), but the son was not necessarily Hezekiah. See App-101. Immanuel = "GOD (’El) with us". Most codices, and six early printed editions, give it as two words. Some, with two early printed editions, as one word. Butter = Curds. See Genesis 18:8, Deuteronomy 32:14, &c. that he may know = up to the time of his knowing: i.e. the prophecy shall come to pass while still a babe. See Isaiah 7:16. choose. See note on Isaiah 1:29. For before. This was the sign to Ahaz and all present. Compare the further sign, Isaiah 8:4, and see App-101. child = sucking child. the land = the soil. abhorrest: or vexest. shall be forsaken. So it came to pass two years later. Compare 2 Kings 15:30; 2 Kings 16:9. See note on Isaiah 1:4. of = because of. Connect this with "abhorrest", not with "forsaken". both her kings: i.e. Pekah and Rezin (Isaiah 7:1). the king of Assyria. This was fulfilled in 2 Kings 16:7, and 2 Chronicles 28:19, 2 Chronicles 28:20. rivers of Egypt. Reference to Pentateuch. Hebrew. ye’or. Twenty-nine times in. Genesis and Exodus (only twice in plural. Exodus 7:19; Exodus 8:5). thorns = the thorn bushes. bushes = the pastures. hired. By Ahaz himself. And it shall come to pass. Note the Figure of speech Anaphora, commencing verses: Isaiah 7:21, Isaiah 7:22, Isaiah 7:23, emphasizing the points of the prophecy. shall nourish, &c.: i.e. no longer a land of olives and oil, but a poor pasturage. Compare Jeremiah 39:10. abundance of milk. Not because of the number of the cattle, but on account of the fewness of the people. butter and honey. Not corn and wine and oil. in = in the midst of. silverlings = shekels: i.e. as rent. Compare Son 8:11. shall be digged = should be digged (but were to go out of cultivation). shall not come thither = thou wilt not come thither: i.e. venture to walk (without weapons, Isaiah 7:24) where thou wast wont to plough in peace. the fear of = for fear of. sending forth = letting loose, or driving forth. treading = trampling down. Moreover. There is no break in the prophecy. roll = tablet. Elsewhere only in Isaiah 3:23. in it = on it. a man’s pen = the carving tool of the people. The writing was to be legible, in the language of the common people (not in the language of the priests or educated classes). Eastern languages have these two, down to the present day. Compare Habakkuk 2:2. "Pen" is put by Figure of speech Metonymy, for the writing written by it. man’s = a common man’s. Hebrew. ’enosh. concerning = "for Maher, &c. " Maher-shalal-hash-baz = haste, spoil, speed, prey. (Note the Alternation.) These words are explained in Isaiah 8:4, and may be connected thus: he hasteneth [to take the] spoil, he speeds [to seize] the prey. This child was a sign, as also the child in Isaiah 7:14. Uriah = Urijah. See 2 Kings 16:10. Zechariah. Probably the father-in-law of Ahaz (2 Kings 18:2). before. The interval was twenty-one months from the prophecy, twelve from the birth. child = sucking child: as in Isaiah 7:16. Not the same word as in Isaiah 8:18 shall be taken. So it was: in the third year of Ahaz, Damascus was sacked and Rezin was slain. taken = carried away. again. See note on Isaiah 7:10. Shiloah: i.e. the waters beneath Zion running from Gihon to Siloam. See App-68. rejoice in Kezin. This is not "a wrong reading of the Hebrew text", hut it refers to the trust reposed in the king of Syria instead of in Jehovah (Isaiah 7:9). They despised God’s covenant with Zion (symbolized by its secret stream), and preferred the help of the heathen; therefore the Assyrian floods should overwhelm them. (Compare the same contrast in Psalms 46:3, Psalms 46:45; and see notes there.) This applied specially to Israel: and the judgment overtook Israel first. channels. Hebrew. ’aphiklm. See note on 1 Samuel 22:16. his wings. Probably referring to the wings of his army. Irnmanuel = GOD with us. This shows that the prophecy in Isaiah 7:14 was not to be exhausted with Ahaz and his times. Associate yourselves = Make friendships. people = nations. gird yourselves. Note the Figure of speech Repetitio for emphasis. Occurs in "former" portion here only, and in the "latter" portion only in Isaiah 45:5 with Isaiah 50:11. App-79. GOD is with us = Hebrew. lmmanu-El. See Isaiah 8:8. App-4. confederacy. Hebrew. kesher. Never used in a good sense. to all them to whom = whensoever, or whereof. neither, &c. Quoted in 1 Peter 3:14, 1 Peter 3:15. their fear = what they fear, or with their fear. Sanctify = Hallow, regard as holy. Compare Isaiah 29:23. See note on Exodus 3:5. Reference to Pentateuch (Numbers 20:12; Numbers 27:14). the LORD of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9 and 1 Samuel 1:9. be your dread = inspire you with awe. Quoted in 1 Peter 3:13-15. for a stone of stumbling. Compare 1 Peter 2:7, 1 Peter 2:8. Luke 20:17. Romans 9:32, Romans 9:33; Romans 11:11. gin = a trap. stumble. fall, &c. Note the Figure of speech Synomymia. testimony. law. No Art. either here or in Isaiah 8:20. Note the Structure, above, and the Introversion of these two words. See note on Isaiah 1:10. disciples = instructed ones. wait. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 49:18). the house of Jacob. See note on Isaiah 2:5. and I will look, &c. See Hebrews 2:13. children = young children. Not the same word as in Isaiah 8:4. signs and for wonders. Compare Isaiah 20:3. Reference to Pentateuch Exodus 7:3. Deuteronomy 4:34; Deuteronomy 6:22. dwelleth = is making His dwelling, or is about to dwell. when = should. familiar spirits. See note on Leviticus 19:31. peep. Hebrew. zaphaph. Occurs only in Isaiah; and this form, only in Isaiah 10:14, elsewhere, in Isaiah 29:4 (whisper); Isaiah 38:14 (chatter). It is used of an unearthly sound. mutter: i, e. with indistinct sounds. This refers to the low incantations which, in the Babylonian and Egyptian "mysteries", had to be recited in a whisper (like certain parts of the Roman Missal). A whole series is called "the ritual of the whispered charm". God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. for the living to the dead. Supply the Figure of speech Ellipsis from the preceding clause (App-6), and render: "Should not any People seek unto its God? for [should] the living [seek unto] the dead? "This is a solemn warning against all ancient and modern Spiritists. there is no light in them = there shall be no morning for them. All are in darkness who do not speak by and appeal to the revealed Word of God. they: i.e. they who live not in the light of God’s Word. it: i.e. Immanuel’s land. The singular number and same verb, referring back to Isaiah 8:8. hardly bestead = in hard case. fret themselves. Compare. Revelation 16:11, Revelation 16:21. look upward: [in vain]. the earth = the land. dimness of anguish = the gloom of anguish. driven to = thrust out into. Nevertheless = For, This member (Isaiah 9:1-7) relates to Messiah, the Son, referring back to Isaiah 8:9, Isaiah 8:10; and carries Isaiah 7:14 on to its future fulfilment, See App-102. dimness. vexation. Almost the same two words as dimness. anguish (Isaiah 8:22). at the first. When Ben-hadad, in the reign of Baasha, "smote Ijon, and Dan, and Abel-beth-maachah, and all Cinneroth, with all the land of Naphtali" (1 Kings 15:20) the land, &c. Quoted in Luke 1:79. afterward. Referring to the heavier scourge when Hazael "smote all the coasts of Israel from Jordan eastward, all the land of Gilead" (2 Kings 10:32, 2 Kings 10:33). This land was the first to be afflicted by the armies of Assyria (2 Kings 15:29, and was the first to see the promised light in the person of the Messiah. that walked in darkness = the walkers in darkness. have men = saw. Quoted in Matthew 4:14-16. Thou: i.e. Jehovah* hast. This is the Figure of speech Prolepsis, by which the future is prophetically spoken of as present, or past. and not increased the joy. The difficulty is not removed by reading lo, "to him", instead of l’o, "not" (which is the marginal reading of Hebrew text, and is followed by the Revised Version. Dr. C. D. Ginsburg suggests that the word in question, haggil’o, was wrongly divided into two words, and the last syllable (l’o) was treated as a separate word. Read as one word, the four lines form an Introversion, thus: Thou hast multiplied the exultation, Thou hast increased the joy: They joy before Thee according to the joy in harvest. For unto us, &c. The prophecy of the "Divine Interposition" ends with Messiah, even as it began in Isaiah 7:14 (quoted in Luke 2:11). See App-102. is. Figure of speech Prolepsis. given. The interval of this present dispensation comes between the word "given" and the next clause. government. The Hebrew word misrah occurs only in these verses (6, 7). Like politeuma (Philippians 1:3, Philippians 1:20). name = He Himself. See note on Psalms 20:1. Wonderful. Compare Judges 13:18. GOD. Hebrew El. As in Isaiah 10:21. App-4. of. Genitive (of Origin), App-17.; i.e. the Prince Who gives peace. Compare Romans 15:16. no end. Compare the angelic message (Luke 1:32, Luke 1:33). it. Feminine, referring to the kingdom. upon. henceforth. Quoted in Luke 1:32, Luke 1:33. the Lord of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9, and 1 Samuel 1:3. sent a word. ch. Isaiah 2:5, Isaiah 2:6 which had now been fulfilled. Compare Isaiah 5:25. 2 Chronicles 28:6-8. Jacob. See note on Isaiah 2:5. lighted = fallen. all the People, &c. "People" is singular, and "know" is plural = the People, all of them. adversaries. Some codices read "princes, or generals". him: i.e. Ephraim (not Rezin). join, &c. = weave together, unite as allies. For all this, &c. See note on Isaiah 5:26. Note the Figure of speech Amoeboeon, Isaiah 5:25; here, verses: Isaiah 9:17, Isaiah 9:21, Isaiah 9:4. stretched out: in judgment. See note on Isaiah 6:26. turneth not. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 4:29, Deuteronomy 4:30). the Lord Hebrew. Jehovah. with ’eth = Jehovah Himself. App-4. See note on 1 Samuel 1:3. rush. Hebrew. ’agmon. Occurs twice in "former" portion, here and Isaiah 19:15; and once in "latter" portion (Isaiah 58:5, "bulrush"). Elsewhere only in Job 41:2, Job 41:20. head. tail. Reference to Pentateuch. Only here and Deuteronomy 28:13, Deuteronomy 28:44. the leaders: or, flatterers. err = stray. they that are led = they that are flattered. destroyed = swallowed up. wickedness = lawlessness. Hebrew. rasha’. App-44. of = for. Genitive of Relation (App-17.) eat. not be satisfied. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 26:26). write = ordain, or register; legalize iniquities. grievousness = oppression. prescribed = written. poor = Hebrew. ’ani. See note on Proverbs 6:11. desolation = storm. leave = secure, or put in safe keeping. Hebrew. ’azab, a Homonym with two meanings. See note on Exodus 23:5. glory = honour. bow down under the prisoners = captives will be enough to make you bow down. fall under the slain = mortally wounded ones [will be enough] to make you fall. For, &c. See note on Isaiah 9:12. O Assyrian. Not woe to the Assyrian. That woe comes later (Compare Isaiah 17:12, and Isaiah 33:1), after the latest woes on Ephraim and Judah. This is a Divine summons. Assyrian. The monuments tell us that this was Sargon, the father of Sennacherib. hypocritical = impious, profane, godless, ’ or irreligious. Compare Isaiah 9:17 with Isaiah 33:14, the only other occurance in Isaiah. he meaneth not so = will not mean. The blindness of the instrument emphasizes the truth of the prophecy. think so = so intend. he saith = he will say. altogether = all of them. As = According as. idols = nothings. idols = effigies. Wherefore = And. people = peoples. found as a nest. Supply the Ellipsis thus: "found [means to reach] as a nest". peeped. See note on Isaiah 8:19. boast itself. Hebrew. pa’ar. Not therefore peculiar to the "latter" portion of Isaiah (Isaiah 44:23, &c), as alleged. shake itself against = brandish. lift up itself, as if it were no wood = raise him that lifteth it up. no wood: i.e. the user of it (who is flesh and blood, not wood). kindle. burning = be like a burning. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia (App-6). Hebrew. yekad yekod kikod = kindle. kindling. kindling. in one day. So it was (2 Kings 19:35), body = flesh. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Part), App-6, for the whole body. child = lad. write = reckon. that day. Passing on to the final fulfilment in the day of the LORD. the house of Jacob. See note on Isaiah 2:5. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. in truth. Hebrew. be’emeth. Occurs three times in the "former" portion (here; Isaiah 16:5; Isaiah 38:3); and twice in the "latter" portion (Isaiah 48:1; Isaiah 61:8). See App-79. The remnant shall return. Hebrew. Shear-jashub. See Isaiah 7:3. So they did. Compare 2 Chronicles 30:1-13, esp. Isaiah 10:6. though, &c. Quoted in Romans 9:27, Romans 9:28. as the sand, &c. Figure of speech Paraemia. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 22:17; Genesis 32:12, &c). consumption = full end, or finish. Hebrew. killayon. Reference to Pentateuch. Occurs only here, and Deuteronomy 28:65. App-92. with = in. consumption = consummation. Hebrew. kalfih, determined = decreed. all. Some codices, with five early printed editions, omit "all". smite thee with = smite thee [indeed] with, &c. rod = club. anger = anger [shall cease]. according to = like. Midian. Compare Isaiah 9:4, and Judges 7:25. shall be destroyed = will rot. because of the anointing = before the face (at the sight) of the oil: i.e. in Gideon’s lamps; and of the anointed One (Messiah). He is come. This is a prophetic description of Sennacherib’s advance against Judah. Aiath = Ai: now et Tell, or Khan Haiyan. laid up. In anticipation of a speedy conquest of Jerusalem. carriages = baggage (Old English). Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct) for what is carried. the passage = the ravine: i.e. Wady Suweinit. Compare lSamaritan Pentateuch Isaiah 13:23. Geba. Now Jeb’a, near Michmash. Eamah. Now er Ram, five miles north of Jerusalem. Gibeah. Now Tell el Ful, between Jerusalem and Emmaus, two and a half miles north of Jerusalem. Gallim. Not identified. Probably Beitfala’ near Bethlehem. Laish. Not Laish in the tribe of Dan. Anathoth. Now ’Anata. Three miles north-east of Jerusalem. Madmenah. Not identified. A town of Benjamin, near Jerusalem. See note on Isaiah 25:10. Gebim. Not identified. North of Jerusalem. Nob. A city of the priests, in sight of Jerusalem, from whence Sennacherib shook his hand against the city. Nob only a half day’s journey from Jerusalem. forest. Authorized Version, edition 1611, reads., "forests" (plural) These are Sennacherib’s own figures of himself. See 2 Kings 19:23. Compare Isaiah 29:17. Ezekiel 31:3-8. Note the contrast in Isaiah 11:1. And = But. Note the same order of events in Revelation 19 and Revelation 20, as in Isaiah 10 and Isaiah 11. a rod = a sprout: occurs again only in Proverbs 14:3. Note the sublime contrast with Isaiah 10:33, Isaiah 10:34. stem = stump, Appropriate for Jesse, not David. Branch = Shoot or Scion. Hebrew. nezer. Nothing to do with "Nazareth". See note on Matthew 2:23. Not the same word as in Isaiah 4:2; see note there. spirit. Hebrew. App-9. Same word as Isaiah 11:4, "breath" and Isaiah 11:15 "wind". the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. rest upon Him. Compare Isaiah 61:1. A prophecy which is appropriated by Christ (Luke 4:16-21). of. Genitive of Origin and Efficient Cause. App-17. understanding = discernment. shall make Him of quick understanding. Or, His delight shall be; or, the reverence of Jehovah shall be fragrance to Him. Compare Genesis 8:21. Leviticus 26:31. and. Some codices, with two early printed editions, Aramaean, Septuagint, and Vulgate, omit this "and". not judge, &c. Compare 1 Samuel 16:7. reprove = administer judgment. poor = impoverished, reduced. Hebrew. dal. See note on "poverty" (Proverbs 6:11). reprove = set right, or righten. smite. Same word as in Isaiah 11:15. the earth. Some codices read ’driz, "the oppressor", for erez , "the earth". This reading is confirmed by the Structure of the clause (which is an Introversion): He shall smite the oppressor with the rod of His mouth and with the blast of His lips shall He slay the lawless one. This reading ("oppressor", for "the earth ") depends on whether the first letter is Aleph (= ’) or Ayin (= ’). If with the word is ’erez, earth; and if with it is ’ariz, oppression. These two letters are often interchanged. See notes on Psalms 28:8 (their); Isaiah 35:15 (tear me). Micah 1:10 (at all). Hosea 7:6 (baker sleepeth). The word ga’al (to redeem) is spelled with Aleph (’), but it has been mistaken for ga’al (to pollute), and is actually so rendered in Ezra 2:62. Nehemiah 7:64. Nehemiah 59:3; Nehemiah 63:3. Lamentations 4:14. Daniel 1:8. Zephaniah 3:1. Mai. Isaiah 1:7; while ga’al is properly so rendered in Leviticus 26:11, Leviticus 26:15, Leviticus 26:30, Leviticus 26:43, Leviticus 26:44; 2 Samuel 1:21 (vilely = as polluted). Job 21:10 (faileth), Jeremiah 14:19 (lothed), Ezekiel 16:45. The word "power" is spelled ’a (with Aleph) in Psalms 76:7, but ’oz (with Ayin (’) in Isaiah 90:11. See further note on Hosea 7:6 ("in their lying in wait"). The Massorah contains several lists of words in which these letters are interchanged. See Ginsburg’s Massorah (Vol. I, p. 57, letter, 514 b, and Vol. II, p. 390, letter, 352-360, &c). breath. Hebrew. ruach = blast, as in Exodus 15:8; Exodus 25:4; Exodus 37:7. 2 Kings 19:7. the wicked = the lawless one. Hebrew. rasha’. App-44. (sing, not plural) Compare 2 Thessalonians 2:8. wolf. Figure of speech Ampliatio. App-6. little child = youth. cockatrice’ = viper’s. Hebrew. zepha’. Occurs only here in "former" portion; and in Isaiah 59:5 in "latter". App-79. in all My holy mountain. This expression occurs in the "former" portion only here and Isaiah 27:13, and in the "latter "portion in Isaiah 56:7; Isaiah 57:13; Isaiah 65:25. It is to be distinguished from other expressions in which the word "mountain" occurs. shall be = shall assuredly become. the knowledge. This is the sign of the fulness of blessing. See note on Isaiah 1:3; Compare Isaiah 6:3. Reference to Pentateuch (Numbers 14:21). App-92. shall be = - shall come to be. Quoted in Romans 15:12. Root = sapling. people = peoples. Gentiles = nations. glorious = glory. the second time. Reference to Pentateuch, (the first time being Ex. Isaiah 15:16, Isaiah 15:17). App-92. Pathros = Upper Egypt. islands = maritime countries. Hebrew. ’i. Occurs in "former" portion, here; Isaiah 20:6; Isaiah 23:2, Isaiah 23:6; Isaiah 24:15; and in the "latter" portion, in Isaiah 40:15; Isaiah 41:1, Isaiah 41:5; Isaiah 42:4, Isaiah 42:10, &c. assemble = gather in. outcasts. dispersed. Note these two words as applied respectively to Israel and Judah: the former, masculine; the latter, feminine. gather together = gather out. Ephraim. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Part), for the whole of the ten tribes. fly = flee. them = the sons of. Moab. See note on Isaiah 15:1. children = sons. tongue = gulf. His mighty = the full force, spirit, or blast, as in Isaiah 11:4 ("breath"). wind = Hebrew. ruach. the river: i.e. the Euphrates. dryshod. Hebrew in shoes. highway. See note on Isaiah 7:3. like as it was. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 14:22). App-92. in the day = when. See note on Genesis 2:17, and App-18. LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. GOD. Hebrew El. App-4. trust = confide in. Hebrew. batah. App-69. THE LORD. Hebrew Jah. App-4. JEHOVAH. One of the four passages where Jehovah is transliterated instead of being translated (Exodus 6:3. Psalms 83:18, and Isaiah 26:4). Also one of several words where different type is used. See App-48. my strength and my song. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 15:2). salvation. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 49:18. Exodus 14:13; Exodus 15:2. Deuteronomy 32:15). App-92. people = peoples. exalted. Compare Isaiah 2:11, Isaiah 2:17, "in that day". Sing = Sing praise. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 15:1, Exodus 15:21). inhabitant = inhabitress. burden = a prophetic oracle or warning. This begins the fourth great division of the book. Reference to Pentateuch (Numbers 24:3), App-92. Babylon. This takes precedence, and stands for Chaldsea generally. It reached its height about 100 years later, under Nahopolassar and his son Nebuchadnezzar. A generation later it was captured by Cyrus and Darius the Mede (see App-57). Babylon was of little importance at this time. Isaiah. His name given in Isaiah 1:1; Isaiah 2:1; Isaiah 7:3; Isaiah 13:1; Isaiah 20:2, Isaiah 20:3; Isaiah 37:2, Isaiah 37:5, Isaiah 37:6, Isaiah 37:21; Isaiah 39:3, Isaiah 39:5, Isaiah 39:8. sanctified ones = separated ones. Here = the armies of the Medes and Persians. Compare Isaiah 44:28; Isaiah 45:1. mighty ones = heroes. Hebrew. gibbor. App-14. them that rejoice in My highness = my proudly exulting ones. the end of heaven: i.e. from afar. the whole land = all the land [of Chaldaea]. the day. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), for the events (or judgments) which shall take place in it. day of the Lord. . See note on Isaiah 2:12. Occurs in fifteen other places in O.T. : (Isaiah 13:9. Ezekiel 13:5. Joe 1:15; Joe 2:1, Joe 2:11, Joe 2:31; Amos 5:18, Amos 5:18, Amos 5:20. Obadiah 1:15. Zephaniah 1:7, Zephaniah 1:14, Zephaniah 1:14. Malachi 4:5 (total 4x4, App-10). destruction . . . . Note Figure of speech Paronomasia. Hebrew. keshod. . . mishshaddai. the = the All-bountiful One. Hebrew. Shaddai (App-4). man’s = mortal’s. Hebrew. enosh. App-14. as flames = as [faces of] flames darkened. cruel = stern. shall not give their light. Quoted in Matthew 24:29. Shall not celebrate [Thee]. Compare Psalms 19:1-3; Psalms 145:10. Hebrew. halel. Occurs twice in "former" portion (here and in Isaiah 38:18 "celebrate") and four times in "latter" portion (Isaiah 41:16; Isaiah 45:25, "glory"; Isaiah 62:9; Isaiah 64:11, "praise") See App-79. the world = the habitable world. Hebrew tebel. evil. Hebrew. ra’a. App-44. wicked = lawless. Hebrew. rasha. iniquity. Hebrew. avah. man. Hebrew. adam. App-14. man. Hebrew. ’ish. App-14. children = babes. Medes. Here only "Medes". in Isaiah 21:2, "Persians and Medes. "In Isaiah 45:1 Cyrus named. The order is chronological. their. Some codices, with two early printed editions, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "and their". children = sons. as when God, &c. Reference to Pentateuch. See note on Isaiah 1:9. never. See note on Isaiah 25:8. doleful creatures. Probably hyenas. satyrs = goat-shaped demons worshipped by the Seirites (Edom). Compare Leviticus 17:7. 2 Chronicles 11:15; 2 Chronicles 25:14. the wild beasts = jackals. dragons, or wild dogs. choose. See note on Isaiah 1:29. set them = make them rest. Compare Isaiah 14:3. land = soil strangers = sojourners, foreign proselytes. Isaiah sees far beyond the Captivity. Hebrew. gur. See note on Isaiah 5:17. Thus, the mention of strangers is not confined to latter part of Isaiah as alleged by some. See App-79. the house of Jacob. See note on Isaiah 2:5. the people = peoples. their place = their own place. See Isaiah 49:22; Isaiah 60:9; Isaiah 66:20. the house of Israel. See note on Isaiah 5:7. possess them. For servants and handmaids. This is to be fulfilled at a later day: still future (Isaiah 49:23; Isaiah 60:9-14; Isaiah 61:5). oppressors. Compare Isaiah 60:14. take up this proverb. Reference to Pentateuch (Numbers 23:7, Numbers 23:24; Numbers 24:3, Numbers 24:15, Numbers 24:20, Numbers 24:21, Numbers 24:23). Elsewhere only in Micah 2:4. Habakkuk 2:6, and Job 27:1; Job 29:1. proverb = triumph-song. king of Babylon. Figure of speech Polyonymia. One of the names for the Antichrist. See note on Daniel 7:8. How. ! Figure of speech Chleuasmos. App-6. golden city: or exactress of gold. Some, by reading (= R) for (= D) read "oppression". wicked = lawless ones (plural) Hebrew. rasha’. App-44. continual = unremitting. ruled the nations = trod down nations. is persecuted, and none hindereth = with an unsparing persecution. break forth into singing. This word (Hebrew. pazah) occurs once in the "former" portion (here), and five times in the "latter" portion (Isaiah 44:23; Isaiah 49:13; Isaiah 52:9; Isaiah 54:1; Isaiah 55:12). See App-92. fir trees. Compare Isaiah 37:24; Isaiah 41:19; Isaiah 55:13; Isaiah 60:13. the cedars of Lebanon, Baying, &c. It refers to Nebuchadnezzar’s and Esar-haddon’s cutting down, as recorded in their Inscriptions, p. 58 (published by Oppert, Paris, 1865). They tell how they "brought the greatest trees from the summits of Lebanon to Babylon". Nebuchadnezzar moreover boasts that he will do it in his message to Hezekiah (Isaiah 37:28. See App-67.). laid down = laid low. Hell = the grave. Hebrew Sheol. App-85. dead = Rephaim. See App-23and App-25. Compare Isaiah 26:14, Isaiah 26:19. speak. say. Figure of speech Prosopopoeia, by which the dead are represented as speaking. the grave. Hebrew Sheol. App-35. Same word as "hell", Isaiah 14:9 and Isaiah 14:15. worm. This shows the meaning to be given to Hebrew "Sheol" in verses: Isaiah 14:9, Isaiah 14:15; as worms are material, not spirit. Compare Isaiah 66:24. Mark 9:44, Mark 9:46, Mark 9:48. cover thee = are thy coverlet. Lucifer = Morning-star. Worshipped by the Assyrians as male at sunrise, female at sunset. A name of Satan. weaken = subdue. For = And. hast said = saidst. ascend = mount up. heaven = the heavens. mount of the congregation. Not Zion, but the Divine assembly of judgment. Compare Psalms 75:2; Psalms 82:1. Ezekiel 28:12-14. sides = recesses. Same word as in Isaiah 14:16; Isaiah 37:24, and 1 Samuel 24:3. Ezekiel 32:23. the north. This helps us to localize the dwelling place of God. No "Semitic conception", but Divine revelation of Him Who knows what Satan "said in his heart". Compare Psalms 75:6. Job 26:7. of = that is to say. Genitive of Apposition. App-17. the MOST HIGH. Hebrew. Elyon. App-4. Is this the man. ? Figure of speech Dialogismos. tremble = quake, forming the Figure of speech Paronomasia, with "shake. " world = the habitable world. Hebrew. tebel. opened not the house of = loosed not. lie = sleep. Hebrew. shakab. So rendered twelve times in O.T. glory = state or honour. house = burial-house, or mausoleum. 1 Kings 2:10, 1 Kings 2:34; 1 Samuel 25:1; 1 Samuel 28:3 Ecclesiastes 12:5. cast out = flung out: out, or far away. grave = sepulchre. Heb keber. See App-35. abominable branch = a detested or despised scion. that go down, &c. As those that go down . . . as, &c. to. One school of Massorites reads "upon", another reads "up to". stones. Cast upon those who were buried. No word has "evidently dropped out" of Isaiah 14:20; for Isaiah 14:19 does state that they were buried, but he was not. pit = a rock-hewn burying place, as in Psalms 28:1; Psalms 30:3; Psalms 88:5. Hebrew. bor. See note on Genesis 21:19, showing the sense in which we are to understand Sheol in verses: Isaiah 11:15. Compare English word "bore. "Hebrew. bor rendered cistern, four times; dungeon, thirteen; fountain, one; well, nine; pit, thirty-nine times. slaughter = a slaughter-house, or, instruments of slaughter. Hebrew. matbeah. Occurs only here. children = sons. for the iniquity of their fathers. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 20:5). App-92. face = surface. cities. The triumph-song which began in Isaiah 14:4 ends here. name and remnant. Note the Figure of speech Homoeopropheron in this sentence and the next: "renown and remnant, scion and seed". and. Some codices, with two early printed editions, omit this "and". son, and nephew = scion and seed, or, son and son’s son. as = according as. thought = intended. break. yoke. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 27:40). the Assyrian. Another name for the Antichrist, See note on Daniel 7:8. purpose. hand. Note the Alternation of these two words in Isaiah 14:26 and Isaiah 14:27. stretched out: i.e. in judgment. king Ahaz died. Compare Isaiah 6:1. burden = rod: i.e. Babylon. Rejoice not thou: i.e. at the death of Ahaz, and because the Davidic dominion was broken by the Syro- Ephraimitic war. Palestina = Philistia. him = the Davidic power. for out of the serpent’s root, &c. That was how Philistia regarded Judah and Ahaz. cocktrice = viper (see note on Isaiah 11:8), which they would find in his son Hezekiah in the immediate future (2 Kings 18:8). firstborn of the poor = the poorest of the poor. Hebrew idiom. Hebrew. dal, impoverished, reduced. See Isaiah 11:4. This looks forward to the fulfilment by Messiah (Isaiah 14:32). gate. city. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), for the people in them. none shall be alone = there shall be no stragglers. in = at. one then answer = what report shall the messengers or ambassadors of the nations take back? the nation = a nation. That, &c. This is the report. the poor = oppressed ones. Hebrew. ’ani. trust in it = flee for refuge to it. Hebrew. hasah. burden. The first of the seven burdens. Because = Surely. Moab. Had been subdued by Saul (1 Samuel 14:47) and David (2 Samuel 8:2); and paid tribute to Ahab (2 Kings 1:1; 2 Kings 3:4, 2 Kings 3:5). Ar = Rabbah (Numbers 21:28; Deuteronomy 2:9, Deuteronomy 2:18, Deuteronomy 2:29). brought to silence = cut off or destroyed. He: i.e. Moab. Dibon. Now Dhiban. Numbers 21:30; Numbers 32:3, Numbers 32:34, Numbers 33:46, Numbers 33:46. Joshua 13:9, Joshua 13:17. Nebo. Now Jebel Neba in Moab, overlooking the Jordan Valley. Medeba. Same name to-day. Compare Numbers 21:30. Joshua 13:9, Joshua 13:16; 1 Chronicles 19:7. their streets = his (i.e. Moab’s) open streets. weeping abundantly = coming down with weeping. Heshbon. Now Heshoan. The capital of the Amorites. Rebuilt by Reuben (Numbers 32:37). cry = cry in pain. Elealeh. Nowel’ Al, near Heshbon. Compare Isaiah 16:9. Numbers 32:3, Numbers 32:37. Jeremiah 48:34. Jahaz. Not identified. Numbers 21:23. Deuteronomy 2:32. Judges 11:20. armed soldiers = light-armed troopers. cry out = shout for joy. ife = soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. grievous unto him = vexed within him. Zoar. Now (probably) Tell esh Shaghur. not him that wandereth. Deuteronomy 34:3. Jeremiah 48:34. an heifer = [flee] like an heifer, &c. Compare Jeremiah 48:34. mounting up = ascent. Luhith. Now Tel’at el Heith; one mile west of Mount Nebo. Compare Jeremiah 48:5 Horonaim. Not identified; probably Wady Ghueir. Nimrim.Probably Wady Nimrim, near south end of Dead Sea. desolate = desolations. brook of the willows: or valley of the Arabians. Probably the Wady-el-Ahsy separating Kerek from Djebal, or the brook Zered of Deu 2:13, Deuteronomy 2:14. Eglaim. Not identified; probably the En-eglaim of Eze 47:10. Dimon. Probably Umm Deineh, east of the Dead Sea. Dimon. blood. Note Figure of speech Paronomasia. Hebrew. Dimon. dam. more = more [howlings]. lions = a lion. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), for all wild beasts. lamb = tribute lamb. to the ruler = of the ruler: i.e. Judah, as Mesha king of Moab had done (2 Kings 3:4). Sela. Now Petra (so called by the Romans) in Mount Seir, near Mount Hor (2 Kings 14:7). cast out, &c. = a forsaken nest. be = become. Take counsel = Bring advice. Some codices, with one early printed edition, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "Bring thou counsel". execute judgment = perform an arbitrator’s duty. Hebrew. pelilah. Occurs only here. Some codices, with seven early printed editions, Aramaean, Septuagint, Syriac and Vulgate, read "execute thou". Let Mine outcasts, &c. Some codices, with Aramaean, Septuagint, and Syriac, read "Let the outcasts", &c. dwell = sojourn. Compare 1 Samuel 22:3, 1 Samuel 22:4. the spoiler: i.e. Sennacherib. extortioner. Hebrew. muz. Occurs only here. oppressors = treaders down. Hebrew. ramas. Occurs only here. in mercy. The burden goes beyond the immediate future to the ultimate future. mercy = lovingkindness, or grace. in truth. See note on Isaiah 10:20. hasting righteousness = prompt in equity. Compare Isaiah 46:13. We. Compare Isaiah 6:8. Genesis 1:26. his lies shall not be so = his resources do not correspond. Kir-hareseth. Some codices read "Kir-harasheth". stricken = worn away. Hebrew. naka’. Occurs only here. the fields = [as to] the fields. Compare Deuteronomy 32:32. 2 Kings 23:4. Jeremiah 31:40 (feminine). Heshbon. Compare Isaiah 15:4. languish = he [Moab] hath enfeebled. and = supply [as to] and omit the colon. the vine of Sibmah = Sibmah’s vine. lords. Probably plural of Majesty for "great lord of the nations", a title claimed by the kings of Assyria. heathen = nations. Jazer. Probably Beit Zer’ah, on the east of Jordan (Numbers 32:1. Joshua 13:25; Joshua 21:39. 2 Samuel 24:5. 1 Chronicles 6:81; 1 Chronicles 26:31. Jeremiah 48:32). wandered through: or, strayed into. water thee = make thee drunk. Elealeh. See note on Isaiah 15:4. the shouting for thy summer fruits and for thy harvest is fallen = on thy summer fruits and thy harvest a war-cry hath fallen, plentiful = fruitful. wine. Hebrew. yayin. App-27. presses = wine-vat. Hebrew. yekeb, not gaih. See note on Isaiah 5:2. sound = make a plaintive sound. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia. Hebrew v’kirbi Kir. Kir-haresh. See note on Isaiah 15:1. on. Some codices, with two early printed editions, read "unto": weary with climbing up to. Compare Isaiah 15:2. prevail = obtain anything. Within. Some codices, with two early printed editions, read "about". three years. From the death of Ahaz. contemned = brought low. small = few. feeble = small. burden. The second of the seventh burdens. Damascus. The capital of Syria. is taken away = is swept away. This was by Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria, and the slaughter of Rezin (632. B.C.) See 2 Kings 16:9, and 2 Kings 7:9, 2 Kings 7:16, above. city. heap. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia (App-6) Hebrew. me’ir. mei. cities of Aroer. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia. Hebrew. arey aro’er. Aroer. There were three other cities of that name, and this one which is not identified. children = sons. be = become. it: i.e. Jacob’s glory (Isaiah 17:4). it: i.e. Jacob’s fatness (Isaiah 17:4). Rephaim. South-west of Jerusalem. So called after one "Kapha", a mighty one among the descendants of the Nephilim, as Anak was, who gave his name to another branch. See App-23and App-25. the LORD God of Israel. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 32:27. Compare Joshua 9:18, Joshua 9:19; Joshua 10:40, Joshua 10:42, &c). See note on Isaiah 29:23. God of Israel. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 24:10. Numbers 16:9). Occurs in latter part of Isaiah (Isaiah 41:17; Isaiah 45:3; Isaiah 48:2). a man = Literally the man. Hebrew. ’adam. App-14. I look = have an eye unto. have respect = have regard. Note the Alternation in verses: Isaiah 17:7, Isaiah 17:8, "look" and "have respect". the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. the groves = the Asherahs. See App-42. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 34:13. Deuteronomy 7:5; Deuteronomy 12:3; Deuteronomy 16:21). App-79. images = sun images. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 26:30); both mentioned again (Isaiah 27:9). desolation. See note on Isaiah 1:7. Rock. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:13). App-92. pleasant plants. Probably = plantings of Adonis. strange slips: or slips of a strange [God], In the day = By day. people = peoples. noise = booming, or roaring. rushing. Note the Figure of speech Repetitio (App-6), for emphasis. God = One. chaff = dried grass. a rolling thing = a galgal. See note on Psalms 83:13. trouble = consternation. he is not: or, he is no more. Some codices, with two early printed editions, Aramaean, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "and he is no more". Woe = Ho! The third of the seven burdens. land. beyond: i.e. land. beyond Abyssinia. shadowing with wings = of the rustling zalzal (from zalal, to tinkle, compare Deuteronomy 28:42). the sea = the Nile. So called by the inhabitants of the Sudan to-day. bulrushes = reeds. Not the papyrus, but its companion reed, the ambach, which reaches a height of fifteen feet and has yellow flowers. scattered and peeled = "tall and smooth-faced". terrible. They formed the armies of "So" or Sha-baka, and are the backbone of the Anglo-Egyptian army. whose land the rivers have spoiled: i.e. the "sudd" or swamps (hence Sudan). The Dinka and Shilluk negroes live on the floating cakes of sudd. He =. Jehovah. See Structure, above. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. cloud of dew = summer night mist. Hebrew. ’ab. Not a raincloud, which latter is never seen in harvest. Eight times rendered "thick clouds". left. See note on "forsaken" (Isaiah 1:4). fowls. beasts. Note the Alternation. present. Hebrew shai, because of being conveyed. Only here, and Psalms 68:29; Psalms 76:11. the LORD of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9. the name. See note on Psalms 20:1. burden. The fourth of the seven burdens. rideth. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. set the Egyptians, &c. Referring to the anarchy consequent on the defeat of Egypt by Sargon (688 B.C.) spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. idols. See note on Isaiah 2:8. charmers. Hebrew. ittim = mutterers. Occurs only here. familiar spirits. See note on Leviticus 19:31. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 20:6, Leviticus 20:27; Deuteronomy 18:11, &c.) App-92. cruel lord. Sing, adjective with plural noun = the lord of the nations, as the kings of Assyria called themselves. fail = be dried up. Hebrew. nashath. Occurs only here in "former" portion, and only in Isaiah 41:17 in the "latter" portion. Elsewhere only in Jeremiah 51:30. App-79. the river: i.e. the Nile. they shall turn, &c. = the arms of the river shall stink. brooks = canals of Matzor : i.e. Egypt. See note on Isaiah 7:18. emptied = shallow. paper reeds = meadows. Occurs only here. wither = be dried up. and be no more: or, and disappear. mourn. See note on Isaiah 3:26. weave. Occurs in the "former" portion only here, and in Isaiah 38:12; and in the "latter" portion only in Isaiah 59:5. purposes: or, foundations. Compare Psalms 11:3. make sluices. fish: or, work for wages shall be grieved in soul. fish = souls Hebrew. nephesh, App-13. margin, "living things". Zoan. See note on Isaiah 30:4. fools. Hebrew. aval. See note on Proverbs 1:7. staggereth = goeth astray, as in preceding clause. rush. See note on Isaiah 9:14. In that day: i.e. the day when this burden should be fulfilled (not "the day of the Lord "). Note the six steps, verses: Isaiah 19:16, Isaiah 19:18, Isaiah 19:19, Isaiah 16:21, Isaiah 16:23, Isaiah 16:24. the hand. Put for the judgments indicated by the act. the land of Judah. The Assyrian armies came through Judah. five cities. These were probably Heliopolis, Leontopolis, Daphne, Migdol, and Memphis. the language of Canaan: i.e. the Hebrew language, by the multitude of Jews that went thither. destruction. The primitive reading was doubtless hazedek = "righteousness", which the Septuagint simply transliterates, aoeoek. From a desire not to compete with "Jerusalem", which bore this name (Isaiah 1:26), it was altered to cheres, which in Chaldee = "the sun", or in Greek = "Heliopolis", which is the reading in many MSS., two early printed editions, and the margins of the Authorized Version and Revised Version But when the temple at Jerusalem was cleansed and restored, the temple at Heliopolis was deemed schismatic; and, by altering one letter (= CH, for = H), cheres (the sun) was altered to heres (destruction). Hence the present reading of the current Hebrew text. an altar. See App-81. a pillar. Probably a boundary pillar. Hebrew. nazab. A pillar or monument. Not for worship. at = close to. sign. See note on Isaiah 7:11. do sacrifice. "The third Ptolemy, when he had occupied all Syria by force, did not sacrifice thankofferings to the gods in Egypt, but came to Jerusalem and made votive offerings" (Josephus, c. Apion, Isaiah 11:5). In that day: i.e. the glorious future, the day of the LORD. Not the same as Isaiah 19:11. highway. See note on Isaiah 7:3. land: or, earth. Tartan. A title = commander in-chief. Sargon. Never once named by classic writers, and in Scripture only here. the same = that. by = by the hand of. Isaiah. See note on Isaiah 13:1. naked. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of the Whole), for being scantily clad. sign and wonder. Reference to Pentateuch, (see note on Isaiah 7:11 with Isaiah 8:18), and App-92. expectation. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for the help expected from Egypt. Egypt their glory. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for the Egyptians, in whom they gloried. isle = sea coast, or coast land. See note on Isaiah 11:11 burden. The fifth of the seven burdens. of = relating to. Genitive of Relation. App-17. the sea. The waters of the Euphrates in flood were so called, as the Nile was (Isaiah 19:6). Compare Revelation 17:3, Revelation 17:15. whirlwinds = storms. pass = sweep. dealer = one. sighing. Caused by the oppression of Babylon. night. A Homonym. Hebrew. nesheph = darkness, here, but daylight in Job 7:4. 1 Samuel 30:17. See notes there. The Revised Version, in doubt, renders it here "twilight". pleasure = joy. fear = trembling. Prepare, &c. Figure of speech Irony. App-6. a chariot = a troop. a chariot with a couple of horsemen = a troop of horsemen in pairs. Alion: My LORD*. Read: [as] a lion, "O LORD", &c. men. Hebrew. ’ish. App-14. Babylon is fallen, &c. Note the Figure of speech Epizeuxis, for emphasis. the graven images of her gods. Reference to Pentateuch. Phrase peculiar to Deuteronomy 7:25; Deuteronomy 12:3. App-92. threshing. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause) for the results of it. Here = my oppressed People. Compare Isaiah 41:15. Micah 4:13. Jeremiah 51:33. corn of my floor. Literally son of my threshingfloor. the LORD of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9. the God of Israel. See note on Isaiah 29:23. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. burden. The sixth of the seven burdens. Dumah = Edom. An abbreviated form of fuller name "Idumea" (Isaiah 34:5. Ezekiel 35:15; Ezekiel 36:5. Mark 3:8). Dumah = silence, prophetic of its end. Seir. The inheritance of Esau (or Edom). what of the night? = how far is it in the night? Note the Figure of speech Epizeuxis. Repeated in an abbreviated form thus: Hebrew. shomer mah-millayelah? shomer ma-milleyl ? = how far gone is the night? how far gone the night? This is Edom’s inquiry. The morning cometh, &c. This may be the oracle of silence implied in the name "Dumah" (see above, and compare Psalms 94:17; Psalms 115:17). if ye will inquire. Isaiah had no answer. He is silent, but intimates that they may inquire again. burden. The seventh and last of the seven burdens upon Arabia: ba’rab = in Arabia. in Arabia: or, in the evening, or, at sunset. The name is as significant as "Dumah" (Isaiah 21:11). travelling companies = caravans. Dedanim = Dedanites, Descendants of Abraham by Keturah: Dedan, son of Midian (Genesis 25:3. 1 Chronicles 1:32). Tema. Descendants of Abraham through Hagar and Ishmael (Genesis 25:3. 1 Chronicles 1:32) : both mentioned in Jeremiah 25:23. Job 6:19. brought = bring ye. prevented = meet ye. they fled. From the Assyrian invaders. Within a year. Later afflictions were foretold in Jeremiah 49:28. Kedar. Another descendant of Abraham by Hagar through Ishmael (Genesis 25:13). mighty men. Hebrew. gibbor. App-14. children = sons. burden = oracle. valley of vision. The Septuagint and Arabic versions render it Jerusalem, in relation to the high hills around. Similar names: "inhabitant of the valley, ""rock of the plain" (Jeremiah 21:13), "mountain in the fields" (Jeremiah 17:3). The reference is to Isaiah 22:5. vision. Here the most solemn visions had been seen: Abraham (Genesis 22:2, Genesis 22:14, compare the name Jehovah-jireh); also David (1 Chronicles 21:16, 1 Chronicles 21:28). and the many visions of Isaiah (Isaiah 1:1; Isaiah 6:1-4, &c). The Septuagint reads "Zion". gone up, &c. Denoting a time of popular rejoicing. Refers to past time. Compare Matthew 24:16. Luke 21:21. stirs = outcries. Referring to the time of this prophecy. from far = afar, or far away. Elam. Kir. The south and north limits of the Chaldsean forces. quiver. Hebrew. ’ashpah. Occurs only here in "former" portion, and only in Isaiah 49:2 in the "latter" portion. chariots. See note on Isaiah 21:7. and. Some codices, with three early printed editions and Vulgate, read this "and "in the text. at = toward. discovered = dismantled. covering = veil. have seen = beheld. the lower pool. The pool of Siloam. Compare Isaiah 7:3; 2 Chronicles 32:30. The old pool. See notes on 2 Chronicles 32:3, 2 Chronicles 32:30, and App-68. ditch = a gathering of waters. let us, &c. Note Figure of speech Ellipsis (App-6). Supply thus: "[saying, ] ’Let us eat’, "&c. Compare 1 Corinthians 15:32. the LORD of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9. iniquity shall not be purged. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 30:10. Leviticus 4:20, &c). Compare Isaiah 6:7; Isaiah 27:9; and App-92. Shebna. See 2 Kings 18:18, 2 Kings 18:26. Probably a foreigner, or heathenized Jew. and say. Some codices, with Aramaean, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "and thou shalt say unto him". as he. rock = (as. rock). Figure of speech Parenthesis. Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. will carry thee away with a mighty captivity, &c. = will hurl thee with the hurling of [a mighty] man. surely violently turn and toss thee. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia. Hebrew. zanoph, yiznaphka, zenephah. drive = thrust. station = office, or administration. in that day: i.e. in the day when this prophecy will be fulfilled. Compare Isaiah 22:25. Eliakim = Whom God sets up. Hezekiah’s minister. Probably superseded by Shebna in the evil days of Manasseh. See Isaiah 36:3, Isaiah 36:22; Isaiah 37:2. girdle. Reference to Pentateuch. Occurs here; and elsewhere only in Exodus 28:4, Exodus 28:39, Exodus 28:40; Exodus 29:9; Exodus 39:29. Leviticus 8:7, Leviticus 8:13; Leviticus 16:4. App-92. A priestly vestment. government = administration. so = and. open and. shut. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for power of administration. Compare Revelation 3:7, which shows that the fulfilment culminates in Messiah. the offspring and the issue: i.e. direct and collateral issue, and embraces his entire kindred. the offspring. Hebrew. hazze’eza’im. Occurs only in Job and Isaiah (Job 5:25; Job 21:8; Job 27:14; Job 31:8, and Isaiah 34:1; Isaiah 42:5; Isaiah 44:3; Isaiah 48:19; Isaiah 61:9; Isaiah 65:23). See App-79. vessels. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), App-6, for the kindred mentioned above. In that day. Refers back to the day of Isa 22:20, i.e. the day of Shebna’s overthrow. This would be the day of Eliakim’s exaltation. the nail: which Shebna thought himself to be, but which Jehovah declared Eliakim to be. removed. cut down. fall. cut off. Referring to verses: Isaiah 22:17-19. Figure of speech Synonymia, emphasizing the completeness of Shebna’s downfall. The interpretation belongs to the two men, but the application refers (1) to the two parties in Jerusalem, and (2) to the Messiah, in Whom the prophecy will be exhausted. burden = oracle. Tyre. It had rejoiced in the misfortunes of Judah (Amos 1:9); so it is punished by the same king of Babylon (Isaiah 23:13). Ezekiel 26:2-21. Ships of Tarshish. See note on Isaiah 2:16 and 1 Kings 10:22. ships. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for the people in them. house. In this case "port". Chittim. Originally used of Cyprus, but extended to the islands and coast-lands of the Mediterranean. it: i.e. the fall of Tyre. isle. Here, Tyre itself. thou whom = which. pass over = cross, in trading. In verses: Isaiah 23:2, Isaiah 23:3, Isaiah 23:6, Isaiah 23:10, Isaiah 23:12, imperative, implying flight. seed: or, grain. Sihor = the black river, the Nile (compare Jeremiah 2:18). harvest. Egypt was the field, the Phoenician coast its granary. river. Reference to Pentateuch. See note on Isaiah 7:18. "River" is here put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for the country (Egypt) through which it passes. she is a mart of nations: or, it became merchandise for the nations. mart = gain resulting from merchandise, as in Isaiah 23:18 (Isaiah 45:14. Proverbs 3:14; Proverbs 31:18). Zidon. Was a seaport. the mother city of Phoenicia, the granary of Egypt’s harvests. The Zidonians had built Tyre on a rocky island, and connected it with the mainland. I travail not = I have not travailed. The verbs which follow in Isaiah 23:4 are in the past tense. The sea speaks to the mother Zidon: thou seekest Tyre thou findest only the sea. children = sons. As at the report concerning &c. : or, When the report comes to Egypt they are forthwith in terror at the report concerning Tyre. antiquity = origin. feet. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), for the vessels in which the Tyrians fled from Nebuchadnezzar. crowning = crown-giver: i.e. conferring crowns on other Phoenician cities. The Lord of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9. stain = pollute. the Lord. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. the merchant city = Tyre, or Phoenician coast. Hosea 12:7. thereof: or, which are upon it. oppressed = humbled. this people was not = a people that were no people (i.e. Assyria). Tyre boasted antiquity (Isaiah 23:7), Assyria was their object-lesson and warning. and: or, but. He. God. seventy years. See Jeremiah 25:9-11; Jeremiah 27:2-7. From the first year of Nebuchadnezzar (496 B.C.) to the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus (426 B.C.) one. Hebrew. ehad, a compound unity, hence "one" of a dynasty, here, the Babylonian dynasty. Not yahid, a single one. See note on Deuteronomy 6:4. Take an harp, &c. Figure of speech Apostrophe. Not a quotation. world = the earth. Hebrew. ha- arez. upon = which are upon. earth = ground, or, soil. Hebrew. ha- adamah. holiness = hallowed. sufficiently = abundantly. Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. earth. Hebrew ha-’arez. Occurs sixteen times in this chapter. Rendered "land" in verses: Isaiah 24:3, Isaiah 24:11, Isaiah 24:13 empty. Note the Figure of speech Synonymia, "empty", "waste", "upside down", "scattered abroad". See App-6. as . . . so. Figure of speech Simile. the lender . . . the borrower. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 22:25, Exodus 22:27. Deuteronomy 15:2; Deuteronomy 24:10, Deuteronomy 24:11). See App-92. The land: Hebrew. ha-’drez, as in Isaiah 24:1. utterly emptied. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia, for emphasis. Hebrew. hibb6k tibbdk. utterly spoiled. Hebrew. hibb6z tibboz. mourneth. See note on Isaiah 3:26. mourneth and fadeth away. languish. Hebrew. umlelah nablah tebel umlalu. the earth, &c. Figure of speech Prosopopoeia. This is one of the three places where (in the Hebrew) one verse ends with "the earth" and the next verse begins with "the earth", being the Figure of speech Anadiplosis. The other two passages are Genesis 1:1, Genesis 1:2, and Hosea 2:23, Hosea 2:24. The earth. See last note on p. 959. transgressed. Hebrew. ’abar. App-44. the laws. the everlasting covenant. Reference to Pentateuch. See note on Genesis 9:16; and App-92, The Pentateuch was as well known to Isaiah as to the kings in whose reigns he prophesied. Therefore hath the curse devoured the earth. Some codices, with four early printed editions (one in margin), and Syriac, read "Because of a curse the earth mourneth". earth. Hebrew. ’erez. desolate = laid waste. Hebrew. ’asham. Compare verses: Isaiah 24:10, Isaiah 24:12, Isaiah 24:23. new wine = must. Hebrew. tirosh. App-27. tabrets = drums. See note on drums, 1 Samuel 10:5. wine. Hebrew. yayin. App-27. strong drink. Hebrew. shekar App-27. confusion = desolation. Hebrew. tohu. Same word as "without form". Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 1:2). Occurs in "former" portion three times (here; Isaiah 29:1, "thing of naught; "Isaiah 34:11); and in the "latter" portion eight times (Isaiah 40:17, Isaiah 40:23; Isaiah 41:29; Isaiah 44:9, "vanity; "Isaiah 45:18, Isaiah 45:19, "in vain; "Isaiah 49:4, "naught; "Isaiah 59:4, "vanity"). no man = no one. desolation = astonishment. Hebrew. shamen. Compare Isaiah 24:6, Isaiah 24:10, Isaiah 24:23. sea. Note the Figure of speech Ellipsis = sea [saying]. See note on Psalms 109:5. fires: Or, valleys. isles = maritime countries. See note on Isaiah 11:1. the righteous = the righteous One (singular): i.e. the One referred to in Isaiah 24:15; or, the nation, as in Isaiah 26:2. compare Acts 3:14; Acts 7:52; Acts 22:14. I said = I had said: i. e the land. Figure of speech Prosopopaeia. My leanness, my leanness. Figure of speech Epizeuxis, for emphasis. treacherous dealers, &c. = traitors have betrayed. Fear, and the pit, and the snare. Figure of speech Synonymia, and Figure of speech Paonomasia, not a "play on words", but for great and solemn emphasis. Hebrew. paphad, vapahath, happa vappaph (tr. Eng., scare, lair, snare). fear. pit. snare. Figure of speech Paronomasia again. Hebrew. happahad. huppahath. happahath bapah. See Luke 21:35, and compare Jeremiah 48:43, Jeremiah 48:44. the windows from on high, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 7:11). are open = have opened. foundations of the earth. See Isaiah 58:12. Compare Isaiah 40:21. utterly broken down. Note Figure of speech Polyptoton. Hebrew breaking, breaks up. Same Figure of speech below. clean dissolved. Hebrew bursting, bursts up. moved exceedingly. Hebrew tottering, tottereth. reel to and fro. Hebrew staggering, staggereth. removed. Hebrew rocketh to and fro. transgression = revolt. Hebrew. pasha. App-44. Not the same word as in Isaiah 24:5. that are. Omit. earth = the ground, or, Soil. Hebrew. ha-adamah. Compare Isaiah 6:12. pit. Not the same word as in verses: Isaiah 24:17, Isaiah 24:18. Here, Hebrew. bor, a dug-out pit, or dungeon. Occurs in Isaiah 14:15, Isaiah 14:19; Isaiah 36:13; Isaiah 38:18; and in "latter" portion, Isaiah 51:1. App-79. and = even. visited: i.e. with the judgments foretold in the preceding Verses. Compare Isaiah 10:3; Isaiah 26:14, Isaiah 26:16; Isaiah 29:6. confounded = blush (from shame). ashamed = turn pale (from fear). the LORD of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9. ancients = elders. Compare Revelation 4:4. gloriously = in glory, or "[shall be] a glory". I will exalt Thee, I will praise Thy name. In Hebrew three words, two making the Figure of speech Paronomasia (App-6); not for a "play on words", but for solemn emphasis, to attract our attention. Hebrew. ’aromimka, ’odeh shimka. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 15:2). App-92. wonderful things = a wonderful deed. strangers = foreigners. See note on Isaiah 5:17. strength= stronghold. poor. Hebrew. dal = impoverished, reduced. See note on "poverty" Proverbs 6:11. when the blast of the terrible ones is = for the blast of the terrible ones [is], &c. blast. Hebrew. ruach (App-9), as in Isaiah 37:7. Exodus 15:8. 2 Kings 19:7. branch = triumphal song. brought low = become low. the LORD of hosts. See note on 1 Samuel 1:3. people = the peoples. a feast. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia in this verse: a feast (Hebrew. mishteh) of fat things (Hebrew. shemanim), a feast of (Hebrew. mishteh) wines on the lees (Hebrew. shemarim); of fat things (Hebrew. shemanim) full of marrow (Hebrew. memuhyim), of wines on the lees (Hebrew. shemarim). All these words are thus heaped together to impress us with the greatness of this feast. wines on the lees. Hebrew. shemarim (App-27), see above = wines purified from the lees. destroy = swallow up, as in Isaiah 25:8. this mountain: i.e. Zion (Isaiah 2:1, Isaiah 2:2; Isaiah 24:23). cast = covered. people = the peoples. swallow up. Same word as "destroy" (Isaiah 25:7), so as to cause a thing to disappear and be no more. Compare Numbers 16:30. Psalms 69:15; Psalms 106:17. Jonah 1:17. in victory. Hebrew. nezah = for ever. Occurs in Isaiah 13:20; Isaiah 28:28; Isaiah 33:20; Isaiah 34:10; and in the "latter portion", Isaiah 57:16; rendered "victory" in 1 Chronicles 29:11. 1 Samuel 15:29. Quoted in 1 Corinthians 15:54 : where we have the Holy Spirit’s comment on the word, giving the additional thought of "victory". See App-79. rebuke = reproach. we have waited. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 49:18.) Moab. as straw. for the dunghill. Note the Figure of speech Homoeopropheron (App-6). Moab. mathben, beMo Madmenah. which occurs only here, is used to complete the Figure of speech Homoeopropheron. See above. trodden down = beaten to pieces by treading. for the dunghill = in Madmenah, as in Isaiah 10:31 and Jeremiah 48:2, Revised Version quite wrong, "in the water of the dunghill". Dung is never watered in the East, but dried, and used as fuel (Ezekiel 4:15), and is found only in the streets of towns and villages. In Psalms 83:10 "earth" is adamah = ground. See note there. spread forth His hands. In the East all swimmers swim "hand over hand", and beat the water with loud noise. Parallel with the beating of straw in Isaiah 25:10. Compare Isaiah 63. as=according as. spoils = devices, or artifices. bring down, lay low, and bring to the ground. Note the Figure of speech Synonymia, to emphasize the certainty and reality of what had been expressed by the Figure of speech Simile in verses: Isaiah 25:10, Isaiah 25:11. In that day: i.e. in the yet future day, when these judgments shall have been accomplished. Judah. In Isaiah 26we have the Song of Judah (Isaiah 26:1); in Isaiah 27, the Song of Israel. Compare verses: Isaiah 26:6, Isaiah 26:12. keepeth the truth = maintaineth fidelity. No Article. Compare Deuteronomy 32:20. Occurs only here, in Isaiah. perfect peace. Hebrew peace, peace. Figure of speech Epizeuxis, for emphasis, beautifully expressed In the Authorized Version. The same expression occurs in Isaiah 57:19, indicating the unity of the book. See note on Isaiah 24:16, and App-79. Compare Isaiah 27:5. mind = thought. trusteth = confideth. Hebrew. batah. See App-69. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. THE LORD. Hebrew Jah. App-4. In Isaiah, only here and Isaiah 12:2; Isaiah 38:11, Isaiah 38:11. JEHOVAH. One of the four passages where the Authorized Version transliterates the word instead of translating it. See note on Isaiah 12:2, and App-48. everlasting strength = a rock of ages. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:4, Deuteronomy 32:18, Deuteronomy 32:30, same word as here). See App-92. Found only in Deuteronomy and as applied to God (see App-79); and here, and Isaiah 30:29, in the "former" portion; and Isaiah 44:8 in the "latter" portion. Compare Habakkuk 1:12. 1 Samuel 2:2. 2 Samuel 23:3, and Psalms. bringeth down, &c. See note on Isaiah 25:12. ground = earth. Hebrew ’erez. poor = wretched, afflicted. Here singular. Hebrew. amah. See note on Proverbs 6:11. needy = lowly ones. way. See note on "path", Isaiah 2:3. the just = a just one. uprightness = a perfect or level way. weigh = ponder. we waited. See note on Isaiah 25:9. soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. remembrance. Reference to Pentateuch. Same as "memorial" in Exodus 3:15. The words are quoted again in Psalms 102:12; Psalms 135:13 and Hosea 12:5, and nowhere else. App-92. spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. early = with the dawn. when, &c. Hence the multitudes which come out of the great tribulation in Revelation 7:14-17. the wicked = a lawless one. Hebrew. rasha. App-44. the fire, &c. or, fire shall devour Thine adversaries (Revised Version) ordain = arrange. in us = for us. Compare Philippians 1:2, Philippians 1:13. App-4. lords = owners. Referring to the Canaanite oppressors of Israel and their false gods. had dominion = domineered, or lorded it. make mention = call upon. Thy name = Thee. See note on Psalms 20:1. They are dead: i.e. the "other lords" of Isaiah 26:13. Hebrew. methim. Not dead men, as such, for "all" men shall rise again (Daniel 12:2. John 5:28, John 5:29. Acts 23:6, Acts 23:8; Acts 24:15. 1 Corinthians 15:22. Revelation 20:4-6, Revelation 20:13), but those referred to in Isaiah 26:13. deceased = the Rephaim. This is a proper name, and should not be translated. Where it is translated it is always rendered "giants" or "dead" (Isaiah 26:19. Job 26:5. Psalms 88:10. Proverbs 2:18; Proverbs 9:18; Proverbs 21:16. Proverbs 14:9); why not so here? or transliterated, as it is in Isaiah 17:5. they shall not rise. These Rephaim will not rise. They were the progeny of the fallen angels: these latter are kept "in prison" (1 Peter 3:19), in "chains" (2 Peter 2:4. Jude 1:6), "reserved" unto judgment: but their progeny will "not rise"(verses: Isaiah 26:14, Isaiah 26:19) or be judged, for they have been "visited", "destroyed", and:’perished". See App-23and App-25. the nation: i.e. Israel. The future nation of Mat 21:43. Like as a woman. &c. These refer to the birth-pangs of the Great Tribulation, which issue in the new nation. neither have the inhabitants of the world fallen = nor did the inhabitants of the world come to the light: i.e. by being born. The Hebrew naphal, to fall, is used of birth, as Hebrew. nephel occurs only in Job 3:16. Psalms 58:8. Ecclesiastes 6:3. world = the inhabited world. Hebrew. tebel. Thy dead men = Thy dead ones. Hebrew. methim, as in Isaiah 26:14. These are very different from the dead in Isaiah 26:14. They are Jehovah’s dead. These shall rise. my dead body shall. arise = my corpse (a noun of multitude). shall they arise (plural verb): i.e. all the dead bodies of Jehovah’s people. All these shall awake and sing (Psalms 17:15). dwell in dust = lie in the dust: i.e. buried in the dust of the earth. as the dew of herbs = like the dew upon herbs: i.e. revivifying them. Compare Isaiah 66:14. and = but; introducing the important contrast already expressed in Isaiah 26:14. cast out: or, cast away. Not yield up in resurrection. Whom will the earth thus cast away? See the answer in the word which follows. the dead = the Rephaim. See note on Isaiah 26:14, and App-23and App-25. These will "not rise". Come = Go. disclose her blood. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 4:10, Genesis 4:11). In that day: i.e. the period of judgment foretold in Isaiah 26:21. leviathan. Three great aquatic animals are here mentioned: probably referring to Israel’s three great enemies: Assyria (with Nineveh, on the Tigris); Babylon (on the Euphrates); and Egypt (on the Nile); with Satan himself behind them all, as their great instigator. piercing = fleeing, or fugitive (like the Tigris). crooked tortuous (like the winding Euphrates). dragon = the crocodile of the Nile. sea = the Nile, as in Isaiah 19:5. Nahum 3:8. sing: or, answer. red wine. Hebrew. chemer. App-27. Some codices, with one early printed edition, Aramaean, and Septuagint, read chemed, pleasant, or lovely. Fury. Hebrew. chemah = heat, wrath, displeasure. not in Me: i.e. not now. There was in the other song (Isaiah 5:5-7): but now, "in that day", all wrath will have gone. briers and thorns: i.e. the internal enemies of the vineyard (as the wild beasts are the external enemies). These are now the objects of His wrath, not His vineyard. Or: i.e. if such enemies wish to avert My wrath, let them make peace with Me. My strength = Me, as a refuge or protection. He shall cause, &c. This verse is not an "addendum". or "irrelevant", or "an illegible gap". It is necessary in order to give us the subject of the song, which is reserved till this verse. The symbol is to tell us that Israel is the vineyard (Compare Isaiah 27:12). See the Structure on the previous page; and note that in (Isaiah 26:1-21) we have the Song of Judah, while in (Isaiah 27:2-6) the song concerning Israel. the world = the inhabited world. Hebrew. tebel. as, &c. = according to the stroke of those, &c. In measure = By measure. Referring to the smiting of Israel, as being in limited measure. Hebrew. seah. App-51. (11), (5). when it shooteth forth = when Thou didst send it forth (i.e. the stroke of Isa 27:7). Thou wilt debate with it = Thou wilt curb it (i.e. the stroke of Isa 27:7). Hebrew. rib. = plead, as in Isaiah 1:17; Isaiah 3:13; Isaiah 51:22. Jeremiah 2:9, Jeremiah 2:29; Jeremiah 12:1; Jeremiah 50:34. Micah 7:9. rough = harsh, or severe. wind. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. east wind. A violent, hot, scorching wind; pernicious to the fruit of a vineyard. By this = In this way. iniquity. Hebrew. avah. App-44. purged = covered: i.e. atoned for. Hebrew. kaphar. See note on Exodus 29:33. this is all the fruit = all this is the fruit or result. sin. Hebrew. chata’. App-44. the altar = [all] altars. as = no better than. in sunder = to pieces. the groves = the Asherahs. App-42. images = images of Ashtoreth. See note on Isaiah 17:8. not = no more. Yet = For. forsaken. See note on Isaiah 1:4. consume = devour. the boughs, &c. = her harvest drieth up. they. Feminine., i.e. the "stones" of Isaiah 27:9. broken off = broken, or destroyed. in that day: verses: Isaiah 27:12, Isaiah 27:13 refer to Israel, as verses: Isaiah 27:7, Isaiah 27:10-11 refer to Israel’s enemies. beat off: i.e. as olives from a tree = "beat off [his fruit]": i.e. gather the sons of Israel. channel = flood. river: i.e. the Euphrates. children = sons. ready to perish. So the end will be like the beginning. See Deuteronomy 26:5. holy. See note on Exodus 3:5. mount = mountain. hasty fruit = early fig [becomes]. eateth it up = swalloweth it. Woe = Ho! We now come to a cycle of woes corresponding with the "burdens". In these "woes" Jehovah’s purpose is alternately thrown into sharp contrast (see the Structure, above). crown of pride = pride’s crown, or proud crown (i.e. Samaria; compare Amos 6:1, Amos 6:3). Figure of speech Enallage (App-6). Referring to the circle of towers which girdled Samaria. to = of. Ephraim = one tribe. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for all the tribes of Israel. a fading flower. Compare Isaiah 1:30; Isaiah 40:7. fat = rich, or luxuriant. hath a mighty and strong one = hath a mighty one, immensely strong: i.e. Assyria (2 Kings 17:5, 2 Kings 17:6). cast down = cast [Ephraim] down. be = become. and. Omit. hasty fruit = early fig [becomes]. eateth it up = swalloweth it. the Lord of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9. spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. turn = turn, or drive, back. they. Referring to Judah. strong drink. Hebrew. shekar. App-27. judgment = pronouncing judgment. tabled. Used at sacrificial feasts (Tabernacles, Harvest, &c.) 1 Samuel 20:34. Ezekiel 40:39-43. Malachi 1:7, Malachi 1:12. Whom = Whom [say they]. milk. breasts? (Two questions.) For = For [say they] mimicking the prophet as though he were teaching little children in a school. must be: or, [hath been]. The verse then reads: "For it is zav lazav, zav lazav kav lakav, kav lakav ze’er sham, ze’er sham. "The Figures of speech: Epizeuxis and Paronomasia (App-6), for emphasis. It may be Englished by: "Law upon law, Saw upon saw". For = Yea, verily. Taking the words out of their own taunting lips, and turning them against themselves. Quoted in 1 Corinthians 14:21. stammering = jabbering. another = foreign. Referring to the Assyrian language they were (alas!) soon to hear (Compare Isaiah 33:19. Deuteronomy 28:49). He speak: i.e. by the Assyrians. To whom He said: or, He (Jehovah) Who said to them: i.e. by His prophets (Isaiah 7:4; Isaiah 8:6; Isaiah 30:15). was = became. Giving back to the scoffers their own words (from Isaiah 28:10) in the form of a threatening. might = may. fall backward, &c. Note the Figure of speech Synonymia, by which the similar words are heaped together to impress on them the solemnity and certainty of the judgment. taken = caught. made = cut, or solemnized. made a covenant. It is alleged that the use of the word "covenant" is confined to Jehovah by the "second Isaiah" (i.e. after Isaiah 40): but it is so used before that (See Isaiah 24:5; Isaiah 33:8), But why should not a covenant be made with, and by, other parties as it is here in Isaiah 28:15, Isaiah 28:18? See App-79. hell. Hebrew Sheol. App-35. I lay = I have laid. So the Syriac and Septuagint. Laid, in the counsels of eternity: in Abraham’s promise (Genesis 12); in David’s covenant (2 Samuel 7). in Zion. In Zion; not Zion itself. a stone. This is a distinct reference to Isaiah 49:24. It is the Immanuel (of Isaiah 7), the promised Son (of Isaiah 9), the rod from Jesse’s stem (of Isaiah 11). a tried stone = a test stone: i.e. tested itself, and testing others. Compare Isaiah 28:17, and Zechariah 3:9. a sure foundation. Figure of speech Polyptoton (App-6), for emphasis. Hebrew a foundation founded: i.e. a wellfounded foundation, or a firm or sure foundation. not make haste = be constant, steady, not fleeing away. See note on Proverbs 8:30. Note the Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), by which the hastening, or flight is put for the confusion and shame which is the cause of it. Septuagint reads "ashamed". In Romans 9:33; Romans 10:11. 1 Peter 2:6, the Figure of speech is translated, and means therefore exactly the same thing: = shall have no need for hurried flight (Compare Isaiah 49:23). Judgment also will I lay to the line, &c. = I will make judgment the line, and righteousness the plumbline. take you = take you away. vexation = terror. report = hearing. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for what is heard. the bed, &c. This allegory is to show that their false security as to the approach of Sennacherib would afford them no real rest, it would soon be disturbed. Perazim. Gibeon. This could not be known or understood without reference to 2 Samuel 5:20, and Joshua 10:10; and this reference must have been in writing: too long before (700 years) to be a matter of mere memory. See App-92. His strange work = strange His work [is]. Hebrew. zur = foreign. His strange act = unwonted [is] His act. Hebrew. nakar. earth = land, or soil. plow all day: i.e. continually = ever keep ploughing? See the note on Isaiah 28:28. he open = he [for ever] open. The principal wheat = wheat in rows. Only here. place = due order. Connect "appointed" with "place", not with "barley". For his God, &c. Render: "For One hath instructed him in the right course; his God doth teach him". God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. threshing instrument. Only here, and Isaiah 41:15. Bread = Corn. Bread is put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Effect), for the corn of which it is made. Compare Job 28:5. bruised = crushed: i.e. reduced to powder. Compare Exodus 32:20. 2 Kings 23:6. Render, as a question: Is corn crushed? because = nay. The Hebrew accent tebir is disjunctive and requires this rendering. Compare Revised Version margin, and Job 22:2. ever = for ever. This: i.e. this same design in His treatment of His people. His purpose is the same as that of the husbandman. Compare Amos 9:9. excellent = lofty. working = wisdom. The sort of wisdom which carries the purpose through to permanency. Hebrew. tushiyah, See note on Proverbs 2:7. Woe. The second of the six woes. Ariel = either a lion of GOD (El, App-4. IV) (2 Samuel 23:20); or the altar-hearth of GOD (Ezekiel 43:15, Ezekiel 43:16; and the Moabite Stone, line 12, App-54). Jerusalem is called Har-el on old Egyptian monuments. the city. Put by Figure of speech Polyonymia for Jerusalem. "City" is in the construct state: = city of [the spot] where David camped. dwelt = encamped. year. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for festival. let them kill, &c.: or, let the feasts go round. Figure of speech Eironeia. App-6. as Ariel = as a veritable hearth of GOD. ground =. earth. a familiar spirit = an Ob. See note on Leviticus 19:31. whisper = peep, chirp, or mutter. strangers: i.e. adversaries. like, &c. . . . as, &c. Figure of speech Hyperbole. terrible ones = tyrants. visited. These judgments (in Isaiah 29:6) refer to the deliverance from Jerusalem’s enemies. the LORD of hosts. See note on 1 Samuel 1:3. Ariel. Here it is plainly Jerusalem. as = according as. soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. wine. Hebrew. yayin. App-27. strong drink. Hebrew. shekar. App-27. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. hath poured, &c. Quoted in Romans 11:8. spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. of all = of the whole, or altogether. book = scroll, or document, in writing. the LORD*. One of the 134 places where the Sopherim say they changed Jehovah of the primitive text to Adonai. See App-32. said. Quoted in Matthew 15:7-9. Mark 7:6. but = though. taught by the precept of men = a commandment of men in which they have been schooled: i.e. taught by rote. men = mortals. Hebrew, plural of enosh. App-14. for. Quoted in 1 Corinthians 1:19. wisdom. Hebrew. chakam. See notes on understanding. Hebrew. binah. Proverbs 1:2. say. Compare Isaiah 45:9. book = scroll. meek = oppressed. poor = oppressed. Hebrew. ’ebyon. See note on Proverbs 6:11. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. the terrible one = the tyrant. make a man an offender for a word = who bring a man into condemnation by a word (i.e. by false witness). reproveth = decideth: i.e. in judgment. just = righteous. a thing of nought. See note on "confusion", Isaiah 24:10. Abraham. Reference to Pentateuch, as well known. App-92. the house of Jacob. See note on Isaiah 2:5. his face . . . wax pale. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for fear. children = young children. the God of Israel. This expression occurs seven times in Isaiah (here; Isaiah 41:17; Isaiah 45:3, Isaiah 45:15; Isaiah 48:1, Isaiah 48:2; Isaiah 52:12). Elsewhere twenty-nine times, without Jehovah preceding (Genesis 33:20. Exodus 24:10. Numbers 16:9. Joshua 22:16. 1 Samuel 1:17; 1 Samuel 5:7, 1 Samuel 5:8, 1 Samuel 5:8, 1 Samuel 5:8, 1 Samuel 5:10, 1 Samuel 5:11; 1 Samuel 6:3, 1 Samuel 6:5; 1 Samuel 25:32. 2 Samuel 23:3. Ezra 3:2, &c. shall come, &c. = shall know discernment. Woe. The third of the six woes. rebellious = stubborn, or backsliding. children = sons. take counsel = carry out a purpose. cover with a covering: or, pour out a libation; and so, make an alliance. My Spirit = Me. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. walk = are setting out. This prophecy had been given in the days of Hezekiah (617-588), and was then being fulfilled in Israel. strength of Pharaoh. Compare Isaiah 30:7, where it is shown to be a vain help. In verses: Isaiah 30:2, Isaiah 30:3, "strength" is literal. In Isaiah 30:7 it is a Figure. trust = flee for refuge to. Hebrew. hasah. App-69. Same word as in Isaiah 30:3, but not the same as in Isaiah 30:12. his: i.e. Pharaoh’s. Zoan. Now Zan. learn doctrine = accept instruction. Hanes. Called Tahapanes (Jeremiah 2:16). Now Tell Defenneh, about seventy miles from Cairo, the capital of a minor district. Succeeding Memphis as the capital before Abraham’s time. Known to the Greeks as Hiracleopolis Magna. The name occurs only in Scripture. burden. Refers to the lading of the animals of the ambassadors who were going down to Egypt with rich gifts to secure an alliance, and thus reversing the steps of their national deliverance. It is not a fresh "burden", "the beginning of which has been lost". the south = the Negeb, which must be passed through to get to Egypt. See notes on Genesis 13:1, and Psalms 126:4. the viper, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 8:15). Occurs in Isaiah only here, and in Isaiah 59:5. App-92. riches. Hebrew. hayil = strength. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for the riches or treasures carried by it. to = [relying] upon: i.e. the Egyptians, as stated in preceding clause. have I cried concerning this = have I called (or named) her. Their strength, &c. Hebrew Egypt sitting still (and thus not giving the help that was being sought). Rahab = pride, or strength, is put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for Egypt, the proud or strong one. Note the wrong but common use of this verse, through not heeding the context. a table = a tablet. note = inscribe. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 17:14; Exodus 24:4. the time to come = the latter day. children = sons. law: or, instruction contained in the law of Moses, See note on Isaiah 1:10. trust = confide. Hebrew. batah (App-69.) Not the same word as in verses: Isaiah 30:2, Isaiah 30:3. Same as in Isaiah 30:15. as the breaking of the potters’ vessel. The reference is to the manufacture of homrah, by breaking up pottery to powder in order to make cement of it. Carried on in the valley of Hinnom. See note on Jeremiah 19:1, Jeremiah 19:2. fire from the hearth = that which is kindled. pit = cistern. confidence = trust: i.e. trust [in Jehovah]. Hebrew. batah, as in Isaiah 30:12. App-69. strength = real power. Hebrew. geburah. Not the same word as in verses: Isaiah 30:2, Isaiah 30:3, but the same as in Isaiah 28:6. flee . . . horses . . . shall ye flee. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia. Hebrew. nanus . . . sus . . . t’nusun, for emphasis. swift . . . shall they. . . be swift. Figure of speech Paronomasia . Hebrew. kal . . . yikkallu, for emphasis; not a mere "play on words". One thousand shall flee. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 26:8.) shall flee. The Figure of speech Ellipsis is correctly supplied from the next clause. rebuke = threat. ye flee = ye [all] flee. a beacon = a pole, or mast. ensign = flagstaff. be gracious = show you favour, or grace. have mercy upon you = show you compassion. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. blessed = O the happinesses [of all, &c. ]. The first of three in Isaiah (Isaiah 32:20; Isaiah 56:2). wait = look for. though. Omit "though", and read it as a direct promise: "Jehovah will give you affliction [as] bread and adversity [as] water". Lord* = Jehovah (App-4). One of the 134 places where the Sopherim changed Jehovah of the primitive text for Adonai. Some codices, with three early printed editions, read "Jehovah" in the text. yet shall not thy teachers = and thy teachers shall not. corner. Hebrew occurs only here. teachers. Perhaps plural of Majesty = thy great Teacher (i.e. Jehovah). be removed into a corner = hide Himself. see = be clearly seeing. covering. Hebrew. zapha(zippoi). Reference to Pentateuch. Occurs only here, Exodus 38:17, Exodus 38:19, and Numbers 16:38, Numbers 16:39. App-92. ornament. Hebrew. ’aphuddah (rendered ephod). Reference to Pentateuch. Occurs only here, Exodus 28:8, and Exodus 39:5. thy seed. Another reading (Ben Naphtali) is "thy land". earth = ground, or soil. ear. Old English = to plough: from Anglo-Saxon erian: and this from the Latin arare : the Aryan root AR entering into many words with a cognate reference. ARt (ploughing being the oldest art); oAR (with which the water is ploughed); ARtos(Greek for bread); eARth; ARatrum (Latin, a plough); ARare (to plough). The verb "ear" is found only here, Deuteronomy 21:4, and 1 Samuel 8:12. The noun "earing" occurs in Genesis 45:6, and Exodus 34:21. streams. Hebrew. yiblei (from yabal = to bring, or conduct along). Occurs only here in the "former" portion, and only in Isaiah 44:4, in the "latter" portion of Isaiah, where it is rendered "watercourses". App-79. Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. the name. See note on Psalms 20:1. breath = blast. Hebrew. ruach. See note on Isaiah 25:4. people = peoples. when a holy solemnity is kept. Reference to Pentateuch. and the habitual keeping of the feasts there prescribed (Leviticus 23:2, &c). See App-92. holy. See note on Exodus 3:6. the mountain of the LORD. See notes on Isaiah 2:3, and Ezekiel 28:16. mighty One = Rock. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:4, Deuteronomy 32:15, Deuteronomy 32:18, Deuteronomy 32:30, Deuteronomy 32:31). Compare Isaiah 26:4. App-92. every place where the grounded staff, &c. = every stroke of the staff of doom, which, &c. tabrets = drums. See note on 1 Samuel 10:5. Hebrew. toph, forming the Figure of speech Paronomasia with Tophet in next verse, for emphasis. shaking = tumult. Tophet = the place of burning. In the valley of Hinnom, the place where continual fires consumed the refuse of Jerusalem. Compare Revelation 19:20; Revelation 20:10. the king = Moloch. See note on 1 Kings 11:7. breath. Hebrew. neshamah (App-16). See note on Isaiah 2:22. Woe. The fourth of the six woes. down. It is always "down" to Egypt, geographically and morally. trust = confide. Hebrew. batah. App-69. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. Psalms 71:22. neither seek the LORD. Compare Isaiah 30:2. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 17:16). App-92. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah.(with ’eth). App-4. evil. evildoers. Hebrew. ra’a’. App-44. iniquity. Hebrew. ’aven. App-44. men, and not GOD. Figure of speech Pleonasm. The statement put two ways for great emphasis (positive and negative). men. Hebrew. ’ddam. App-14. GOD. Hebrew El = the mighty God. App-4. flesh, and not spirit. Figure of speech Pleonasm. See above. spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. prey = live prey. multitude = crowd. the LORD of hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9 and 1 Samuel 1:3. for: or, over. As birds flying. As birds hovering [covering and protecting their nest with their wings], so will, &c. The Figure of speech Ellipsis is to be thus supplied. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:11). App-92. defend = shield. The verb is found only in Isaiah’s utterances (2 Kings 19:34, 2 Kings 20:6. 2 Kings 31:5; 2 Kings 37:35; 2 Kings 38:6; and Zechariah 9:15; Zechariah 12:8. defending, &c. = shielding. Only used of God. Only here, 2 Kings 19:34; 2 Kings 20:6. Literally "[then there will be] a shielding, and He will rescue; a passing over [as in Egypt at the Passover], and he will cause to escape. " passing over. Reference to Pentateuch (Ex. Isaiah 12:13, Isaiah 12:23, Isaiah 12:27). App-92. This word is nowhere else used in this sense. Turn = Return. children = sons. every man. Hebrew. ’Ish. App-14. idols = nothings. mighty man. Hebrew. ’ish. App-14. mean man. Hebrew. ’adam. App-14. discomfited = become tributaries. pass over. Not the same word as in Isaiah 31:5 (which is pasah). Here, Hebrew. ’abar, to cross over, or retreat. Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. App-6. a king. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 17:14, Deuteronomy 17:16). App-92. in = for, in the interest of. And. Note the Figure of speech Polysyndeton in verses: Isaiah 32:2-5, emphasizing every detail. man. Hebrew. ’ish. App-14. wind. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. rivers of water. Hebrew. palgei-mayim. Channels for irrigation in a garden. See notes on Proverbs 21:1. Psalms 1:3. weary = thirsty. The heart also = And the heart: preserving the Figure of speech Polysyndeton (Isaiah 32:2). vile . . . villany. Note the Figure of speech, Paronomasia (App-6). Hebrew. nabal nebalah. iniquity. Hebrew. ’aven. App-6 the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4 soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13 instruments also of the churl. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia. Hebrew. vekelay kelayv. English chattels of the churl. evil. Hebrew. ra’a’. App-44. deviseth = counselleth. wicked. Hebrew. rasha. App-44. devices = plans. poor = wretched. Hebrew. anah. See note on Proverbs 6:11. needy = helpless, weak in will and wealth. Hebrew. ebyon. See note on Proverbs 6:11. liberal = noble: freehearted, freehanded. ye women. Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), "women" being put for the whole nation, now reduced by sin to utter weakness; or, a special message, as in Isaiah 3:16-26. hear my voice. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 4:33, Deuteronomy 4:36), App-92. careless = confident. Hebrew. batah. App-69. Used here of self-confidence, in irony. pleasant fields =fields of desire. Figure of speech. Enallage. App-6 forsaken = neglected. left. See note on "forsake", Isaiah 1:4. forever. Figure of speech Synecdoche (of the Whole), Put for a prolonged period. Note the limitation by the word "until" in the next verse. spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. Compare Joe 2:28. Ezekiel 36:25-27. poured. Hebrew. ’arah. Occurs in Isaiah 3:17; Isaiah 22:6, and here in the "former" portion; and in Isaiah 53:12, the "latter" portion. work = tillage. assurance = confidence. Hebrew. batah (App-69) Same word as careless (Isaiah 32:9), but not in irony. hail, coming down. Note the Figure of speech Paronomasia, for emphasis. Hebrew. ubarad beredeth; Eng. hail hailing. Blessed = O the happinesses of you, &c. The second of the three occurring in Isaiah. See note on Isaiah 30:18. Compare Isaiah 56:2. Woe. The fifth of the six Woes. The Structure, above, will make this section quite clear, and show that the verses are not "out of place", or "disarranged". that spoilest = thou plunderer. dealest treacherously = thou traitor. arm. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause) for the strength and defense put forth by it. every morning: i.e. continually. the people = peoples. the nations = nations. caterpiller = locusts. is = that [is]. Behold. Figure of speech. Asterismos. App-6. the ambassadors. Note the Figure of speech. Asyndeton (App-6), inIsa 33:7-12. highways. See note on Isaiah 7:3. lie waste = are desolate. See note on Isaiah 1:7. wayfaring man = he that walketh along the path. See note on "path", Isaiah 2:3. man = mortal. Hebrew. ’enosh. App-14 hewn down = withered. shake off. Hebrew. na’ar. A rare word. Occurs twice in the "former" portion (here, and Isaiah 33:15), and once in the "latter" portion (Isaiah 52:2). App-79. saith the LORD = may Jehovah say. See note on Isaiah 1:11. breath, as fire = breath as a fire. Hebrew. ruach. the people = peoples. burnings of lime: i.e. fuel for limekilns. thorns cut up. These are the common fuel used in limekilns in Palestine. ye: i.e. the heathen. what I have done: i.e. in the destruction of Sennacherib’s army. fearfulness = trembling. Hebrew. re’adah. Only here in Isaiah; and elsewhere, only in Job 4:14. Psalms 2:11; Psalms 48:6. surprised = seized. Who . . . ? who . . . ? Figure of speech Erotesis. The answer implied being the negative. among = for. He, &c. This is not the answer to Isaiah 33:14, but the subject of the Promise in Isaiah 33:16, "He. shall dwell on high". Hence it is emphatic. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 10:17; Deuteronomy 16:19; Deuteronomy 27:25). hearing of = listening to. blood = murderers. Figure of speech Metalepsis (of Subject), by which "blood" is first put for bloodshedding, and, secondly, bloodshedding put for those who shed it. the king. See Isaiah 33:22. far off = far stretching. scribe. = the counter. receiver = the weigher. he that counted, &c. Referring to Sennacherib’s besieging army. fierce, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 28:49, Deuteronomy 28:50). stammering = jabbering. tongue. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), for the language spoken by it. Look = Gaze. the city. Figure of speech Polyonymia. solemnities = festal-days. Reference to Pentateuch, where the word frequently occurs (compare Leviticus 23. Numbers 15, &c). tabernacle = tent. Hebrew. ’ohel. App-40. gallant = mighty, or noble. the lame take the prey. Referring to the spoil taken from the dead of the Assyrian host. See 2 Kings 19:35. forgiven their iniquity. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 23:21; Exodus 32:32. Numbers 14:19). people = peoples. world = the inhabited world. Hebrew. tebel. all things, &c. = and all that is therein. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. utterly destroyed = devoted to destruction, or, placed under a Divine ban. mountains shall be melted with their blood. Figure of speech Hyperbole. So Isaiah 34:4 and Isaiah 34:5. of My curse: i.e. I have devoted. unicorns: or, rhinocerots. Hebrew. re’emin. soaked = drunken. Figure of speech Hyperbole. of = for. confusion. See note on Isaiah 24:10. confusion . . . emptiness. Hebrew. tohu . . . bohu. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 1:2), "without form and void" = waste and desolate. Only there, here, and Jeremiah 4:23 beside. App-92. come up in = climb. screech owl. Hebrew. Lilith. Used to-day of any being of the night, as the English "bogy" is used. Charms are used against it to-day in Palestine. a place, &c. = a roost. Seek = Search. the book of the LORD. This proves there was a book in existence, which could be searched. See App-47. fail = be missing. Hebrew. ’adar. Not the same word as in Isaiah 19:5 (see note there). Occurs here in "former" portion, and Isaiah 40:26 in "latter"portion. See App-79. Isaiah 35 is the sequel to this long series of Burdens (Isaiah 13:1 Isaiah 35:10) and Woes; it sets forth the future return of Israel. The wilderness, &c.: i.e. the land of Edom referred to in Isaiah 34:9-16. While Edom becomes a waste, the Land becomes a paradise; and the way of the return thither a peaceful highway. shall be glad for them = shall rejoice over them. them: i.e. the noisome creatures of Isa 34:14-16, &c. and = but; giving the contrast. the desert shall rejoice, and blossom, &c. The description in this chapter leaves little to be interpreted. It requires only to be believed. No amount of spiritual blessing through the preaching of the Gospal can produce these physical miracles. Strengthen, &c. Quoted in Hebrews 12:11, Hebrews 12:12. Then the eyes, &c. When Messiah came, these miracles (not miracles qua miracles) were the evidence that He had indeed come to save His People (Matthew 11:1-6), but they rejected Him. Hence, this with other similar prophecies are in abeyance. John had based his own claims on Isaiah 40:3, while the Lord based His claims on Isaiah 35:5-6. highway. See note on Isaiah 7:3. Occurs only here. The way, &c. = the holy road. but, &c. : i.e. yet for those very persons it will exist. err therein = go astray. No lion shall be there, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 26:6). App-92. their heads. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Part), for themselves. sighing. See note on Isaiah 21:2. Isaiah 40 takes up this theme, after the historical episode of Isaiah 36-39, which is necessary for the understanding of the references to the Assyrian invasion. For the general notes on this chapter see notes on 2 Kings 18:13, 2 Kings 20:19. it came to pass. Note the insertion of these historical events in the midst of prophecy, corresponding with those concerning the reign of Ahaz. Compare 2 Kings 18:13, 2 Kings 20:19, on which Isaiah is not dependent, and 2 Chronicles 32:1-33, which is not dependent on either (see App-56). This history is a proof of Isaiah’s prophetic mission and gifts. History and prophecy are thus combined: for the latter is history foretold, and the former is (in this and many cases) prophecy fulfilled: the two accounts being perfectly independent. in the fourteenth year: i.e. 628 B.C. See App-50. pp Isaiah 59:60. After Hezekiah’s reformation (2 Chronicles 29:1 -- Isaiah 32:1). Samaria had been taken by Shalmaneser in Hezekiah’s sixth year (2 Kings 18:10). The date (fourteenth year) no "error". defenced cities = fortified cities. and took them. See the list and number of them (forty-six) on Sennacherib’s hexagonal cylinder in the British Museum. See App-67. Rabshakeh: or, "political officer". Probably a renegade Jew. Lachish. Now Tell el Hesy, or Umm Lakis. See the work on the excavations there, published by the "Palestine Exploration Fund". Compare note on 2 Kings 18:17, and 2 Kings 19:8. with a great army. Foretold in Isaiah 29:1-6, as foretold in Isaiah 22:15-26. he stood. In the same spot where Isaiah stood with Ahaz twenty-eight years before. See Isaiah 7:3. highway. See note on Isaiah 7:3. Eliakim. See and Compare Isaiah 22:20-25. The promise of Isa 22:20, Isaiah 22:21 was already fulfilled. house. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), for household. Eliakim fulfils Shebna’s office, as foretold in Isaiah 22:15-26. Shebna. See Isaiah 22:15. scribe: or, secretary. Title used of a state officer, first in 2 Samuel 8:17. Connected with finance (2 Kings 22:3). Jeremiah 52:25. the great king. Contrast Psalms 47:2. trustest = hast confided. Hebrew. batah. App-69. See Hezekiah’s "Songs of the Degrees" (Psalms 121:3; Psalms 125:1, Psalms 125:2; Psalms 127:1; Psalms 130:5-8; and App-67). I say, sayest thou. Some codices read "Thou sayest", as in 2 Kings 18:20. vain words = lip-talk. Hebrew word of lips. man. Hebrew. ’ish. App-14. thou. Some codices read "ye", as in 2 Kings 18:22. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. is it not He . . . ? Manifesting Rabshakeh’s ignorance. master. Hebrew. Adonai. App-4. Egypt. Hezekiah at first looked for help there (See Isaiah 20:3-6; Isaiah 30:2-5; 2 Kings 18:21). am I come up. As foretold twenty-eight years before (Isaiah 10:6-8). If Rabshakeh knew of this, it shows the falsehood of "half the truth". Then said, &c. This led only to grosser insults. Jews. The name by which the People were known of old, to foreigners. See note on Isaiah 36:2. No proof of a later authorship. "Hebrew" is the later word for the language (Compare Isaiah 19:18). speak these words. See App-67. sit upon the wall = maintain their posts: i.e. till reduced to these extremities. this city. Some codices, with two early printed editions, Septuagint, and Syriac, read "and this city": i.e. "this city". every one = man, as in Isaiah 36:6. take you away. As he did Israel (2 Kings 18:11). wine = new wine. Hebrew. tirosh. App-27. bread. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Part), for all kinds of food. Hath, &c. ? = [Reflect]: Hath, &c? Where: or, Why, where. Some codices, with two early printed editions, read "Where then". went into the house of the Lord. See Hezekiah’s reference to his love for, and use of, the Temple in his "Songs of the Degrees" (Psalms 122:1, Psalms 122:9; Psalms 134:1, Psalms 134:2; and App-67). elders of the priests. These now added to the embassy. Joah absent. blasphemy = reproach. Note the reference to this in Hezekiah’s "Song of Degrees". Rabshakeh = the Rabshakeh. See note on Isaiah 36:2. lift up thy prayer. Note the reference to Hezekiah’s "Song of the Degrees". Isaiah said. The message in verses: Isaiah 37:6, Isaiah 37:7 is shorter and calmer than the second. was departed from Lachish: having raised the siege. See note on 2 Kings 18:17; 2 Kings 19:8. he heard. The "rumour" of Isaiah 37:7. Tirhakah. The Taracus of the inscriptions. The third and last of Manetho’s twenty-sixth dynasty. This reference to the Ethiopian dynasty in Isaiah’s time is an "undesigned coincidence". Ethiopia. Judah’s hope in Ethiopia was vain (See Isaiah 20:1-6). trustest = confidest. Hebrew. batah. all lands = all the earths: i.e. all such countries specially connected with Israel. Gozan, &c. These places are all in Mesopotamia. and Bezeph. The Hebrew pointing connects this with the next clause. children = sons. Hamath . . . Arphad . . . Sepharvaim. See notes on Isaiah 36:19. spread it, &c. See note on "lift up", &c. (Isaiah 37:4). LORD of Hosts. See note on Isaiah 1:9, and 1 Samuel 1:3. God of Israel. See note on Isaiah 29:23. dwellest: or, sittest enthroned. the. Hebrew He, the [God]. Compare 1 Kings 18:39. God. Hebrew. Elohim.(with Art.) = the [true] God. made heaven and earth. Note the reference to this in Hezekiah’s "Songs of the Degrees" (Psalms 121:1, Psalms 121:2; Psalms 123:1; Psalms 124:8; Psalms 134:3; and App-67(v)). ear . . . eyes. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. nations, and their countries. Hebrew. ha-arazoth . . . ’arzam : as in Isaiah 37:11. The latter word put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for the people inhabiting the lands. Note also the Figure of speech Paronomasia. Some codices read "nations, and their land". men’s. Hebrew. ’adam. App-14. save us. Some codices add "I (or, we) pray Thee", Compare 2 Kings 19:19. thou hast prayed. See note on "lift up" (Isaiah 37:4). shaken = wagged. Denoting derision and scorn. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. LORD*. One of the 134 places where the Sopherim changed "Jehovah" of the primitive text to "Adonai". am I come up = have I scaled. Compare Isaiah 36:10. These boasts probably refer to the future as well as the past. Lebanon, &c. Compare 2 Kings 19:23. Fulfilling Isaiah 14:8 (see note there). As Hannibal later scaled the Alps. rivers = arms, or canals. Compare Isaiah 19:6, and Micah 7:12. besieged places. Hebrew. matzor. Put for Egypt. formed = purposed. Compare Isaiah 10:5, Isaiah 10:15; Isaiah 30:32. as the grass. Note Hezekiah’s reference to this in his "Songs of the Degrees" (Psalms 129:6-7). App-67. abode = sitting down. going out, and thy coming in. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Part), for life in general tumult = arrogance. My hook, &c. Assyrian sculptures represent captives thus led. Jehovah would treat them as they treated others. turn thee back. See Hezekiah’s reference to this (Psalms 129:4, Psalms 129:6). App-67. sign. See note on Isaiah 7:11. Ye shall eat, &c. No seed would be sown on account of the (foretold) devastation wrought by the invasion. Hezekiah refers to this "sign" in his "Songs of the Degrees" (Psalms 126:5, Psalms 126:6; Psalms 128:2). groweth of itself. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 25:5, Leviticus 25:11). Only here, 2 Kings 19:29, and Job 14:19. springeth of the same = shooteth up of itself, or from the roots. Hebrew. shahith, occurs only here. sow ye. See note above. shall. Hezekiah refers to Jehovah’s repeated promises on which he relies (compare 2 Kings 19:30-34). See Psalms 121:2-8; Psalms 124:1-3, Psalms 124:6; Psalms 125:2; Psalms 126:2, Psalms 126:3; Psalms 127:1. zeal = jealousy. Reference to Pentateuch. Compare Isaiah 9:7. See App-92. defend = shield. See note on Isaiah 31:5. My servant. Three are so called in this book: David (here); Israel or Jacob (the nation) (Isaiah 41:8; Isaiah 42:19; Isaiah 43:10; Isaiah 44:1; Isaiah 45:4; Isaiah 48:20; Isaiah 49:3 and whole chapter); and Messiah (Isaiah 42:1; Isaiah 65:8). David’s sake. Note how Hezekiah refers to these words in his "Songs of the Degrees" (Psalms 132:1, Psalms 132:10). Then, &c. Compare 2 Kings 19:35-37. they: i.e. the Israelites. and. Note the Figure of speech Polysyndeton in this verse, to emphasize his departure and return, which leads up to what he returned for; also, that he did this without taking the city, Nebuchadnezzar makes no reference to this in his inscription. his sons . . . Esar-haddon. See note on 2 Kings 19:37. In those days: i.e. Hezekiah’s fourteenth year: for fifteen years (603-588 B.C.) are added to his life (Isaiah 38:5), and he reigned twenty-nine years (2 Kings 18:2); 14 + 15 = 29. sick. This sickness was therefore during the siege. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. Set thine house in order = Give charge concerning thy house. die, and not live = thou wilt certainly die. Figure of speech Pleonasm: by which a thing is put both ways (positive and negative) for emphasis. prayed. As in Isaiah 37:4 ("lift up") and verses: Isaiah 38:14, Isaiah 38:15. Contrast Isaiah 39:2, where, when the king of Babylon sent letters and he neglected prayer. in truth. See note on Isaiah 10:20. wept sore = wept a great weeping. Figure of speech Polyptoton (App-6), for emphasis. Compare 2 Kings 20:3. came. The only occurrence of this in the case of Isaiah. Compare Genesis 15:1. the God of David. This Divine title reminds and assures Hezekiah that Jehovah would be faithful to His promise made to David in 2Sa 7. See App-67and note on 2 Kings 20:5. fifteen years. Hence the number of the "Song of the Degrees". See App-67. I will deliver thee and this city. The city was thus still besieged. I will. Hezekiah trusted this promise. defend = shield. See note on Isaiah 31:5. a sign = the sign. Hezekiah had asked for this sign (see Isaiah 38:22). This shows that Isaiah 38:22 is not "displaced" as alleged. compare note on Isaiah 7:11. the shadow of the degrees. It is to these "degrees", or steps of the sundial of Ahaz his father, that Hezekiah refers in the title for "The Songs of the Degrees". See App-67. degrees = steps. Note the emphasis placed on these by the fivefold repetition of the word. dial = degrees (making the fifth repetition of the word). The writing, &c. Hebrew. michtab. Another spelling of michtam. See App-65. This verse is the superscription common to most Psalms, corresponding with the subscription (Isaiah 38:20). See App-65. thegrave. Hebrew. Sheol. App-35. see THE LORD = appear before Jah. Reference to Pentateuch. See note on Isaiah 1:12; and on "appear" (Exodus 23:15; Exodus 34:20). in the land of the living. This expression occurs three times with the Art. ("the living") in the Hebrew (viz. here; Job 28:13; and Psalms 142:5). Without the Art. it occurs eight times. See note on Ezekiel 26:20. the living: i.e. alive on the earth. Not Sheol, which is the place of the dead. the world. Hebrew. hadel = a quiet land: i.e. when this invasion shall be ended. Some codices read heled (transposing the l and d) = the transitory world: hadel occurs only here. age. Hebrew. dor = generation, or succession. like a weaver. Supply Ellipsis thus: "like a weaver [his thread]. "See note on "weave" (Isaiah 19:9). I reckoned = I waited expectantly. as a lion = as a lion [awaits his prey]. so will He break. See note on Psalms 22:16. Like a crane or a swallow: or, like a twittering swallow. mourn. See note on Psalms 55:17. Compare Ezekiel 7:16. undertake = be a surety. Compare Job 17:3 ("put me in surety"). softly = slowly. Hebrew. dadah. Only here and in Psalms 42:4 ("went"). soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. by these, &c. = upon these [Thy doings (Isaiah 38:15) men] revive (Psalms 104:29, Psalms 104:30), and the reviving of my spirit [is] altogether in them. spirit. Hebrew. ruach. pit of corruption. = pit or corruption. behind Thy back. Sins unforgiven are said to be "before His face" (Psalms 109:14, Psalms 109:15. Jeremiah 16:17. Hosea 7:2). Compare Micah 7:19. Hence the "happinesses" of Psalms 32:1, Psalms 32:16. the grave. Hebrew. Sheol. App-35. Put here by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), for those who are in it. not. Note the Ellipsis of the second negative. See note on Genesis 2:6, and 1 Kings 2:9. Compare for the teaching Psalms 6:5; Psalms 30:9; Psalms 88:10, Psalms 88:12. Ecclesiastes 9:10. celebrate. See note on "shall not give their light" (Isaiah 13:10). they. Some codices read "and they". The living, the living. Figure of speech Epizeuxis, for emphasis, implying that only such are able to praise. the father to the children. Note the reference to the Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 4:9; Deuteronomy 6:7). children = sons. was ready. Supply "was gracious". therefore, &c. Note the subscription above. we will sing my songs: i.e. the "Songs of the Degrees" (App-67). Where are "my songs", and what were they if not the fifteen songs named after the ten degrees by which the shadow of the sun went back on the sundial of Ahaz (verses: Isaiah 38:7, Isaiah 38:8)? the house of the LORD. Note Hezekiah’s love for this in these songs (Psalms 122:1 Psalms 122:9; Psalms 134:1, Psalms 134:2). See App-67. What is the sign . . . ? See on Isaiah 7:8. At that time: i.e. shortly after the two miracles of the shadow and Hezekiah’s recovery from his sickness. Compare 2 Chronicles 32:31. letters and a present. These were more potent than Sennacherib’s hosts; just as Ahab’s daughter and feast were than his men of war with Jehoshaphat. See 2 Chronicles 18:1-3. Compare with 2 Chronicles 17:1-3. glad of them. This is further Divine information, given by Him Who knew Hezekiah’s heart. 2 Kings 20:13 records what Hezekiah did: viz. "hearkened unto them". Man could see the ear, but only Jehovah could know the heart. Hezekiah forgot to pray, as in Isaiah 37:4, Isaiah 37:14, Isaiah 37:15, and Isaiah 38:2. Hence his failure. and. Note the Figure of speech Polysyndeton, to emphasise and call attention (by five "ands") to every detail. his. Note the Figure of speech Repetitio to mark Hezekiah’s ostentation and failure in not giving Jehovah all the glory. precious things. Hezekiah’s possession of these riches, after the depletion of his treasuries in 2 Kings 18:15, 2 Kings 18:16, is explained and accounted for by a reference to 2 Chronicles 32:22, 2 Chronicles 32:23, 2 Chronicles 32:27, and to the spoil of the Assyrians’ camp (2 Kings 19:35). treasures = treasuries. nothing. Emphasising the completeness of his act. he: i.e. Isaiah. the LORD of Hosts. See note on 1 Samuel 1:3. thy sons. Hezekiah had none as yet, and Jehovah’s promise to David (2 Samuel 7:16) seemed in danger of failing. Manasseh was not born till the third of the fifteen added years. Hence his reference to this position in the "Songs of the Degrees". See Psalms 127:3-5; Psalms 127:3-5 and Psalms 128 (quoting in Isaiah 39:5-6 the words in Isaiah 39:8). Hezekiah did not marry till after this, and there may be a reference to his marriage to Hephzi-bah in Isaiah 62:4, which serves as the basis of the comparison in his prophecy concerning the future blessing of Israel. eunuchs. See Daniel 1:3, Daniel 1:4. Good. Hezekiah’s submission was like Eli’s. Compare 1 Samuel 3:18. 2 Kings 20:19. Job 1:21; Job 2:10, &c. For = Nevertheless. The Hebrew distinctive accent meyrka thus marks it. This chapter commences a new Prophecy (see App-82), and follows that in Isaiah 34:1-35. Isaiah 34:10 This chapter commences a new Prophecy (see App-82), and follows that in Isaiah 34:1-17; Isaiah 35:1-10, after the historic episode of Isaiah 36, Isaiah 38. It will be seen that it forms an integral part of the prophet Isaiah’s book, as this member forms a perfect Correspondence with (Isaiah 6), and cannot be wrenched from it without destroying the whole. Other evidences may be seen in App-79 and App-80. Comfort ye. Note the Figure of speech Epizeuxis, for emphasis, and see App-82. saith. See note on Isaiah 1:11. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. comfortably to = to the heart of: i.e. affectionately. Compare Genesis 34:3; Genesis 50:21. Judges 19:3. Hosea 2:14. cry = proclaim. Note the same word, and truth, in Isaiah 40:3. warfare = hard service or forced service. iniquity. Hebrew. avah. App-44. the Lord. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. double = in full. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), for that which is complete, thorough, ample. See Isaiah 61:7. Genesis 43:22. Job 11:6; Job 41:13. Jeremiah 16:18; Jeremiah 17:18. Zechariah 9:12. 1 Timothy 5:17. Compare Job 42:10. Galatians 1:6, Galatians 1:7-9. sins. Hebrew. chata. App-44. The voice, &c. Quoted in Matthew 3:3. Mark 1:3. Luke 3:4-6. John 1:23. 1 Peter 1:24. Compare the voice from the temple in Isaiah 6, concerning the scattering, and this voice outside the land concerning the gathering. The voice was not Isaiah’s, but heard by him in vision. John [the] Baptist claims it; but this People would not hear; and He Whom he heralded was crucified and His kingdom was rejected (John 1:11). The King and the kingdom are therefore alike in abeyance, and the prophecy yet awaits its further fulfilment. Compare Hebrews 2:8. Revelation 3:21, Revelation 3:22, &c. him that crieth = him that proclaimeth. These words are ascribed to Isaiah by the Holy Spirit in Matthew 3:3, &c. Ch. Isaiah 42:1-4 is so ascribed in Matthew 12:17-21; Ch. Isaiah 53:1 in John 12:38. Romans 10:16; Ch. Isaiah 53:4 in Matthew 8:17; Ch. Isaiah 53:7, Isaiah 53:8 in Acts 8:32, Acts 8:33, and Acts 61:1 in Luke 4:18, Luke 4:19. Not to a "second Isaiah". App-79. highway. See note on Isaiah 7:3. Every valley, &c. These physical marvels are supernatural, and can never be produced by the spiritual and holy living of individua1 Christians. flesh. Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Genus), put for all people. The voice = A voice. This is a second "voice": the voice of Jehovah. is grass. Figure of speech Metaphor, by which the assertion is boldly made that one thing is another (i.e. represents it). It differs from the Figure of speech Simile in the next clause, which asserts that one thing only resembles another. goodliness = grace, or loveliness. is as. Figure of speech Simile. spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. stand for ever. Compare Isaiah 46:10, Isaiah 46:11; Isaiah 55:10, Isaiah 55:11. Psalms 119:89-91. Zechariah 1:5. Matthew 5:18; Matthew 24:35. Mark 13:31. John 10:35; John 12:34. 1 Peter 1:25. O Zion, that bringest: or, O thou that tellest good tidings to Zion. Compare Isaiah 41:27. that bringest. This is feminine, personifying the "heraldband". good = joyful. O Jerusalem. See note on "O Zion", above. strength = power, strength (to endure). Hebrew. koah. Same as in Isaiah 40:31; not the same as in Isaiah 40:10. behold your God. See note on the Structure of the four Gospels, which shows this sentence as being applicable to the Gospel by John. The Lord God. Hebrew Adonai Jehovah (App-4). This title is used because of His connection here with the earth. strong = mighty strength (to hold fast). Hebrew. hazak. feed His flock. As in the wilderness. See Isaiah 63:11. Psalms 77:20; Psalms 78:52, Psalms 78:53; Psalms 80:1. gather = take up. These chapters (Isaiah 40:12-66:24) form a group corresponding with Isaiah chapters 1-5; and, like them, consist of exhortations and prophecies, while they are set in contrast with them, being promissory instead of reprehensory. Their subjects, as respectively repeated, will be seen in the Structure A below. They look beyond the Captivity. Isaiah 40:12-66:24. : AND . (Alternation and Introversion.) Structure A: K | 40:12-31.     God’s Controversy with the Nations. Vanity of Idols. L | M | 41:1-42:16.    Messiah’s Anointing and Mission. N | 42:17-45:15.    Jehovah’s Controversy with Israel. K | 45:16-47:15. God’s Controversy with the Nations. Vanity of Idols. L |     N | 48:1-22.     Jehovah’s Controversy with Israel. M|     49:1-66:24. Messiah’s Mission and Triumph. (Isaiah 40:12-14) Who. . . . Who. . . With whom. . . ? Isaiah 40:12-14 are introductory: while the Figure of speech Erotesis emphasizes the importance of Him Who speaks. a measure = a [Shalish] measure. See App-51. (Isaiah 40:12-14) Who. . . . Who. . . With whom. . . ? Isaiah 40:12-14 are introductory: while the Figure of speech Erotesis emphasizes the importance of Him Who speaks. His counseller = the man (Hebrew. ’ish. App-14.) of His counsel. Note the Figure of speech Ellipsis = "[who being] His counseller hath", &c? taught Him = made Him know. Hebrew. ydda’. (Isaiah 40:12-14) Who. . . . Who. . . With whom. . . ? Isaiah 40:12-14 are introductory: while the Figure of speech Erotesis emphasizes the importance of Him Who speaks. instructed Him = made Him understand. path. See note on Isaiah 2:3. taught = trained. Hebrew. lamad. of = on: i.e. hanging from. isles = maritime countries. See note on Isaiah 11:11. not sufficient: i.e. for the wood-offering. Compare Nehemiah 10:39. nations = the nations. nothing. See note on Isaiah 5:8. Not the same word as in following clause. vanity = a desolation. Hebrew. tohu. Same as "without form" (Genesis 1:2). See note on Isaiah 24:10. melteth = casteth. graven. Hebrew. pesel. Here made by casting. chooseth. See note on Isaiah 1:29. prepare = construct. See note on "the smith", &c., Isaiah 44:12. graven = carved. Same word, but made by cutting. Have ye not . . . ? Figure of speech Erotesis, for emphasis. sitteth. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. upon = above. circle = circuit, or vault: i.e. as far as one can see, around or above. See Job 22:14. stubble = straw. Hebrew. kash. calleth = calleth for, summoneth. by names. See Psalms 147:4; and App-12. strong = strong (for activity in working). Not the same word as in verses: Isaiah 40:9, Isaiah 40:29, Isaiah 40:31 (Hebrew. ’amaz). faileth = is missing (when called). Compare 1 Samuel 30:19. 2 Samuel 17:22. See note on Isaiah 34:16. Why . . . ? Note the Figure of speech Erotesis, to emphasize the conclusion drawn from Isaiah 40:26. Hast . . . ? Figure of speech Erotesis, for emphasis. there is. Some codices, with one early printed edition. Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "and [so] there is". strength = strength (for defence). Not the same word as in verses: Isaiah 40:9, Isaiah 40:10, Isaiah 40:26, Isaiah 40:31 (Hebrew. ’azam). utterly fall. Note Figure of speech Epizeuxis (App-6) for this emphasis. Hebrew "they fall, they fall". renew = change. Hebrew. halaph, to change for the better. See note on Leviticus 27:10. strength = strength (to endure). Same word as in Isaiah 40:9. Not the same as in verses: Isaiah 26:29. mount up . . . run . . . walk. Note the Figure of speech Cata-basis, to call attention (by Application) to the progress of experience in grace. At first we fly (compare Paul, 2 Corinthians 11:5; 2 Corinthians 12:11); then we run (compare Paul, Ephesians 3:8); then we walk (compare Paul, 1 Timothy 1:15). islands = coast-lands. See note on Isaiah 11:11. renew. Same word as in Isaiah 40:31. strength = strength (to endure). come near = draw nigh. the righteous man from the east: i.e. Abraham. Compare Cyrus raised up from the north, Isaiah 41:25. kings: i.e. those mentioned in Genesis 14:1, Genesis 14:8, Genesis 14:9. stubble = straw. Hebrew. kash, as in Isaiah 40:24. He pursued them: i.e. Abraham pursued them unto Dan. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 14:14, Genesis 14:15). App-92. way. See note on "path. "Ch. Isaiah 2:3. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. the first, and . . . last. Occurs here and Isaiah 44:6; Isaiah 48:12. Thus, three times in Isaiah, and three times in the Apocalypse (Revelation 1:17; Revelation 2:8; Revelation 22:13). with the last: i.e. He who called Abraham, the first, will be with the last (Messiah), Who is the subject of this prophecy. I am he: or, I AM. one = man. Hebrew. ’ish. My servant. See note on Isaiah 37:35 for the three "servants" in Isaiah. This was Israel, as the seed of Abraham, not Cyrus (yet). Compare verses: Isaiah 41:21-29. chosen. See note on Isaiah 1:29. My friend. See note on 2 Chronicles 20:7. the chief men = the remote parts. I have chosen thee. Genesis 12:1. Joshua 24:2-4. Nehemiah 9:7. Acts 7:2-7. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 7:6; Deuteronomy 10:15; Deuteronomy 14:2). App-92. Fear thou not. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 31:6, Deuteronomy 31:8). be not dismayed = look not around. Some codices, with Syriac, read "and be not", &c. It is this that dismays (see notes on Psalms 73 and 77). God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. strengthen = strength (inherent, for activity). Hebrew. ’dmas. Not the same word as in Isaiah 41:1 and Isaiah 41:21. Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. . Behold, all they, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 23:22). App-92. they that strive = the men (Hebrew. ’ish, App-14) of thy strife: i.e. thine accusers. them that contended = the men (Hebrew. ’ish) of thy contention. nothing. See note on Isaiah 5:8. thou worm. To emphasize the weakness of Israel; marked also by the Figure of speech Asterismos, "Behold". men. Hebrew. methim. App-14. thy Redeemer. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 48:16. Exodus 6:6; Exodus 15:13). the Holy One of Israel See note on Isaiah 1:4. make thee = set thee for. threshing instrument. See note on Isaiah 28:27. wind. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. glory. See note on Isaiah 13:10. poor = wretched. Hebrew. ’anah. See note on Proverbs 6:11. faileth. See note on Isaiah 19:5. hear = answer. the God of Israel. See note on Isaiah 29:23. forsake. See note on Isaiah 1:4. open rivers, &c. Note that all these physical marvels must be accomplished by the miraculous power of God, not by the spirituality of His People. See note on Isaiah 35:1. and. Note the Figure of speech Polysyndeton for emphasis. saith the LORD. See note on Isaiah 1:11. strong = strong (for weight or importance). Hebrew. azam Not same word as in verses: Isaiah 41:1, Isaiah 41:10. Hebrew. ’amaz. the King of Jacob. This title occurs only here. Heathen kings were the gods of their people. So Jehovah, the King of Jacob, was the God of Israel. raised up one from the north: i.e. Cyrus. See App-57. Compare Abraham (the other type was "from the east", Isaiah 41:2). This prophecy was made 137 years before its fulfilment. Compare Isaiah 44:28; Isaiah 45:1. come = speed. shall he call upon My name. This is the counter part of Isa 45:3, Isaiah 45:4. Compare Ezra 1:2 and 2 Chronicles 36:22, 2 Chronicles 36:23. My name = Me (emph.) See note on Psalms 20:1. princes. The title of Babylonian governors and prefects of provinces. Hebrew. seganim. Used once in Ezra (Isaiah 9:2, "rulers"); nine times in Nehemiah (Isaiah 2:16, Isaiah 2:16; Isaiah 4:14, &c.); three times in Jeremiah (Isaiah 51:23, Isaiah 51:28, Isaiah 51:57); three times in Ezekiel (Isaiah 23:6, Isaiah 23:12, Isaiah 23:23). Always rendered "rulers" except here, which is the only occurrence in Isaiah. Cyrus (the Medo-Persian) did fulfill this on the Babylonian "princes". The first shall say = From the first [I have said]. molten images. See note on Isaiah 30:22. wind = vanity. Hebrew. ruach (App-9). See note on Isaiah 57:6. confusion. See note on Isaiah 24:10. My Servant: i.e. Messiah. See note on Isaiah 37:35. My soul = I Myself. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. delighteth = is well-pleased. put = bestowed. My spirit. Hebrew. ruach (App-9). Here is the doctrine of the Trinity: (1) The Father, the speaker; (2) My "Servant", the Messiah, the Son; and (3) My Spirit. See note on "stretched out" in Isaiah 42:5. cry. See the Divine interpretation "strive" (Matthew 12:19). the smoking flax: i.e. the wick (made of flax) that is burning dim. flax. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), for the wick made of it. not quench: i.e. not put it out, but trim it and make it burn brightly. This was the servant’s work. unto = in accordance with. fail = go out (as a lamp). be discouraged = break, or break down. in = upon. isles = maritime countries. The Divine interpretation = "Gentiles" (Matthew 12:18-21). See note on Isaiah 11:11. wait. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 8:12 "stayed"). and stretched them out = they that stretched them out. Compare "us", "our" (Genesis 1:26). Compare "image" (singular). breath. Hebrew. neshmah, App-16). See note on Isaiah 2:22. a light of the Gentiles. Quoted in Luke 2:32. Compare Isaiah 49:6. To open the blind eyes. Renewing the prophecy of Isa 35:5. prisoners. See Isaiah 49:9; Isaiah 61:1. sit. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), for being in a permanent condition. I am. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 3:15). App-92. will I not give. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 20:5). another: i.e. a strange god. praise. Hebrew. lullal. Not confined to the "former" part of Isaiah, as alleged. See Isaiah 13:10; Isaiah 38:18. See App-79. the former things, &c. Referring to his prophecies, among others, concerning Sennacherib, Isaiah 10 and Isaiah 37. new things, &c. Thus uniting the predictions of the earlier chapters with the so-called "second" part. See App-79. go forth. This is an enlargement of Isa 41:15, Isaiah 41:16. Still more so in Revelation 6:2; Revelation 19:11. mighty man. Hebrew. gibbor. stir up = awaken, incite. See note on Son 2:7. jealousy. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 20:6). App-92. cry . . . roar. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. I will lead = I have led. I will lead them, &c. Some codices, with Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, commence this sentence with "And". These things, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 31:6). will I do = have I done. and not = and have not. trust = confide. Hebrew. batah. App-69. that say, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 32:4). App-92. Hear. Note the call to hear in the Structure, corresponding with the call in Isaiah 42:23. My servant. This is Israel. See the Structures above; and see note on Isaiah 37:35. Not the same "servant" as in Isaiah 42:1. perfect = an intimate friend or trusted one. Hebrew. me’shullam (plural of shalam), to be at peace with. Compare 2 Samuel 20:19. Job 22:21. Psalms 7:4. It is from this word we have Mussulman and Moslem. Israel, in the presence of the foe, was, in Jehovah’s sight, thus perfect. See Numbers 23:21. Seeing . . . opening the ears. As Israel had done. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 29:1, Deuteronomy 29:2). But Israel was blind and deaf (Isaiah 42:19). Compare Jeremiah 5:21; Jeremiah 6:10. Ezekiel 12:2. Matthew 13:14, &c. he. Some codices, with Syriac, read "thou" (as in the preceding clause); others read "ye". The pronoun refers to Israel. See Isaiah 42:19. He will magnify the law. Note the correspondence with Isaiah 42:24. this is a People. Showing most clearly that Israel is the subject of this member. Who . . . ? The other "call to hear" emphasized by the Figure of speech Erotesis. Jacob . . . Israel. See notes on Genesis 32:28; Genesis 32:43, &c. strength = strength (for prevailing). Not the same word as in Isaiah 41:1, Isaiah 41:10. Hebrew. ’azaz : i.e. battle that prevailed against Israel. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. the LORD That created thee. This is another Jehovah title (compare App-4.) = Jehovah Boraaka = Jehovah thy Creator. Jacob . . . Israel. See notes on Genesis 32:28; Genesis 43:6; Genesis 45:26, Genesis 45:28. See Isaiah 42:24, above. He That formed thee = thy Former. Fear not. Compare Isaiah 43:5. redeemed. Hebrew. ga’al. See note on Exodus 6:6. When thou passest = shouldst thou pass: the habitual sense of ki with the Future. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 31:6, Deuteronomy 31:8). the waters . . . the rivers. . . the fire . . . the flame = waters . . . rivers . . . fire . . . flame. A general promise of future deliverance put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), for troubles of any and all kinds. This promise refers to Israel’s future, and not to the Saxon race, or the Church. kindle upon thee = pass over thee. I am the LORD thy God = I Jehovah am thy God (Hebrew. Elohim. App-4). Note the three titles. He was Israel’s God by covenant (note the others in the next clause): the Holy One of Israel, in contrast with all false gods. See note on Isaiah 1:4, and Psalms 71:22. thy Saviour. This is the third title. Egypt. Ethiopia and Seba = Egypt. Nubia (Cush), and Ethiopia. These were given to Persia as ransommoney (as it were) for the release of Israel by Persia through the successors of Cyrus. In the time of Isaiah these three were united under one dynasty. ransom = atonement price. Hebrew. kopher. See note on Exodus 29:33. Since thou wast = Ever since thou becamest. men = a man. Can this refer to Christ? Hebrew. ’adam. App-14. people = peoples. east. . . west . . . north . . . south. This contemplates a wider and greater deliverance than that from Babylon, even from "the ends of the earth". the blind People = a blind People: i.e. Israel (See Isaiah 6:10; Isaiah 42:19, Isaiah 42:20. Jeremiah 5:21. Ezekiel 12:2. Matthew 13:14. Acts 28:26, Acts 28:27). them. Some codices, with one early printed edition, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "you". saith the LORD = is Jehovah’s oracle. My Servant: i.e. Israel. See note on Isaiah 37:35. chosen. See note on Isaiah 1:29. I am He: or, "I [am] He [Who is]". no strange god. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:12, Deuteronomy 32:16). See App-92. let it = avert it. See Amos 1:3, Amos 1:6, Amos 1:9, Amos 1:11, Amos 1:13; Amos 12:1, Amos 12:4, Amos 12:6. Redeemer = Kinsman- Redeemer. Hebrew. Go’el. See note on Exodus 6:6. Babylon. This is the first occurrence of the name in Isaiah. their nobles = all of them in flight. Whose cry is in the ships = the ships which resound with loud outcries (compare Lamentations 2:19. Numbers 24:24). maketh a way in the sea. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 14:16, Exodus 14:21, Exodus 14:22. Psalms 77:19). together: or, at once. tow = wick. Hebrew flax. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), App-6, for the wick made of it. a new thing. The future deliverance of Israel will be with greater marvels than at the Exodus. I give waters, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 17:6). This People, &c. For Israel (as Birks puts it) "is the keystone of the whole arch of promise". called upon Me. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), App-6, for all that has to do with worship, as developed in verses: Isaiah 43:23, Isaiah 43:24. been weary of Me. Note the emphasis is on "Me" in these verses (compare Micah 6:3. Malachi 1:13). Thou hast not brought Me, &c. These verses are quite opposed to the alleged indifference of the prophets to the Divine ritual. but. Note the solemn antithesis. made Me to serve. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Effect, of the verb), for the judicial consequences of their sins. transgressions = rebellions. Hebrew. pasha’. for Mine own sake. He does not go out of Himself for the reason which flows from grace. will not remember. He remembers our infirmities (which man forgets. Psalms 103:14), but will forget our sins (which man remembers). remember. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. declare = recount [thy works, or sins]. Thy first father: i.e. Jacob, as stated in the next verse (compare Deuteronomy 26:5. Ezekiel 16:3, Ezekiel 16:45). princes = priests, whose great duty it was to "teach" the people the Law and Word of God (see notes on Deuteronomy 17:11; Deuteronomy 33:10). Jacob . . . Israel. Including the whole Nation: the subject of this prophecy concerning Jehovah’s "servant". My servant. The subject of these members. See note on Isaiah 37:35. chosen. See note on Isaiah 1:29. Thus saith, &c. Jehovah’s first controversy with Israel closes with this member (p. 980); and the second closes with "N" (p. 984). the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. formed = fashioned. Jesurun. This is a direct reference to the Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:15; Deuteronomy 33:5, Deuteronomy 33:26), the only three places where this name occurs. See notes there and App-92. I will pour, &c. These promises all refer to the day of Israel’s future restoration. spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. For this promise, see Ezekiel 36:25-30; Ezekiel 39:29. Compare Isaiah 32:15; Isaiah 59:21. Joe 2:28. Zechariah 12:10. It began at Pentecost (Acts 2:16); but the kingdom was then rejected (Acts 28:25, Acts 28:26), and the promise is now in abeyance. Compare Joe 2:28, "afterward". as willows, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Numbers 24:6). App-92. water courses. See note on "streams", Isaiah 30:25. One . . . another . . . another. Hebrew. zeh = this one, that one, &c. the King of Israel. Note this title (1) in connection with the O.T. manifestation of the kingdom; (2) the Gospels, the proclamation of the kingdom by the Son (Matthew 27:42. Mark 15:32. John 1:49; John 12:13). All were rejected, and the kingdom therefore is now in abeyance. his Redeemer: i.e. his Kinsman-Redeemer. Reference to Pentateuch (See note on Isaiah 41:14). the first, &c. See note on Isaiah 41:4. Quoted in Revelation 1:17. beside Me. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 4:35. Deuteronomy 32:39). the first, &c. See note on Isaiah 41:4. Quoted in Revelation 1:17, &c. beside Me. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 4:35; Deuteronomy 32:39). App-92. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. appointed = set, or established. the ancient People = the everlasting Nation. The nation of Israel is everlasting, like the Covenant. The nations which oppressed Israel (Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Rome) have passed away; but Israel remains, and, when restored, will remain for ever. Note and compare the nine everlasting things in Isaiah: (1) covenant (Isaiah 55:3; Isaiah 61:8; compare note on Genesis 9:16); (2) kindness (Isaiah 54:8); (3) salvation (Isaiah 45:17); (4) excellency (Isaiah 60:15); (5) joy (Isaiah 51:11); (6) name (Isaiah 56:5); (7) light (Isaiah 60:19, Isaiah 60:20); (8) sign (Isaiah 55:13); and (9) as the pledge of all, "the everlasting God" (Isaiah 40:28; Isaiah 63:12). and shall come = and [which] shall come. My witnesses. Note the Structures above). no God = no Rock. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:4. Compare Isaiah 26:4). App-92. make = fashion, or, form. vanity = emptiness. Hebrew. tohu (without form), as in Genesis 1:2. See note on Isaiah 24:10. their = the fashioners’. delectable things. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for the things they have desired. they: i.e. the makers and worshippers. See the Structure, above. ashamed: as the Babylonians were when their city was taken by the Medo-Persians. The smith with the tongs, &c. "The smith was more or less a sacred person, and the iron foundry was an annex of heathen temples. "Mounds of scorioe and iron slag are found near many heathen temples. Note the contrast exhibited (apparently on purpose) in 1 Kings 6:7. take thereof = take [of the wood] thereof. with. Some codices in margin, with one early printed edition, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "and with". maketh a = maketh into a. not known = not taken note. shut = smeared. none considereth = none reflecteth; none bringeth back to his heart. understanding = discernment. the stock of a tree = a log of wood. soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. a lie: i.e. the maker’s vain fancy. O Israel. Some codices, with one early printed edition (Rabbinic, 1517), read "And Israel", The reference is to Genesis 32:26. not be forgotten. Because of being the "everlasting Nation" (Isaiah 44:7). I have blotted out. See Isaiah 43:25. transgressions = rebellions. Hebrew. pasha’. redeemed. Hebrew. ga’al. See note on Exodus 6:6. Sing . . . shout. Figure of speech Poeanismos. break forth into singing. See note on Isaiah 14:7. tokens = signs. See note on Isaiah 7:11. liars: i.e. the false prophets of the heathen. diviners: i.e. the astrologers, &c, of Assyria. See note on Isaiah 47:13. wise. Figure of speech Antiphrasis (App-6) = accounted wise. His Servant: i.e. His prophet (Isaiah). Jerusalem . . . cities, &c. These named first because first built. See Isaiah 44:28. built = rebuilt. the deep: i.e. the Euphrates, on which Babylon was built. I will dry up. Literally fulfilled, at the taking of Babylon, by Cyrus through his general, Gobryas. Compare Jeremiah 50:38, &c. rivers. Plural of Majesty for the great river Euphrates. Cyrus. See note on Isaiah 45:1. even saying = and saying: i.e. Jehovah, the Speaker from Isaiah 44:24, and in the preceding clause. It does not mean that Cyrus spoke of rebuilding Jerusalem (for he did not), but it records what Jehovah would say of Cyrus, and what He would say also to Jerusalem. Nehemiah must have obtained a copy of Isaiah on his visit to Jerusalem, or he could not have instructed Cyrus. Jerusalem. Named before the temple, because the city and its walls were first built, before the temple foundations were laid. See notes on Nehemiah 7:4, and also App-57 and App-58. temple. Named after Jerusalem, because the city walls were first built. See note above, and compare Nehemiah 7:4 with Haggai 1:1-4. Cyrus. See App-57. loose the loins. Idiom for weakening. Compare Job 12:21. The opposite of "girding" (Isaiah 45:5). open before him the two leaved gates: i.e. of Babylon, as described by Herodotus. not be shut. They were found open, and Gobryas and the soldiers of Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting. straight = level. break in pieces = shiver. gates of brass. Herodotus (i. 180) tells us that the gates leading to the river were of brass. cut in sunder =. smash. call thee by thy name. Only four named by Divine prophecy before birth: Isaac (Genesis 17:19); Solomon (1 Chronicles 22:9); Josiah (1 Kings 13:2); and Cyrus, 137 years before his birth. See App-50. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. My servant’s. See note on Isaiah 37:5. surnamed. Cyrus was the additional name divinely given. His Persian name is said to have been Agradates. though thou hast not = when thou didst not. girded thee. Contrast "loose" (Isaiah 45:1), and see note on Isaiah 8:9. none. See note on Isaiah 5:8. create. Hebrew the Poel Participle of the verb bara’ (create) which, with "evil", requires the rendering "bring about". Not the same form as in verses: Isaiah 45:8, Isaiah 45:12, or Isaiah 45:18, in connection with the earth. In Jeremiah 18:11 the verb is yazar, to frame, or mould. In Amos 3:6 it is ’ashah, to bring about. A word of wide meaning; its sense has to be determined by its context. Here, disturbance in contrast with "peace". evil: never rendered "sin". God brings calamity about as the inevitable consequence of sin. It is rendered "calamity" in Psalms 141:5; "adversity" in 1 Samuel 10:19. Psalms 94:13. Ecclesiastes 7:14; "grief" in Nehemiah 2:10. Proverbs 15:10. . Ecclesiastes 2:17. . Jonah 4:6; "affliction" in Numbers 11:11; "misery" in Ecclesiastes 8:6; "trouble" in Psalms 41:1; "Sore" in Deuteronomy 6:22; "noisome" in Ezekiel 14:15, Ezekiel 14:21; "hurt" in Genesis 26:29; "wretchedness" in Numbers 11:15 ; also "harm", "ill", and "mischief". Compare Jeremiah 18:11, and Amos 3:6. See note on "create", above. let the earth open, &c. When the earth opened before it brought forth destruction (Numbers 16:32; Numbers 26:10 and Psalms 106:17). earth = ground: i.e. here, clay. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. Maker = Former, or Fashioner. have made, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 1:1). App-92. man = Hebrew. adam. App-14. raised him up : i.e. raised Cyrus up. he shall build My city. Nehemiah rebuilt only the walls. See Nehemiah 7:4. The city was not rebuilt until after the return under Zerubbabel, and the emancipation by Cyrus. See App-68. captives. Hebrew captivity. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for the captives in it. the LORD of hosts. See note on 1 Samuel 1:3 labour. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), for that which is produced by it. men. Hebrew, plural of enosh. App-14. shall come over. Some codices, with five early printed editions (one Rabbinic, in margin), Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "and they shall", &c. GOD. Hebrew El. App-4. idols = images. Hebrew. zirim. Occurs in this sense only here. everlasting salvation. See note on "ancient" people (Isaiah 44:7). world without end = the ages of futurity. That created = the Creator of. Note how these expressions are heaped together to impress us with the fact that the One Who created all ought to be able to tell us, better than ignorant man, how He created it. That formed = The Former of. Hebrew. yazar = to fashion. made = the Maker of. He created. It did not come of itself by evolution (see App-5and App-8). Reference to Pentateuch Genesis 1:1). in vain = tohu. The same word as in Genesis 1:2 ("without form"). Therefore it must have become tohu : which is exactly what Genesis 1:2 declares (see note there). In Genesis 1:1 we have "the world that then was" (compare 2 Peter 3:6); and in Isaiah 45:2 we have the ruin into which it fell. We are not told how, when, or why, or how long it lasted. When geologists have settled how many years they require, they may place them between Genesis 1:1-2. In Genesis 1:2-31; Genesis 2:1-4, we have "the heavens and the earth which are now" of 2 Peter 3:7. Both are set in contrast with the "new heavens and the new earth" of 2 Peter 3:13. [Conversion Note: The following comment is found in some Companion Bible text on the Internet but not in my original book.] "why" God destroyed "the world that then was" may be better understood from Revelation 12:4 (see note there), where Satan rebelled against God and drew a third part of God’s children with him. in vain. Hebrew. tohu. Repeated from Isaiah 45:18. Jehovah did not command His People to seek Him in a pathless and trackless waste, where there are no indications of how He is to be found; but in His Word, where He has revealed Himself clearly and distinctly: not "in secret" or "in darkness" (same words as in Isaiah 45:18). Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 30:11). App-92. See note on Isaiah 24:10. them: i.e. the "image" and "god" of Isaiah 45:20. there is no God. Note the Figure of speech Pleonasm, by which the same assertion is made in two ways (positive. and negative) for emphasis. I have sworn, &c. Quoted in Romans 14:11; and Philippians 1:2, Philippians 1:10. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 22:16). App-92. unto Me. Ascribed to Christ in the quotation above. men come = one come. Hebrew text is singular, as in preceding clause; but plural in Isaiah 45:1. shall glory. See note on "give light" (Isaiah 13:10). Bel. Abbreviation of Baal = lord. Here = Zeus, or Jupiter of the Greek and Roman mythology. Nebo. Answers to the Egyptian Anubis, Greek Hermes, and Roman Mercurius (compare Acts 14:12). These gods were indeed brought down. your carriages = the things ye carried about: i.e. in procession (Amos 5:26). were heavy loaden = are become a burden. they are a burden = [are even now] loaded on beasts [for exile]. they. Aram, and Syriac, with five early printed editions, read "and they". But some codices, with two early printed editions, omit "and". themselves = their soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. Hearken. Note the two calls to hear: here, and Isaiah 46:12. See App-82. house of Jacob. See note on Isaiah 2:5. house of Israel. See note on Isaiah 5:7. which = who are borne. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 19:4. Deuteronomy 1:31; Deuteronomy 32:11). App-92. which. Some codices, with two early printed editions, Aramaean, and Septuagint, read "and who". even = yea. Some codices, with three early printed editions, Syriac, and Vulgate, omit "yea". god. Hebrew El. App-4. Remember. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:7). App-92. men. Hebrew. ’ish. App-14. bring it again. The Western reading was "and bring it", &c. transgressors = rebels. Hebrew. pasha’. App-44. GOD. Hebrew El. App-4. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. none. See note on Isaiah 5:8. the man that executeth My counsel = the man of My counsel: i.e. Cyrus, a type of Messiah, set apart by God for this special service. See App-57. I will also bring it to pass. Reference to Pentateuch (Numbers 23:19). shall not tarry = will not be too late. ground = earth. Hebrew. ’arez. there is no throne = throneless. grind meal: the work of slaves (Exodus 11:5. Matthew 24:41). meal. Put by Figure of speech, for the corn from which meal is ground. uncover thy locks = remove thy veil. make bare the leg = lift up thy skirts or train. not meet thee as a man = not accept or regard any man. lady of kingdoms = mistress of the kingdoms. The king of Babylon called himself "the King Vicar" Compare Ezekiel 26:7. Daniel 2:37. So the popes name themselves, and are so addressed when crowned. Compare Revelation 18:7. no mercy. Compare 2 Kings 25:5, 2 Kings 25:6, 2 Kings 25:26. Jeremiah 50:17, &c. ancient = elder. Compare Lamentations 4:16. the latter end of it = the issue thereof: but some codices, with one early printed edition (Rabbinic, Mark 1517), and Vulgate, read "thy latter end". Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:29). App-92. carelessly = confidently. none else beside me. Babylon and Rome claim the Divine attributes, as used in these chapters. Compare Isaiah 45:6, Isaiah 45:14; Isaiah 46:9. none. See note on Isaiah 5:8. children = sons. perfection = full measure. trusted = confided. Hebrew. batah. App-69. evil = calamity. Hebrew. ra’a’. mischief = ruin; especially as prepared for others. Not the same word as in Isaiah 59:4. Only here and Ezekiel 7:26. put it off = expiate it, or charm it away. Stand now with = Persist in. prevail = strike terror. astrologers. The scientists of Babylon were divided into three classes: writers of (1) charms to be placed on afflicted persons or houses; (2) formulae of incantations; (3) records of observations which mixed up astronomy with astrology, and resulted, in the case of any two successive or concurrent events, in the conclusion that one was the cause of the other; and, the further conclusion was reached by reasoning from the "particular" to the "general". the monthly prognosticators = they who make known the future by observing new moons. See the fifth "creation tablet" (British Museum). themselves = their souls. Hebrew. nephesh. thy merchants. Compare Revelation 18:11-19. t hey shall wander = stagger onward. one. Hebrew. ’ish. App-14. waters. Some codices, with three early printed editions, read "days". swear by the name, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 6:13). App-92. the Lord. Hebrew. Jehovah. the God of Israel. See note on Isaiah 29:23. in truth. See note on Isaiah 10:20. the former things, &c. Such as the birth of Isaac, the Exodus, &c. thy neck, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 32:9). see = look close into. transgressor = rebel. My name’s. See note on Psalms 20:1. affliction = humiliation, or oppression. For Mine own sake. Note the Figure of speech Epizeuxis, for great emphasis. I will not give, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 20:5). Jacob and Israel: i.e. the natural and spiritual seed. Some codices, with two early printed editions, read "Jacob my servant". the first. the last. Compare Isaiah 41:4; Isaiah 44:6. spanned = stretched out. stand up. To listen to my words. them. Some codices, with two early printed editions, and Syriac, read "you". him: i.e. Cyrus: Isaiah 45:1; Isaiah 46:10, Isaiah 46:11. arm. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), for the judgment inflicted by it. Note also the Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. I . . . I. Note the Figure of speech Epizeuxis. not spoken in secret. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 30:11). Compare Isaiah 45:19. App-92. and His Spirit, hath sent Me: or, hath sent both Me and His Spirit: i.e. the prophet, and His Spirit the inspirer of the message sent by Isaiah (compare Acts 28:25), "well spake the Holy Ghost by Isaiah", &c. Note the great doctrine of the Trinity. Spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. O that thou hadst, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 5:29), Compare Psalms 81:13. Note Figure of speech App-6and App-92. peace = well-being, or prosperity. a = the. as the sand. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 22:17; Genesis 32:12). His servant. See note on Isaiah 37:35. He led them, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 8:2). caused. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 17:6. Numbers 20:11). App-92. no peace, &c. Compare Isaiah 57:20. the wicked = lawless ones: i.e. the wicked in Israel. isles = maritime countries. people = peoples. hath called. Fulfilled in Matthew 1:18. Luke 1:28. Me. The Messiah prophesied of in Isaiah 7:14. Neither Isaiah, nor Israel, nor the Church. mouth . . . the shadow . . . band. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. sword. Compare Revelation 1:16; Revelation 2:12, Revelation 2:16; Revelation 19:15. polished: or, pointed. shaft = arrow. hid Me. Thirty years at Nazareth. My Servant. See note on Isaiah 37:36. Israel = Prince of GOD. Messiah making this use of, and applying the name to Himself. Israel could not "raise up" Israel (Isaiah 49:6). Christ is called"Israel" in the same way that He is called "David"; and Psalms 24:6, "Jacob". I said, or thought: i.e. said to Myself. strength = strength (to endure). Hebrew. koah. Not the same word as in Isaiah 49:5. for nought. Hebrew. tohu. See note on Isaiah 24:10, "confusion". judgment = vindication. work = recompense. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. saith. Some codices, with Septuagint and Syriac, read "thus saith". not. Hebrew text = l’o = not; but marked in margin to be read lo = to Him, which is confirmed by the list of such readings in the Massorah. If (in "be not gathered"), the negative be read, then the "though" and the "yet" must be retained; but if the preposition with suffix be read, then the rendering of the clause will be "to bring Jacob again to Him, and that Israel unto Him might be gathered, and I be glorious", &c. Probably both readings may be correct, for Israel was not gathered at His first coming (John 1:11), but will be at His second coming. strength = strength (for victory). Not the same word as in Isaiah 49:4 Hebrew. ’azaz. light = small. I will also give, &c. Quoted in Luke 2:32. Acts 13:47 Gentiles = nations. Hebrew. goyim. Compare Isaiah 42:6. Therefore not the secret (or Mystery) of the Epistle to the Ephesians. Compare Genesis 12:3. Luke 2:29-32. Thou. This cannot be Israel, for it is expressly fulfilled in Christ. Salvation. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Effect), App-6, for the Saviour Who wrought salvation. Redeemer = Kinsman Redeemer. Hebrew. go’el. See note on Isaiah 41:14 and Exodus 6:6. Whom man despiseth = Whom their (i.e. Israel’s) soul (Hebrew. nephesh. App-13) despiseth. Compare Isaiah 53:3. Psalms 42:5, Psalms 42:6. Matthew 26:67. 1 Corinthians 2:14. nation. Hebrew. goi : i.e. a heathen nation. So called here for its unbelief and rejection of the Messiah. a servant of rulers. Compare Psalms 2:2. Matthew 27:41. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. an acceptable time = a time of acceptance. Quoted in a 2 Corinthians 6:2. heard = answered. a covenant of the People = the covenant of a People. Compare Isaiah 42:6, Isaiah 42:7. Hebrew. am, not goi as in Isaiah 49:7. established the earth = raise up the land. desolate. See note on Isaiah 1:7. That Thou mayest say. This cannot be the nation, but the Messiah. Go forth. Compare Isaiah 42:7; Isaiah 61:1. to. Some codices, with two early printed editions, Aramaean, Septuagint, Syriac, and Vulgate, read "and to". They shall not hunger, &c. Quoted in Revelation 7:16. shall He guide them = shall He cause them to rest. highways. See note on Isaiah 7:3. Sinim. Probably = China. Occurs only here. Sing = Shout in triumph. break forth into singing. See note on Isaiah 14:7. comforted His People. Compare Isaiah 40:1; Isaiah 51:3. Zion said. Figure of speech Prolepsis. This sets at rest the conflicting interpretations. forsaken. See note on Isaiah 1:4. my LORD*. One of the 134 places where the Sopherim changed "Jehovah of the primitive text to Adonai. App-32. Can a woman, &c. Figures of speech Erotesis and Pathopoeia. will I not forget. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. App-6. graven. Denoting permanence. the palms, &c. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. App-6. children = sons. bride. First occurrence in this connection. which thou shalt have. other = of thy childlessness, or, of whom thou wast bereaved. Then = And. Who . . . where? Figure of speech Erotesis. Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. these. Some codices, with Septuagint and Vulgate, read "and these", or "these therefore". had they been = were they? the Lord GOD. Hebrew Adonai Jehovah. See App-4. lift up Mine hand. Idiom for "call". Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. Gentiles = nations. people = peoples. arms = bosom: the folds of the garment forming a large natural pocket; but children were, and still are, usually carried astride the shoulder as soon as they can sit. daughters shall be carried. Showing the care they shall receive, for girls are usually left to shift for themselves. See note on Isaiah 60:4. queens = princesses. lick up, &c. Denoting subjection and submission, as in Genesis 3:14. Compare Psalms 72:9 and Micah 7:17. thou shalt know. Ref to Pentateuch (Exodus 6:7). App-92. wait for me. Reference to Pentateuch (same word as in Genesis 49:18). the prey. Reference to Pentateuch (Numbers 31:11, Numbers 31:12, Numbers 31:26, Numbers 31:27, Numbers 31:32). Occurs elsewhere only in the next verse and Psalms 22:15. mighty = a mighty one (singular) Hebrew. gibbor. App-14. captives = captivity. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for "captives". terrible = tyrant or ruthless one. sweet wine. Heb ’asis = new wine, the product of the same year. App-27. all flesh shall know. Compare Isaiah 40:5; Isaiah 52:10. am thy Saviour: or, am saving thee. the mighty One of Jacob. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 49:24): only here and Isaiah 60:16. Nowhere else except Psalms 132:2, Psalms 132:5. Thus. Some codices, with two early printed editions, read "For thus". the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. Where . . . ? Figure of speech Erotesis. the bill = this bill. divorcement. Found only here, and in Jeremiah 3:8 outside the Pentateuch. See Deuteronomy 24:1, Deuteronomy 24:3. See App-92. whom: or, wherewith. put away. . . sold. Note the Introversion of these words in this verse. Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. App-6. sold . . . put away. Note the Introversion. Wherefore . . . ? Figure of speech Erotesis. when I came. Messiah speaks. no man. See John 1:11. Compare Jeremiah 5:1. Acts 13:46; Acts 18:6; Acts 28:28. Is My hand shortened . . . ? Reference to Pentateuch (Numbers 11:23). Compare Isaiah 59:1. See App-92. redeem. Hebrew. padah. See note on Exodus 13:13. I dry up the sea. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 14:21). App-92. rivers. Plural of majesty: i.e. the great river, the Jordan. Reference to Pentateuch (Joshua 4:7, Joshua 4:18). App-92. Compare Psalms 107:33. their fish stinketh. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 7:18, Exodus 7:21). that I should know, &c. He spake none other words than those given Him by the Father. Compare the seven times this was asserted by Messiah (John 7:16; John 8:28, John 8:46, John 8:47; John 12:49; John 14:10, John 14:24; John 17:8). wakeneth = [continually] wakeneth. to hear as the learned = to hearken as do the instructed. learned = taught. not rebellious = not perverse or refractory. I gave, &c. Fulfilled in Matthew 26:67; Matthew 27:26. set My face like a flint. Note the fulfilment. His death was not an event which happened. He "accomplished" it Himself (Luke 9:31), and, after saying this, "He steadfastly set His face", as above, "like a flint". He laid down His life Himself: but not till His hour (the right hour) had come (John 10:15-18). who. ? Figure of speech Erotesis. who is Mine adversary? = who can convict Me? Literally who owneth My sentence? condemn Me = prove Me lawless. Who, &c. These are the words of the prophet in view of Messiah’s reception. trust in = confide in. Hebrew. batah. App-69. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. that kindle a fire = that are incendiaries; not the ordinary word for lighting a fire. Only in Deuteronomy 32:2 (the first occurrence). Jeremiah 15:14; Jeremiah 17:4. Jeremiah 64:2. compass = gird. See note on Isaiah 8:9. sparks = fiery darts. walk. This is Divine irony (App-6). your = your own. Hearken. Note the call to hear. See Structure, above. are = were. hole of the pit = the hollow of the quarry. Look = Look well: as in Isaiah 51:1. Figure of speech Hermeneia, by which Isaiah 51:2 interprets Isaiah 51:1. Abraham . . . Sarah. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 12, &c.; Genesis 24:36). alone. Compare Ezekiel 33:24. Malachi 2:15. waste places. Compare Isaiah 40:1; Isaiah 49:13. like Eden. Reference to Pentateuch, (Genesis 2 and Genesis 3). App-92. Elsewhere, only here; Joe 2:3; and six times in Ezekiel. like the garden of the LORD. This is a quotation from Genesis 13:10. App-92. melody = music or Psalmody. law: i.e. the law of Moses, which was Jehovah’s revealed instruction. Compare Ma Isaiah 1:4, Isaiah 1:4, make . . . to rest = establish. the people = peoples. isles = maritime countries. See note on Isaiah 11:11. wait. Compare Isaiah 42:4; Isaiah 60:9. trust = hope. Hebrew. yahal. App-69. Not the same word as in Isaiah 50:10. shall = will have. in like manner = so. There is no ancient authority for "as a gnat", as some render it. know = take note of. men = mortal men. Awake. Same word as in Isaiah 52:1. Not the same as in Isaiah 51:17. Note the Figure of speech Epizeuxis (for emphasis). arm. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. Bahab = Egypt. Compare Psalms 87:4; Psalms 89:10. dragon = crocodile. dried the sea. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 14:29). ransomed = redeemed (by price, or blood). Hebrew. ga’al. Compare Exodus 6:6. redeemed = redeemed (by power). Hebrew. padah. See note on Exodus 13:13. come with singing. Compare Isaiah 35:10. mourning = sighing. See notes on Isaiah 21:2. man. Hebrew. ’adam. App-14. stretched forth the heavens. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 1 and Genesis 2). as if he were. A special reading called Sevir (App-34), with some codices, two early printed editions, and Syriac, read "who was": referring doubtless to the Antichrist’s effort in "the great tribulation". divided the sea. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 14:21). The LORD of hosts. See note on 1 Samuel 1:3. put My words in thy mouth. See note on Isaiah 50:4 ("that I should know"). Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 18:18). App-92. that: i.e. in order that. Awake = Rouse thee. Not the same form as in Isaiah 51:9 with Isaiah 52:1. Thy sons have fainted. Note the Alternation in this verse. Thus: "fainted at the head", &c, and "they lie as a wild bull", &c. wine. Hebrew. yayin. App-27. thy LORD the LORD = thy Adonim Jehovah. See App-4. Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. no more drink it again. All this refers therefore to the final restoration of Israel. thy soul = thee. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. Awake. Same form as in Isaiah 51:9; not the same as in Isaiah 51:17. Figure of speech Epizeuxis. App-6. the holy city. Hebrew "the city of the Sanctuary". See note on Exodus 3:5. Shake. See note on Isaiah 33:9. sit: i.e. sit as queen. Compare Revelation 18:7, for usage. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. redeemed. Hebrew. ga’al. See note on Exodus 6:6. without money = not with silver. Compare 1 Peter 1:18. My People went down aforetime. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 46:6). See App-92. the Assyrian. This was "another king" (Acts 7:18), the first of a new dynasty, the "new king" of Exodus 1:8, who (of course) "knew not Joseph". See notes on the above passages. oppressed them. This refers to Ex. 1, and has nothing to do with the later Assyrian carrying away. without cause = for nothing, groundlessly. This is a Divine comment. See John 15:25. Hebrew. ’ephes. See note on Isaiah 5:8. what have I here . . . ? = what do I here? What He did in the circumstances of Isa 52:4 we know. What He will do in these new circumstances we are about to be told. is = hath been. My name, &c. Quoted in Romans 2:24. How beautiful, &c. Quoted in Romans 10:15. the feet. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Part), for the whole person of the messenger, that we may not think of him, but of his coming as sent by Jehovah (compare Nahum 1:15). Fulfilled partially in John and Christ, both of whom were rejected and slain. There will be other messengers of the future coming, even Elijah and others (Malachi 4:5). God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. sing = shout. see eye to eye = see face to face, and will be face to face with the coming heralds of the King, yea, with the King Himself. This oft misapplied expression ha? nothing whatever to do with agreement in opinion. comforted. Compare Isaiah 40:1. holy. See note on Exodus 3:5. arm. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), for the wonders wrought by it. Also Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. App-6. eyes, &c. = sight, or view. Compare Isaiah 40:5; Isaiah 49:26. Depart ye. Note the Figure of speech Epizeuxis. Compare Revelation 18:4. Quoted (in application for us to-day) in 2 Corinthians 6:14-18. ye shall not go out with haste. Reference to Pentateuch, where it was otherwise (only here, Exodus 12:33, Exodus 12:39, and Deuteronomy 16:3). the God of Israel. See note on Isaiah 29:23. rereward = rear-guard. Compare Isaiah 58:8. My Servant. The Messiah. See note on Isaiah 37:35. humbled. exalted. extrolled. be very high. Figure of speech Anabasis, for great emphasis = riseth. is lifted up. becometh very high (compare Philippians 1:2, Philippians 1:9-11). deal prudently = prosper. Compare 1 Samuel 18:14. As = According as. This corresponds with the "so" of Isaiah 52:15 (not with the "so" in the next clause, which is parenthetic). astonied: corresponding with the word rendered "sprinkle" in Isaiah 52:15. From Old English estonner. Nine times so spelled, from Wycliff and Geneva Bible. Chaucer spells it "astoned"; Spenser, "astownd". so marred: pointing to the depth of the humiliation, as set forth in detail in Isaiah 53:4-10. Compare Matthew 26:67, Matthew 26:68; Matthew 27:27-30. any man. Hebrew. ’ish. Compare Psalms 22:6, "I am a worm, and no man". men. Hebrew. ’adam. App-14. SO. Corresponding with the "As" of Isaiah 52:14. sprinkle = cause to leap or spring up for joy. Hebrew. nazah. When used of liquids it means to spurt out, as in Isaiah 63:3, the only other occurrence in Isaiah, and that in judgment (compare 2 Kings 9:33). The usual word for ceremonial sprinkling is zrak, not nazah. The astonishment and the joy of many nations is set in contrast with the astonishment of the many people of Isa 52:14. The Septuagint reads "shall admire". Moreover, the verb is in the Hiphil conjugation, and we can say "cause to leap up for joy", but not "cause to sprinkle". With this, Gesenius, Fuerst, Lowth, Parkhurst, and others agree. shut their mouths: i.e. be dumb with the astonishment. that which had, &c. = they to whom it had been told shall see. that which they, &c. = they which had not heard shall consider. Quoted in Romans 15:21. Who. ? Figure of speech Erotesis. The questions are asked by the prophet, and the answer is "no one" or few. Quoted in John 12:38 and Romans 10:16. hath believed = put faith in. Hebrew ’aman. App-69. The tenses are Past (the prophetic Perfect). report = hearing. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for the subject-matter, which was heard. arm. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), for what was wrought by it. Compare Isaiah 51:9; Isaiah 52:10. the Lord. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. revealed = made bare: i.e. revealed. Him: i.e. Jehovah. tender plant = a sapling. a root = a root-sprout. dry ground. The "root" (David) of which He was the offspring was well nigh extinct. we: i.e. the people who saw Him. The interpretation is for the Jews of our Lord’s day. The application is for us. The nation will yet say it in their confession and weeping. despised and rejected. Fulfilled in John 1:10, John 1:11; John 8:48; John 10:20. men. Hebrew, plural of ’ish. App-14. = the chief men. Compare John 7:48, John 7:49. man. Hebrew. ’ish. App-14. we hid. Compare Isaiah 50:6. Psalms 22:6, Psalms 22:7; and John 8:48; Mark 3:21, Mark 3:30. John 18:40. He [and no one else]. Emphatic. Quoted in Matthew 8:17. borne . . . carried = borne the punishment for. See note on Ezekiel 4:4. Matthew 8:17. Compare verses: Isaiah 53:11, Isaiah 53:12 griefs . . . sorrows. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), for the judgment which was brought about by their sins. of = by. Genitive of Agent. App-17. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. afflicted = humbled. wounded = pierced. transgressions. Hebrew. pasha’. of = which procured. Genitive of Cause. App-17. with, &c. Quoted in 1 Peter 2:24. All . . . all. Note the Figure of speech Epanadiplosis (App-6), by which the statement is emphasized as containing the essence of the whole chapter. More noticeable in Hebrew. killdnu . . . killanu. Quoted in 1 Peter 2:22. oppressed: or, hard pressed. opened not His mouth. Idiom for silence and submission. Compare 1 Peter 2:22, 1 Peter 2:23. He is brought. Quoted in Acts 8:32, Acts 8:33. a lamb. Compare John 1:36. from prison and from judgment, &c. = by constraint and by sentence He was taken away. who shall declare His generation? = as to the men of His age [i.e. His contemporaries!, who ponders, or considers as to this seed, seeing He is to be "cut off"? Compare Isaiah 53:10. cutoff. Compare Daniel 9:26. Thus the climax of this prophecy is reached: (1) a hint (Isaiah 42:4); (2) open lament (Isaiah 49:4); (3) personal suffering (Isaiah 50:6); now (4) a violent death (Isaiah 53:8). He made, &c. = one [or they] appointed, or assigned [His grave]; or, it [His grave] was appointed. made. Hebrew Nathan (to give) is rendered "appoint" in Exodus 30:16. Numbers 35:6. Joshua 20:7. 2 Kings 8:6, &c. Even where it is rendered "to make", it has the force of "appoint" (Genesis 9:12. Numbers 14:4, &c.) grave. Hebrew. keber. the wicked = the criminals (plural) These have a separate part assigned in all Jewish cemeteries. the rich = a rich [man] (singular) Compare Matthew 27:59, Matthew 27:60. Mark 15:43, Mark 15:46. Luke 23:53, John 19:40-42. in His death = when He was dead. Compare Mark 15:42-47. John 19:38, John 19:39. He had done, &c. Quoted in 1 Peter 2:22. it pleased the LORD = Jehovah purposed. when thou shalt make, &c. This introduces the break in the Dispensations, which is the subject of the rest of the chapter: the "glory which shall follow" the sufferings. See App-71and App-72. His soul = Himself. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13= life. Compare John 10:11, John 10:15, John 10:17, John 10:18. an offering for sin. Hebrew. ’aham = the trespass offering. See App-43and App-44. Ref to Pentateuch, for this is a peculiarly Levitical word (Leviticus 14:12, Leviticus 14:21), and cannot be understood apart from it. In Psalms 40 it is the aspect of the whole burnt offering. He shall see His seed: "see" "see" in Isaiah 52:15, i.e. the result, issue, and reward of His sufferings. Compare Psalms 22:30; Psalms 24:6; Psalms 25:13. The Chaldee Targum reads, "they (His seed) shall see the kingdom of their Messiah". pleasure = purpose. satisfied. Not disappointed. We have not an impotent Father, or a disappointed Christ, or a defeated Holy Spirit, as is so commonly preached; but an omnipotent Father, an all-victorious Christ, and an almighty Holy Spirit, able to break the hardest heart and subdue the stoutest will. by His knowledge, &c. Punctuate: "Satisfied by His knowledge, My righteous Servant shall justify many, for He shall bear", &c. divide = apportion, or assign. with = among. poured out. Only here (in the "latter" portion); and Isaiah 32:15 (the "former" portion). App-79. an He was numbered. Quoted in Mark 15:28. Luke 22:37. App-79. bare the sin. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 10:17. Numbers 9:13; Numbers 18:32). Compare verses: Isaiah 53:4, Isaiah 53:11. See App-92. sin. Not the same word as in Isaiah 53:10. Hebrew. chata. made intercession = interposed. Sing = Shout in triumph (Isaiah 52:8, Isaiah 52:9. Zephaniah 3:14). Quoted in Galatians 1:4, Galatians 1:27. barren. Refers to Sarah. break forth into singing. See note on Isaiah 14:7. children = sons. desolate. See note on Isaiah 1:7. married wife = the husbanded one. the Lord. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. stakes = tent-pegs. Gentiles = nations. Fear not. ashamed. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 26:6). Compare Isaiah 44:16, Isaiah 44:17. the shame of thy youth. Reference to Israel’s days of idolatry. Compare Jeremiah 3:24, Jeremiah 3:25. Maker. Hebrew, plural. Reference to the triune Jehovah. the LORD of hosts. See note on 1 Samuel 1:3. thy Redeemer = thy kinsman-Redeemer. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 48:16. Exodus 6:6; Exodus 15:13). App-92. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. The God of the whole earth. This is-the title connecting Jehovah with universal dominion. Compare "The Lord of the whole earth" in Joshua 3:11, Joshua 3:13. Zechariah 6:5. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. forsaken. See note on Isaiah 1:4. spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. gather thee = gather thee out. a little wrath = in an overflow of wrath. I hid My face. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 31:17, Deuteronomy 31:18). Compare Isaiah 8:17; Isaiah 53:3; Isaiah 64:7. See App-92. everlasting kindness. See note on "ancient", Isaiah 44:7. the waters of Noah. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis Chapters 6-9). See App-92. thee. Supply Ellipsis, "thee [for ever]". Some codices, reading one word instead of two,with Aramaean, Syriac, and Vulgate read "the days of Noah. . . .when [I sware, &c.]". I have sworn = when I sware. Reference to Pentateuch. (Genesis 8-9). Noah is nowhere else mentioned in the O.T. except in lCh 1:4. Ezekiel 14:14-20. See App-92. thee. Supply Ellipsis (App-6), "thee [for ever]". windows = battlements. borders = boundaries. all thy children, &c. Quoted in John 6:45. of = by. Genitive (of Origin). App-17. not. See note on "no" (Isaiah 5:8). they: i.e. the enemies of Israel (Psalms 56:7; Psalms 59:4). shall fall = shall be overthrown (Compare Isaiah 8:14). I have created. Compare Isaiah 45:7, Isaiah 45:8. instrument = weapon. weapon. Same word as instrument (Isaiah 54:16). Ho, &c. This cry heard in Jerusalem to-day. All water has to be bought. Compare John 4:14; John 7:37-39. every one that thirsteth. The invitation is only to these. come. Figure of speech Repetitio, for emphasis. waters: of life (Revelation 22:17). wine: of gladness (Psalms 104:15). milk: of nourishment (1 Peter 2:2). Wherefore . . . ? Figure of speech Erotesis (App-6), to emphasize the universal corruption and practice of the natural man. Compare John 6:27. hearken diligently. Figure of speech Epizeuxis, for emphasis. Hebrew "Hearken a hearkening": i.e. continue to hearken. everlasting. See note on "ancient", Isaiah 44:7. the sure mercies of David: i.e. the lovingkindnesses well assured to David, the "everlasting covenant" made with David in 2 Samuel 7:8-16. Quoted in Acts 13:34. Assured by oath to David (Psalms 132:11). of = pertaining to. Genitive of Relation. App-17. Him = Messiah: not David, but David’s Son and David’s Lord. people = peoples. thou . . . thee: i.e. Israel, who is addressed here. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Psalms 71:22. may be: i.e. letteth Himself be. wicked = lawless man (singular) Hebrew. rasha’, App-44. forsake. See note on Isaiah 1:4. way . . . thoughts. Note the Introversion of lines in verses: Isaiah 55:7 and Isaiah 8:7 -. way. -7. thoughts. 8-. thoughts. -8. ways. unrighteous. Hebrew. ’aven. App-44. man. Hebrew ’ish. App-14. abundantly pardon. Hebrew multiply to pardon. My thoughts . . . your thoughts. Note the Introversion of the pronouns. The contrast thus emphasized is not merely holiness, but vastness. as = according as. heaven = the heavens. but = except it: i.e. until it. Note that the four succeeding tenses are pasts, and in the singular number. The waters do return, as stated in other scriptures (Psalms 135:7. Jeremiah 10:13; Jeremiah 51:16). My word be that goeth. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 8:3; Deuteronomy 32:2). shall = shall assuredly. go out = go forth: i.e. from the lands of your wandering. peace = prosperity. break forth . . . singing. Figure of speech Prosopopoeia. See note on Isaiah 14:7. the field: i.e. the open country beyond the limits of cultivation. brier: or, nettle. justice = righteousness. man = (mortal) man. Hebrew. ’enosh. App-14. this . . . it. This righteousness . . . this salvation. Both Feminine. of man = of Adam. Hebrew. ’adam. App-14. keepeth the sabbath. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 20:8-11). stranger = foreigner. Hebrew. nakar. See Proverbs 5:3. speak = think. Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. choose. See note on Isaiah 1:29. place: or, trophy. Hebrew hand. to = into. Some codices read "upon". holy. See note on Exodus 3:5. house of prayer. See quotation below. shall be accepted = for acceptance. Mine house, &c. Quoted in Matthew 21:13. Mark 11:17. Luke 19:46. Contrast "your house" (Matthew 23:38). people = peoples. The Lord GOD. Hebrew Adonai Jehovah. greedy = strong of soul. Hebrew. nephesh (App-13) = strong of appetite: i.e., as well rendered, "greedy". every one. Hebrew. ’Ish. App-14. wine. Hebrew. yayin. App-27. strong drink. Hebrew. shekar. App-27. merciful = kind. from the evil to come = from the presence of the calamity. evil = calamity. Hebrew. ra’a’. App-44: i.e. the calamity referred to in Jeremiah 22:10. See 2 Kings 22:16-20. He: i.e. the righteous man. they: i.e. the men of grace. in = upon, beds = couches. his uprightness = his straight path. sorceress. See note on Isaiah 2:6 ("soothsayer"). children = offspring. transgression: i.e. inborn transgression. Hebrew. pasha’. App-44. seed of falsehood = false seed. Figure of speech Enallage. with idols = with the sacred trees: i.e. the Asherahs. See App-42. slaying the children. Reference to Pentateuch (Leviticus 18:21); to Molech (1 Kings 11:7. 2 Kings 17:16, 2 Kings 17:17); or to Baal (Jeremiah 19:5. Ezekiel 16:20; Ezekiel 23:39. Hosea 13:1). the smooth stones, &c. = the open places. Judah still in the land. None of the things mentioned in verses: Isaiah 57:5-7 found in Babylonia. thy. This and all the Pronouns in verses: Isaiah 57:6-8 are Feminine. drink offering . . . meat offering. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 29:40, Exodus 29:41, &c. Numbers 15:1-10). Compare 1 Kings 12:32, 1 Kings 12:33. I receive comfort. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. remembrance = symbols. where thou sawest it = a hand thou hast seen: as beckoning. the king. Or, the idol, as in Isaiah 30:33. 1 Kings 11:7. hell. Hebrew. Sheol. App-35. found . . . hand = found [by the length of thy journeys] a hand to mouth life. for. Some codices, with two early printed editions, omit "for", and read "and thy works, they will not profit thee". criest. In distress. thy companies. The paramours of Isa 57:8. wind. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. vanity. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct), for vain men. Compare Psalms 144:4. James 4:14. putteth his trust = fleeth for refuge to. Hebrew. hasah. See App-69. holy. See note on Exodus 3:5. Cast ye up = Make a highway. Figure of speech Epizeuxis. lofty = lifted up. Same word as Isaiah 6:1 ("exalted One"). That inhabiteth = inhabiting. souls = breathing things. Hebrew. neshamah. App-16. See note on Isaiah 2:22 ("breath"). I hid Me. Compare Isaiah 45:15; Isaiah 59:2; Isaiah 64:7. lead = (gently) lead. mourners. See note on "mourn" (Isaiah 3:26). Peace, peace. Figure of speech Epizeuxis, for great emphasis = perfect peace (as in Isaiah 26:3), or great prosperity. wicked = lawless. Hebrew. rasha’. App-44, the troubled sea = the sea when tossed. when = for. no peace. Compare Isaiah 48:22. Cry aloud = Hebrew "call with the throat": i.e. deep down as in the oriental throat. It denotes not a wild cry, but solemnity with restraint. transgression = rebellion. Hebrew. pasha’ App-44. the house of Jacob. See note on Isaiah 2:6. forsook. See note on Isaiah 1:4. God. Hebrew. Elohim. justice = righteousness. Compare Ex. 21-23. Wherefore . . . ? Figure of speech Erotesis. afflicted our soul. Reference to Pentateuch. This is a strictly Levitical technical expression (Leviticus 16:29, Leviticus 16:31; Leviticus 23:27, Leviticus 23:32. Numbers 29:7). This shows that the People were not in exile as alleged, but in the Land. See also the references to other observances below (Isaiah 58:13). Note that in Isaiah 58 and Isaiah 59 we have the reference to the Day of Atonement; in Isaiah 60 and Isaiah 61, to the Sabbatical and Jubilee years. Isaiah 60 refers to the feast of Tabernacles with its "ingathering" (verses: Isaiah 58:3-5, Isaiah 58:13), which followed the Day of Atonement (Leviticus 23:27, Leviticus 23:34). soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. Some codices, with one early printed edition, Aramaean, Septuagint, and Vulgate, read "souls" (plural) Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. ye fast. Referring to Day of Atonement, which was still observed; and in the Land, not in exile, as alleged. wickedness = lawlessness. Hebrew. rasha’ App-44. ye shall not. Some codices, with two early printed editions, read "and ye shall not". to make = if ye would make. chosen. See note on Isaiah 1:29. a man. Hebrew. adam. App-14. soul. Hebrew. nephesh. App-13. bulrush. See note on Isaiah 9:14. the Lord. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. bands = pangs. See note on Psalms 73:4. to deal = to break. The technical term for giving or partaking of food, as in Luke 24:30, Luke 24:35. Acts 2:42, Acts 2:46; Acts 20:7, Acts 20:11; Acts 27:36. 1 Corinthians 10:16; 1 Corinthians 11:24. Compare Job 42:11. Lamentations 4:4. Ezekiel 18:7; Ezekiel 24:17. Hosea 9:4. bread. Put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Species), for all kinds of food. poor. Hebrew. ’anah. See note on Proverbs 6:11. hide not. Some codices, with two early printed editions, read "do not thou hide". thine own flesh. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 29:14). thine health. Hebrew thy healing. Referring to the healing of wounds. be = bring up. rereward = rearguard. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 14:19, Exodus 14:20). Compare Isaiah 52:12. cry. In distress. draw out thy soul. Some codices, with Syriac, read "give out thy bread". be. Supply Ellipsis (of verb "become"). Or, we have the Figure of speech Oxymoron. See App-6. guide = (gently) guide. drought. Hebrew droughts (plural of majesty) = great drought. make fat = invigorate. build = rebuild. This is still future. to dwell in: or, leading home. thy foot. Some codices, with one early printed edition, read "thy feet" (plural) from the sabbath. Reference to Pentateuch, as in Isaiah 56:2. pleasure. Some codices, with three early printed editions, read "pleasures" (pl). holy. See note on Exodus 3:5. thine own words = vain words: or, keep making talk, delight thyself = revel. cause thee to ride, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 32:13; Deuteronomy 33:29). Behold. Figure of speech Asterismos. hand. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. not shortened. Reference to Pentateuch (Numbers 11:23). Compare Isaiah 50:2. The phrase occurs nowhere else in the O.T. iniquities. Hebrew. ’avah. App-44. Same word as in verses: Isaiah 59:3, Isaiah 59:12. Not the same as in verses: Isaiah 59:6, Isaiah 59:7. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. sins. Hebrew. chata’. App-44. have hid His face. Compare Isaiah 45:15; Isaiah 54:8; Isaiah 57:17. defiled. Hebrew. ga’al, to redeem, put for ga’al, to pollute, here, and Ezra 2:62. Nehemiah 7:64. Lamentations 4:14. Daniel 1:8, Daniel 1:8. Zephaniah 3:1. Malachi 1:7, Malachi 1:12. calleth for justice = sueth in righteousness. for truth = in truth. trust = confide. Hebrew. batah. App-69. vanity = confusion. Hebrew. tohu, as in Genesis 1:2 ("without form"). See note on Isaiah 24:10. lies = vanity. iniquity. Hebrew. ’aven. App-44. Same word as in verses: Isaiah 59:59, Isaiah 59:6, Isaiah 59:7. Not the same as in verses: Isaiah 59:2, Isaiah 59:3, Isaiah 59:12. cockatrice = adders’, or vipers’. See note on Isaiah 11:8. eggs . . . web. Note the Alternation in verses: Isaiah 5:6. weave. See note on Isaiah 19:9. viper. Occurs in Isaiah only here, and in the "former" portion (Isaiah 30:6). See App-79. Their feet = They. Feet being put by Figure of speech Synecdoche (of Part), for the whole person. Quoted in Romans 3:15, Romans 3:16. evil. Hebrew. ra’a’. App-44. innocent blood. Reference to Pentateuch. Only here in Isaiah; five times in Deuteronomy (Isaiah 19:10, Isaiah 19:13; Isaiah 19:21, Isaiah 19:8, Isaiah 19:9). paths = highways. See note on Isaiah 7:3. The way, &c. See Romans 3:17. Judgment = righteousness. justice = righteousness. Same as "judgment", Isaiah 59:8. We grope, &c. Reference to Pentateuch (Deuteronomy 28:29). Idea the same, but word different. The word in Deuteronomy is the same as in Genesis 27:12, Genesis 27:22; Genesis 31:34, Genesis 31:37. Exodus 10:21. Job 5:14; Job 12:25. The word in Isaiah occurs nowhere else. App-92. night. Hebrew. nesheph. A Homonym, with two meanings: (1) darkness, as here; Job 24:15. Proverbs 7:9. 2 Kings 7:5, 2 Kings 7:7. 2 Kings 5:11; 2 Kings 21:4. Jeremiah 13:16; (2) daylight, 1 Samuel 30:17. Job 7:4. Psalms 119:147. transgressions. Hebrew. pasha’. App-44. sins. Hebrew. chata’. App-44. Note that these three words occur together in Leviticus 16:21. truth faileth = the truth is found missing, maketh himself a prey: i.e. is liable to be despoiled, or outlawed. Rashi says, "is considered mad", as Authorized Version margin arm. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia (App-6). Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Cause), for the power put forth by it. He put on. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. Note that all the armour is for defense. breastplate = a coat of mail. of vengeance for clothing = of avenging for clothing. Compare Isaiah 61:2; Isaiah 63:4. The Oxf. Gesenius explains it as "of Jehovah as champion of Israel" (p. 528 b). zeal = jealousy. islands = maritime countries. See note on Isaiah 11:11. enemy. Hebrew. tzar, as in Isaiah 59:18. like a flood = like the flood: the Nile in its overflow. Spirit. Hebrew. ruach. App-9. lift up. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. standard: or, banner. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 17:15). Hebrew. nasas. App-92. the. Redeemer = a Redeemer: i.e. the Messiah. Quoted in Romans 11:26, Romans 11:27, showing that the fullness of the Gentiles must be the fullness of the Gentile times. to = for: i.e. on behalf of. See note on Romans 11:26. for ever. This coming deliverance for Israel will be final, and cannot therefore as yet have taken place. Arise. Compare Isaiah 51:9, Isaiah 51:17, "awake"; Isaiah 52:2, "awake"; Isaiah 60:1, "arise"; and contrast the cry to Babylon (Isaiah 47:1), "come down, sit in the dust". See App-82. This refers to the future. shine. Compare 2 Samuel 23:4. thy light: i.e. Israel’s glory. the glory of the LORD. Hebrew. kabod. See Isaiah 4:2, Isaiah 4:5; Isaiah 6:3; Isaiah 35:2; Isaiah 40:5; Isaiah 58:8; and Isaiah 60:2 here. Compare Psalms 106:20. Jeremiah 2:11. Haggai 2:3, Haggai 2:7, Haggai 2:9. the LORD. Hebrew. Jehovah. App-4. behold. Figure of speech Asterismos, to call attention to the condition of the nations just before Israel’s future glory shines forth. people = peoples. the Gentiles = nations. all they, &c. This is still future. sons . . . daughters. These are not Gentiles therefore, but true Israelites (Jeremiah 31:10). Compare Ezekiel 34:11-15. nursed, &c. Carried on the shoulders. So Chaldee and Septuagint. See note on Isaiah 49:22. flow together: or, according to the Targum and Syriac, "shall be lightened", as in Psalms 34:5. fear = praise. Hebrew. pahad. A Homonym, with two meanings: (1) to fear, as in Deuteronomy 28:66. Job 23:15; but (2) to rejoice, here and Hosea 3:5 = praise. See note there. be enlarged = opened as with joy. of the sea = of the rich seafaring peoples, for which "sea" is put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Adjunct). converted = turned. forces = fullness, riches, wealth, or resources. This prophecy looks far beyond the return under Ezra-Nehemiah. See verses: Isaiah 60:12, Isaiah 60:15, &c. The multitude = A stream. Sheba. Compare Psalms 72:10. Both descended from Abraham and Keturah. Kedar. See Isaiah 21:16, Isaiah 21:17; Isaiah 42:11. together = out. the. Some codices, with one early printed edition, Septuagint, and Syriac, read "and the". Nebaioth. A tribe allied to Kedar, descended from Ishmael (Genesis 25:13). glorify = beautify. house of My glory = My beautiful house. Who are these . . . ? Referring probably to the ships whose sails are compared to wings, developed in next verse. isles = maritime lands. See note on Isaiah 11:11. shall wait. Compare Isaiah 42:4; Isaiah 51:5. ships of Tarshish. See note on Isaiah 2:16. first = in the first place, or rank. from far. This looks beyond Babylon. God. Hebrew. Elohim. App-4. the Holy One of Israel. See note on Isaiah 1:4. the sons of strangers. Reference to Pentateuch (Exodus 12:43. Leviticus 22:25). These were expressly excluded. strangers = foreigners. in My wrath. Compare Isaiah 54:8. Zechariah 1:15. thy gates shall be open. Hebrew they shall keep thy gates open. The word "they" is impersonal: i.e. they who are continually bringing the exiles with their riches. Compare the same idiom in Luke 12:20, "they demand thy soul". not be shut. These coming times are already being foreshadowed, for this has already been the case for the past few years. This looks beyond the Ezra- Nehemiah period, for see Nehemiah 13:19. the nation. shall perish. This is still future. the. Some codices, with one early printed edition, Septuagint, and Vulgate, read "and the". the place of My feet: i.e. the Temple. Compare Isaiah 35:2. Psalms 99:5; Psalms 132:7. Figure of speech Periphrasis. feet. Figure of speech Anthropopatheia. afflicted = oppressed. See Isaiah 1:7, Isaiah 1:8; Isaiah 6:12; Isaiah 7:16. shall come, &c. Not fulfilled yet. Matthew 8:11 refers to this. Compare Malachi 1:11. forsaken. The type of the forsaken wife is changed to that of the forsaken Land. See note on Isaiah 1:4. eternal. This cannot refer to the prosperity of any past period of Israel’s history. of many generations = of generation after generation. thou shalt know, &c. Reference to Pentateuch. See notes on Isaiah 1:24; Isaiah 41:14, &c. the LORD am thy Saviour. This constitutes another Jehovah title. Hebrew = Jehovah moshi’ek. Redeemer. Compare Isaiah 41:14; Isaiah 43:14; Isaiah 44:6, Isaiah 44:24, &c. (ten times in all, in Isaiah. Compare Proverbs 23:11. the mighty One of Jacob. Reference to Pentateuch (Genesis 49:24). Compare Isaiah 49:26. Psalms 132:2-5. Including the whole natural seed, as well as the spiritual seed of Israel. See notes on Genesis 32:28; Genesis 43:6; Genesis 45:26, Genesis 45:30. For brass. Note the correspondence (by contrast)of this verse with Isaiah 3:24. Compare also Isaiah 1:23-26. thine exactors = thy tax-gatherers. See Luke 3:13. righteousness = righteous. The very opposite to what they have been. Put by Figure of speech Metonymy (of Subject), for righteous. Violence shall, &c. Compare Genesis 6:11, Genesis 6:13. Some codices, with three early printed editions, Septuagint, and Syriac, read "So shall violence", &c. walls. Compare Isaiah 26:1. Salvation: or, Victory. Thy sun . . . go down. These prophecies mourning. See note on Isaiah 3:26. yet await Thy People . . . all righteous. fulfilment. for ever. This settles the whole question as to any fulfilment in the past. My planting. Hebrew text has "His planting", but "My plantings" in the margin, with some codices, four early printed editions, Aramaean, Syriac, and Vulgate. glorified = get Myself glory.