Introductory Notice to Alexander, Bishop of Lycopolis. 2183 ———————————— [ a.d. 301.] To the following account, translated from Galland, I prefix only the general date of Alexander’s episcopate. He was succeeded in the bishopric of Lycopolis by the turbulent Meletius, of whose schism we need not say anything here. But his early relations with the heresy of Manes, and his subsequent orthodoxy (in all which he was a foreshadowing of Augustine), render his treatise on the Manichæan opinions especially valuable. Combefis conjectured that Alexander was called Λυκοπολίτης , as having been born at Lycus, a city of the Thebaid, and so by race an Egyptian, and to his opinion both Cave and Fabricius are inclined. But this conjecture is plainly uncertain, if we are to trust Photius, in his Epitome De Manichæis, which Montfaucon has edited. 2184 For in this work Photius, whilst speaking of the authors who wrote against those heretics, makes mention also of Alexander as bishop of the city of Lycus, ὅτε τῆς πόλεως Λύκων ᾽Αλέξανδρος τοὺς ἀρχιερατικοὺς νόμους ἐγκεχειρισμένος . 2185 So that it is no easy matter to state whether our author was called Λυκοπολίτης , because he was born either at Lycopolis in the Thebaid, or at another Lycopolis in Lower Egypt, which Stephanus places close to the sea in the Sebennytic nome, or whether he was not rather called Λυκοπολίτης , as having held the bishopric of Lycopolis. The unwonted manner of speaking employed by Photius need not delay the attention of anyone, when he makes Alexander to have been Archbishop of Lycopolis; for it is established that the Bishop of Alexandria alone was Archbishop and Patriarch of the whole Egyptian diocese. Epiphanius 2186 certainly says, when speaking of Meletius, 2187 the schismatical Bishop of Lycopolis, ἐδόκει δὲ ὁ Μελήτιος τῶν κατὰ τήν Αἴγυπτον προήκων, καὶ δευτερεύων τῷ Πετρῳ τῷ τῆς ᾽Αλεξανδρείας κατὰ τὴν ἀρχιεπισκοπήν . And to the same purpose he says elsewhere, Μελήτιος, ὁ τῆς Αἰγύπτου ἀπὸ Θηβαΐδος δοκῶν εἶναι καὶ αὐτὸς ἀρχιεπίσκοπος . But however these matters are understood, it is admitted that Alexander came just before Meletius in the See of Lycopolis, and we know that he occupied the episcopal chair of that city in the beginning of the fourth century, in which order Le Quien places him among the Lycopolitan prelates, on the authority of Photius. In the time of Constantine, the Eastern and Western Empire were each divided into seven districts, called dioceses, 2188 which comprised about one hundred and eighteen provinces; 2189 each province contained several cities, each of which had a district 2190 attached to it. The ecclesiastical rulers of the dioceses were called patriarchs, exarchs, or archbishops, of whom there were fourteen; the rulers of the provinces were styled metropolitans, i.e., governors of the μητρόπολις or mother city, and those of each city and its districts were called bishops. So that the division which we now call a diocese, was in ancient times a union of dioceses, and a parish was a combination of modern parishes. 2191 But however it be, whether Alexander was called Λυκοπολίτης from his birthplace, or from his episcopal See, this is certain and acknowledged, that he of good right claims for himself a place among ecclesiastical writers, for he has given us an elaborate treatise against the Manichæan tenets; and he is therefore styled by Allatius auctor eruditissimus et φιλοσοφικώτατος , and his work libellus aureus . Allatius wrote out and brought to light two passages from it, while as yet it was lying hid in the libraries. From the inscription of the work, we learn that Alexander was first a pagan; and afterwards, having given up the religion of the Greeks, became an adherent of the Manichæan doctrines, which he says that he learnt from those who were on terms of familiar intercourse with the heresiarch, ἀπὸ τῶν γνωρίμων τοῦ ἀνδρός ; 2192 so that he would seem to be not far wrong in his conjecture who would place our author at no very distant date from the times of Manes himself. From the errors of this sect he was divinely reclaimed, and, taking refuge in the Church, he exposed the scandals attaching to the heresiarch, and solidly refuted his unwholesome dogmas. From having been an adherent of the sect himself, he has given us more information concerning their tenets than it was in the power of others to give, and on that account his treatise seems to be held in much estimation. 2193 2183     Translated from Gallandi, Vet. Patr. Biblioth . The reverend translator is styled in the Edinburgh edition, “Curate of Ilminster, Somerset.” 2184     Cf. Combef., Auctar. Noviss., part ii. p. 2; Cav., Dissert. de. Script. Eccl., incert. ætat. p. 2; Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. , tom. v. p. 287; Montfaucon, Bibl. Coisl., p. 349, seqq. 2185     Photius, Epist. de Manich., Bibliotheca Coisliniana , p. 354. 2186     Epiph., Hær ., lxviii. n. 1, lxix. n. 2; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, tom. ii. p. 597. 2187     Meletius of Lycopolis, a schismatical bishop of the third and fourth centuries. Athanasius tells us that Meletius, who was Bishop of Lycopolis in Upper Egypt at the time of the persecution under Diocletian and his successors, yielded to fear and sacrificed to idols: and being subsequently deposed, on this and other charges, in a Synod over which Peter, Bishop of Alexandria, presided, determined to separate from the Church, and to constitute with his followers a separate community. Epiphanius, on the other hand, relates that both Peter and Meletius, being in confinement for the faith, differed concerning the treatment to be used toward those who, after renouncing their Christian profession, became penitent, and wished to be restored to the communion of the Church. The Meletians afterwards co-operated with the Arians in their hostility to Athanasius.— See Art. Meletius, in Smith’s Biograph. Dict .— Tr . 2188     διοικήσεις . 2189     ἐπαρχίαι . 2190     παροικία . 2191     [More simply, the Church’s system naturally kept to the lines of the civil divisions. A diœcese was, in fact, a patriarchate ; a province was presided over by a metropolitan ; a parish was what we call a diocese . Before Constantine’s time these arrangements existed for convenience, but were not invested with worldly consequence. Neale adopts this twofold spelling ( diœcese and diocese ) in his Alexandra, vol. i. p. xiv. 2192     Cf . Alex., De Manich. placit ., cap. 2. 2193     This treatise of Alexander was first published by Combefis, with a Latin version, in the Auctarium novissimum , Bibl. S. S. Patrum , Ps. ii. p. 3. It is published also by Gallandi, Bibl. Patrum , vol. iv. p. 73.