The consecration of the chrism could be performed by none but the Bishop, and he alone could anoint the forehead Apost. Const. iii. § 16:  “Let the Bishop anoint those that are baptized with ointment (μύρῳ).”, Presbyters being allowed to anoint the breast, but only with chrism received from the Bishop See the authorities in Bingham, Ant. xii. c. 2, §§ 1, 2..  The several ceremonies are thus explained in the Apostolical Constitutions iii. 17.:  “This baptism is given into the death of Jesus:  the water is instead of the burial, and the oil instead of the Holy Ghost; the seal instead of the Cross; the ointment is the confirmation of the Confession Const. Apost. vii. c. 22..”