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THE ROYAL FEAST AT SHUSHAN, Esther 1:1-9. 1. This is Ahasuerus — Our author is careful to distinguish this Ahasuerus from other monarchs of the same name who are mentioned in the Hebrew books. We read of a Median Ahasuerus in Daniel 9:1, and in Ezra 4:6 Cambyses, son of Cyrus, bears the same name. Neither of these, however, reigned from India even unto Ethiopia, that is, from the Indus to the Upper Nile. But as three different Persian kings reigned over this extent of country, we conclude that the name Ahasuerus was not, as some have imagined, a title common to all the kings of Persia. Only one of these three wide-ruling sovereigns was known as Ahasuerus, and him we identify with Xerxes, the son and successor of Darius Hystaspis. For the argument by which this opinion is supported, see Introduction. The word India (äãå, Hoddu) occurs in the Bible only here and in Esther 8:9, and designates the country bordering on the river Indus, but not including, as now, the whole peninsula of Hindostan. Ethiopia — Hebrew, Gush; the name of an indefinite extent of country bordering on the south of Egypt, and watered by the branches of the Upper Nile. Herodotus mentions (vii, 9) both Indians and Ethiopians as subjects of Xerxes. A hundred and seven and twenty provinces — These provinces were subdivisions of the Persian empire, according to races or tribes inhabiting different localities. They are not to be confounded with satrapies, for one satrapy might include many provinces. Darius Hystaspis divided the empire into twenty satrapies, (Herod., 3:89,) each of which comprised a number of nations or tribes. The Jewish community at Jerusalem formed a province, (Ezra 2:1; Nehemiah 1:3,) but it was under a governor of the region west of the Euphrates. See note on Ezra 5:3. Darius the Mede set over his Babylonian kingdom one hundred and twenty “princes,” (Daniel 6:2,) but these were not the same as the Persian satraps, who resembled rather the “three presidents of whom Daniel was first,” while the “princes” were probably more like the rulers of provinces in the later Persian empire. 2. Sat on the throne of his kingdom — That is, was quietly and firmly settled in his dominions; an oriental mode of representing an absolute monarch in possession of royal authority and power. The Asiatic kings are thus represented on the monuments, and Xerxes is said to have watched the battles of Thermopylae and Salamis while seated on a throne. Shushan the palace — See note on Nehemiah 1:1. 3. The third year of his reign — This coincides with the time just after his reduction of Egypt, when, according to Herodotus, (vii, 7, 8,) Xerxes convoked a great assembly of the principal Persians, the chiefs of the empire, to deliberate on his expedition against Greece. This coincidence is no light argument for identifying Ahasuerus with Xerxes. Made a feast — Among the Persians and other oriental nations it was a custom for kings and generals to give a grand banquet after a victory, or upon a great state occasion. So in the Book of Judith, (i, 16,) Nebuchadnezzar returns from a great victory and feasts his army one hundred and twenty days. So Cyrus feasted the Persians when he wished to unite them in revolt from the power of Media. (Herod., 1:126.) Belshazzar feasted a thousand nobles, (Daniel 5:1,) and, according to Quintus Curtius, ten thousand men were present at one of Alexander’s festivals. All his princes and his servants — That is, all the rulers of the one hundred and twenty-seven provinces, and other officers, civil and military, who held positions of honour and power under the king. These are further defined as the power of Persia and Media, the elite of the empire, as represented in the nobles and princes of the provinces. The nobles were of a rank superior to the princes, or rulers of provinces. They were, next to the king, the great magnates of the empire, the first men of the nation. The word rendered nobles, (τψϊξιν,) is of Persian origin, and signifies first. No ordinary occasion was this great banquet of Ahasuerus, when before him were assembled these representatives of his power. The repeated mention in this chapter (comp. Esther 1:14; Esther 1:18-19) of Persia and Media, always naming Persia first, shows that at the time of this feast Persia had supremacy over the Medes. Compare the opposite usage in Daniel 5:28; Daniel 6:8; Daniel 12:13; Daniel 8:20; when the Median power was yet in the ascendency. 4. When he showed — Literally, in his showing; that is, while he showed or descanted on his wealth and power. The riches of his glorious kingdom and the honour of his excellent majesty are not to be understood of the wealth and magnificence displayed at the royal banquet, but rather the extent and vast resources of his empire, as exhibited by the number and dignity of his guests. If his object in assembling these great officers of his realm was to deliberate on the invasion of Greece, we see a reason for this showing of his vast wealth and power. He would thus convince his princes of his abundant ability to conquer Greece. A hundred and fourscore days — We are not to understand, as some have done, that the royal feast continued all these six months. The great banquet was given, as the next verse shows, after these days had expired. But many a feast of less note might have been held during the one hundred and eighty days. Ctesias relates that the king of Persia furnished provisions daily for twenty-five thousand men. We need not suppose, however, that all the princes of the empire were absent from their homes and entertained for six months at Shushan; but rather, as Rawlinson suggests, “we may conclude that the time was extended in order to allow of the different persons making their appearance at the court successively.” Xerxes is said to have been four years in mustering his forces and making preparations for his expedition against the Greeks, (Herod., 7:20,) and he might well have spent the half of one year in consulting with his nobles, forming plans, and estimating the character and extent of his resources. 5. When these days were expired — That is, at the end of the one hundred and eighty days. Unto all the people that were present in Shushan — Literally, as the margin, all that were found at Shushan. Probably not all the princes of the empire were to be found at the palace at the same time, but such of them as were found there at the time indicated were honoured with this magnificent banquet. But this feast was not for the princes only, but for all the people, irrespective of rank, for the writer is careful to say that it was made both unto great and small. Some have supposed two banquets, one lasting one hundred and eighty, and the other seven days, the former for the princes and nobles, the latter for the inhabitants of Shushan. But this supposition is unnecessary. No doubt the one hundred and eighty days, as remarked above, were enlivened by many a feast, at which only nobles and princes were present; but this grand feast, which lasted seven days, was an occasion of general revelry, in which princes and people alike participated. The court of the garden of the king’s palace — Oriental palaces had a park or garden connected with them, adorned with trees and fountains. The court of such garden was either the great hall that opened immediately upon it or the garden itself. Loftus identifies this court with the great colonnade, of which we have given a cut on page 436. He remarks: “It stands on an elevation in the centre of the mound, the remainder of which we may well imagine to have been occupied, after the Persian fashion, with a garden and fountains. Thus the colonnade would represent the ‘court of the garden of the king’s palace,’ with its ‘pillars of marble.’ I am even inclined to believe that the expression ‘Shushan the palace,’ applies especially to this portion of the existing ruins in contradistinction to the citadel and the city of Shushan.” But according to Fergusson, “the feast took place, not in the interior of any hall, but out of doors, in tents erected in one of the courts of the palace, such as we may easily fancy existed in front of either the eastern or western porches of the great central building.” Comp. note on Esther 5:1. 6. White, green, and blue — White and blue, or violet, seem to have been royal colours in Persia. Comp. Esther 8:15. The great hall of marble pillars was adorned with hangings of various colours and materials, which were fastened in festoon-like form to the pillars, and served probably both for ornament and awning. It is difficult to identify precisely the various colours and substances mentioned in this verse. Keil renders the whole verse thus: White stuff, variegated and purple hangings, fastened with cords of byssus and purple to silver rings and marble pillars; couches of gold and silver upon a pavement of malachite and marble, mother-of-pearl and tortoise-shell. “The description,” he remarks, “consists of mere allusions to, or exclamations at, the splendour of the preparations. In the first half of the verse the hangings of the room, in the second the couches for the guests, are noticed.” These couches (which were placed upon the tessellated pavement of the court, and on which the guests reclined at the banquet) were probably not of solid gold and silver, but either “covered with cloth woven of gold and silver thread,” (Keil,) or else mounted and beautifully set with plates of these precious metals. Herodotus (ix, 80-82) makes mention of the vast quantities of gold and silver vessels of various kinds, together with gold and silver couches and tables, and various coloured awnings, (παραπετασματα,) which Xerxes carried with him on his expedition to Greece. Strabo (xv, 3, 19) says of the Persians, “their couches, drinking cups, and other articles are so brilliantly ornamented that they gleam with gold and silver.” Other ancient writers also mention the immense wealth of Persia. 7. The vessels being diverse — Literally, vessels from vessels differing, that is, in size, shape, colour, and material. Royal wine — Such as only king’s were wont to use. According to Strabo the special drink of the Persian kings was Chalybonian wine from Syria. According to the state of the king — According to all the other exhibitions of his royal bounty. Compare 1 Kings 10:13. 8. The drinking… according to the law — That is, according to a specific decree of the king, which decree was, that there should be no compulsion in the matter of drinking at this feast. This is seen further on in the words, for so the king had appointed to all the officers of his house. He gave orders that his guests should be allowed to drink much or little, or not at all, according to every man’s pleasure. “He respected their national habits,” says Wordsworth, “and did not forget that some of the mountaineer Persian tribes, which retained the simplicity and strictness of their ancient customs, were famous for their temperance.” (, Cyrop., Esther 1:2; Esther 1:16; AMMIAN. , xxiii, 6.) Large quantities of wine were usually drank at Persian festivals, and it is supposed that the custom of pledging guests commonly prevailed to such an extent as to compel many to drink against their will. 9. Vashti the queen — Rawlinson is inclined to identify this queen with Amestris, and supposes that her divorce and disgrace, recorded in this chapter, may have been only temporary, and that she was restored to her former dignity again in the latter part of Xerxes’ reign. More probably, however, she was not the queen-consort, but a favourite concubine, whom the king delighted to honour. As he lavished royal honours on a favourite officer, (Esther 6:11,) so might he allow a favourite of his harem to make and preside at a feast for the women in the royal house. The Greek writers state that it was a custom of the Persians to introduce their wives and concubines at great feasts, but, when drunken and riotous, they sent their legitimate wives away, and called in the concubines and singing girls. DIVORCE OF VASHTI, Esther 1:10-22. 10. On the seventh day — The last day of the feast. Compare Esther 1:5. Merry with wine — “The Persians are much addicted to wine,” writes Herodotus, (i, 133.) “They are accustomed to debate the most important affairs when intoxicated, but they reconsider such deliberation the next day, when they are sober, and if they approve it when sober also, they adopt it, if not, they reject it, and whatever they have first resolved on when sober, they reconsider when intoxicated.” This feast of Ahasuerus seems to have increased in riot and drunken revelry as the days passed. The seven chamberlains — Rather, eunuchs, who had principal charge of the royal harem. Their number corresponded to that of the princes, Esther 1:14. 11. The crown royal — “The crown royal, or ordinary headdress of a Persian king, was a stiff cap, probably of felt or cloth, ornamented with a blue and white band or ribbon — which was the diadem proper. The character of the queen’s crown is unknown.” — Rawlinson. This mention of the crown royal does not prove Vashti to have been the principal and legitimate wife of Ahasuerus, for, as shown above, (see note on Esther 1:9,) a favourite concubine may have been thus honoured. 12. Vashti refused to come — Assuming the dignity and boldness of a queen, she refused to be treated as an ordinary concubine, and to suffer her person to be immodestly exposed to the promiscuous crowd of half drunken revellers. “The summons,” remarks Tyrwhitt, “probably found her with a crowd of female guests before her. She might have been loth at another time to obey; but while they looked on, it was a severer trial to be required to abdicate her dignity, and, confessing her royal state his bounty, to cast, as it were, her crown before his footstool.” Only such a king as Xerxes would have made such a demand upon a favourite concubine, but it is perfectly in keeping with his character. 13. The wise men, which knew the times — Men versed in the laws and customs of their age and of former times, and, therefore, capable of giving proper counsel on any matters of law or precedent. So was the king’s manner — The regard of the Persians and Medes for their laws is proverbial, and the kings were always careful to consult the wise men, who knew law and judgment, before they proceeded to enact or execute any great or unusual measure. 14. The seven princes — These seven, whose names are here given, are among the wise men whom he consulted. They were his most intimate counsellors, and the very highest nobles of the empire. See the note on Ezra 7:14. In the name Admatha we may, perhaps, recognise Artabanus, the uncle of Xerxes, (Herod., Esther 7:10,) and in Marsena, his famous general Mardonius. 15. What shall we do… according to law — They are sometimes great sticklers for law who often, in their personal conduct, seem to know no law. 16. Memucan answered — In this address of Memucan we have a genuine specimen of an ingenious Persian courtier. We cannot but admire the skill by which he merges the king’s cause into that of all the princes and husbands of the empire. 18. Ladies — Princesses; those who were with their husbands at the court of Ahasuerus, or at Shushan, where they would at once (this day) hear of Vashti’s deed, that is, both her act and words, and be emboldened to say to their lords what Vashti had said to the king. Contempt and wrath — Contempt on the part of wives for their husbands, and consequent wrath or anger (compare Esther 1:12) on the part of the affronted husbands. This verse should be rendered thus: And this day will the princesses of Persia and Media, who have heard of the word of the queen, say (like words) to all the princes of the king, and (there will be) enough contempt and wrath. 19. That it be not altered — Literally, and it shall not pass away; that is, it shall remain as a precedent, and be a permanent law for such matters in the empire. On the proverbial inviolability of the laws of the Medes and Persians, compare the marginal references. It originated, probably, in a desire to enhance in the national mind the sacredness of law, and also to forestall capricious and hasty changes in administration. But it was a defective and pernicious principle, making no provision against the capricious enactment of rash and harmful laws, and then allowing no repeal nor modification of them. Practically, however, it was often evaded, and the monarch found some way to make it lawful to do as he pleased. Her royal estate — The queenly privileges and honours with which the king had been pleased to distinguish her. Unto another — Hebrew, her female companion. This expression indicates that she herself was but a concubine, for the monarch’s legitimate marriage with one who was to be principal wife, and who, according to Persian law, (Herod., 3:84,) could be taken only from one of the seven princely families of the empire, would hardly be spoken of in this way. 20. Both to great and small — The royal example and decree would thus furnish custom and law for all ranks and classes of people in the empire. 22. He sent letters — Herodotus (viii, 98) thus describes the Persian system of letter carrying: “There is nothing mortal that proceeds faster than these messengers. They detail and arrange so many men and horses as there are days’ journeys, a horse and a man being appointed for each day’s journey, and neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor night prevents them from finishing their allotted race as soon as possible. The first racer delivers his message to the second, and the second to the third, and so on.” Every province according to the writing thereof — That is, according to its written alphabetical character in use in each province. To every people after their language — According to their vernacular dialect. The same alphabetical character might be used, as is still common, for several different languages. The bilingual and trilingual inscriptions of Persia and other oriental lands are standing evidences and illustrations of the ancient practice of writing public documents in various characters and languages. That every man should bear rule in his own house — No doubt the king’s letters contained much more than this, but we have here only the general purport of the royal decree. Rawlinson remarks that “the undue influence of women in domestic, and even in public, matters is a feature of the ancient Persian monarchy. Herodotus (vii, 8) tells us that Atossa completely ruled Darius. Xerxes himself was, in his later years, shamefully subject to Amestris. (Ibid., 9:111.) The example of the court would naturally infect the people. The decree would, therefore, seem to have been not so much an idle and superfluous act as an ineffectual protest against a real and growing evil.” (Com. in loco.) If the decree itself be considered unnecessary and absurd, let it be remembered that this was not the only absurd thing which Xerxes did. And that it should be published — Our version is here faulty. The latter part of the verse should be rendered, That every man rule in his own house, and speak according to the language of his own people. That is, not only should every man be lord in his family, but he should require his own native language to be used by his wife and children. Multitudes throughout the empire married foreign wives, and the use of different languages in the same household may have often led to other troubles besides those mentioned in Nehemiah 13:24. Foreign wives were therefore required to learn the language of their husbands, in order that the husband’s pre-eminence and authority in his own house might be the better maintained. Some critics have sought to emend the text, so as to make it read, speak all that suited him; but this reading is purely conjectural, sustained by no parallel, and yields but a trivial thought. ESTHER MADE QUEEN, Esther 2:1-18. 1. After these things — How long after the divorce of Vashti is uncertain. It may have been only a few months, or it may have been a year or more after. It is no doubt to be dated before Xerxes’ departure for Greece, so that the gathering of the virgins to Shushan took place while he was absent from his capital. See note on Esther 2:16. He remembered Vashti — And along with the remembrance came a desire to have her restored to favour again, and probably, also, a feeling that she had been too severely dealt with. 2. Then said the king’s servants — The king probably made known his thoughts and feelings to his servants, and sought their counsel in the matter. These servants were his court officials, officers of the palace, and most of them probably eunuchs. Fair young virgins sought — These officers were anxious to maintain the inviolability of the decree against Vashti, and to prevent the restoration of the deposed favourite, lest the lives of those princes who had advised her repudiation should be endangered. 3. In all the provinces… that they may gather — Had the king been wanting a legitimate wife, no Persian officer would have proposed a measure like this. The laws of Persia and Media required the king to select his wives from the seven noble families. (Herod., 3:84.) Hence this gathering of virgins from all the provinces, irrespective of country or race, shows that the search was for a favourite concubine, not a legitimate queen. The house of the women — The harem, or apartment of the royal palace in which were kept the king’s wives and concubines, numbering often several hundred. See note on 1 Kings 11:3. The necessary degradation of woman under such usages is a matter of note, and the parents of beautiful maidens evidently had no power to withhold their daughters if demanded for the royal harem. Hege… keeper of the women — He seems to have been chief eunuch, and principal overseer of the harem. Rawlinson thinks he may have been the keeper of the virgins only, since Shaashgaz was keeper of the concubines. Esther 2:14. Things for purification — Such as are mentioned in Esther 2:12. 5. Mordecai — Some scholars connect this name with Merodach, the Babylonian idol, (Jeremiah 50:2,) but the etymology is uncertain. He may, perhaps, be identified with Natacas, or Matocas, whom Ctesias mentions as one of Xerxes’ most favourite and powerful eunuchs, and whom he sent after his return from Greece, to plunder and destroy a temple of Apollo. That Mordecai was a eunuch appears probable from the position he held in the Persian court, his access to the house of the women, and his adoption and care of the youthful Esther. Jair… Shimei… Kish — These are obviously the immediate ancestors of Mordecai, since, according to the next verse, the great-grandfather, Kish, had been taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar. Hence there is no sufficient reason to identify this Shimei with the son of Gera, mentioned in 2 Samuel 16:5, or this Kish with the father of Saul. 1 Samuel 9:1. These four generations would naturally cover about the period of time that intervened between the eighth year of Nebuchadnezzar (2 Kings 24:8) and the middle of Xerxes’ reign. 6. Who had been carried away — The relative who, here, must refer to Kish, not to Mordecai; for it is scarcely possible that a captive of Nebuchadnezzar should have been an officer of the Persian court in the time of Xerxes. Daniel was taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar, and continued till the reign of Cyrus, (Daniel 1:1; Daniel 1:21,) and the fact is mentioned as worthy of special remark. Had Mordecai been his contemporary, and yet have lived on to the time of Xerxes, the fact would no doubt have received special notice. But the attempt of Tyrwhitt (Esther and Ahasuerus) to show that a great-grandson of a captive taken by Nebuchadnezzar could not have been contemporary with Xerxes, is every way futile. Kish may have been a mere child when taken captive, and Shimei and Jair may not have been the first born. Arguments based on parallel lines of descent are often misleading, for, of the great-grandchildren of two contemporaries, some may be mere infants when others are of mature age. Jeconiah — Another form of the name Jehoiachin. Comp. 2 Kings 24:12, with Jeremiah 24:1. 7. Hadassah, that is, Esther — Tyrwhitt regards Hadassah as the court name, by which she was known among the Persians, and Esther as her Jewish maiden name, by which she was known to her own people. But to this it may be fairly replied that she would be more likely to be known to her own people as well as to the Persians by her royal name; and most interpreters have naturally understood from the expression, he brought up Hadassah, which is Esther, that Hadassah was her early maiden name, and that she took the name of Esther when she became queen. Moreover Hadassah is of Semitic origin, and signifies myrtle; while Esther is the Persian word for star, (Greek, áóôçñ.) The fair and beautiful maiden was known as myrtle; the brilliant and fascinating queen was called star. The name Hadassah is, indeed, substantially identical with Atossa, mentioned by the Greek writers as the wife of Darius Hystaspes, and daughter of Cyrus, but the identity in name is insufficient to identify the Jewish virgin with one who is so clearly represented by Herodotus as both daughter of Cyrus and widow of Cambyses. (Herodotus, 3:88.) His uncle’s daughter — This uncle’s name was Abihail. Esther 2:15. Mordecai and Esther were cousins, but Mordecai was evidently much the older. 9. Such things as belonged to her — Hebrew, her portions, that is, proper allowances of food. Seven maidens… meet to be given her — Each of the virgins probably had seven maids appointed to attend her, but Esther’s seven were selected with special care, (meet, ψΰιεϊ, looked up, searched out, from ψΰδ, to see, to look after,) and Hegai’s further partiality for her was shown in his preferring, or changing, her and her maids to the choice apartments of the harem. 10. Not showed her people — She was directed to this course by her cousin and foster-father as a matter of politic prudence, lest her attachment to her race and religion should prejudice her interests with the officers of the harem. 11. Mordecai… before the court of the women’s house — He was one of the royal porters, (comp. Esther 2:19,) and from his ready access to the court of the harem, it is very naturally supposed that he was a eunuch. 12. According to the manner of the women — Rather, the law of the women; that is, the order or requirement indicated in Esther 2:2 and explained in the sequel of this verse, according to which these women were to go through a twelvemonths’ purification. Myrrh… sweet odours — The design was to cleanse, soften, and beautify to the utmost possible degree. 13. Whatsoever she desired — In the way of jewels, ornaments, or dress. “No doubt,” says Rawlinson, “the virgins generally took the opportunity — one that would occur but once in their lives — to load themselves with precious ornaments of various kinds, necklaces, bracelets, earrings, anklets, and the like.” 14. The second house of the women — An apartment or division of the harem of secondary importance or rank — the place of the concubines. But the word second may be taken in the sense of again, and the passage rendered, she returned to the house of the women again, or, a second time. So Bertheau and Keil. When, however, these women returned again to the harem, they were assigned to a different department from that of the virgins. This is evident from their being placed in custody of Shaashgaz, the keeper of the concubines, not of Hegai, who had charge of the virgins. 15. She required nothing — She made no effort to adorn her person with jewelry or dress to please her own fancy, but left that matter entirely to Hegai, who would be likely to know best what would please the king. 16. The tenth month… Tebeth — Corresponding nearly with our January. The seventh year of his reign — Vashti was divorced in the third year of his reign, so that four years or more elapsed before another queen was crowned in her stead. Xerxes’ preparations for his Grecian war, and his absence from his capital during that campaign, well accounts for this long interval. Herodotus says (vii, 20) that he was four full years preparing for his Grecian war, but this may easily be a mistake, for the Greek historian’s figures are not always to be depended upon. It may have been a year or more after Vashti’s divorce before the king’s love for her returned, and then the order was given for collecting the fair young virgins at Shushan, but before it could be executed Xerxes was off for Greece. Meanwhile the order for assembling the virgins was carried out by the eunuchs, so that when the king returned again to Shushan he found his harem supplied with many virgins and soon after chose Esther as his queen. 17. Set the royal crown upon her head — To show his delight in honouring her, and to distinguish her as his favourite mistress. Compare Esther 1:9; Esther 1:11, notes. 18. Esther’s feast — A banquet to her honour; to celebrate her election to Vashti’s place. Made a release to the provinces — Usually understood as a release from tribute. Septuagint has αφεσιν; Vulgate, requiem. The Hebrew word δπηδ, which occurs nowhere else, comes from a root which means to rest, and may, therefore, properly denote a respite from taxation. The Persian kings were wont to remit the arrears of tribute due at the time of their accession, (Herod., 3:67; 6:59,) and Xerxes may have thought it wise to grant such a release just after the disastrous Grecian war.According to the state of the king — The feast, the release, and the gifts, were all in keeping with true kingly munificence. EXPOSES A COURT , Esther 2:19-23. 19. When the virgins… the second time — Rather, at the gathering together of virgins a second time. Hence it appears there was a second collection of virgins at Shushan, made some years after the previous one, and with the design, no doubt, of enriching the royal harem with new beauties. After his unsuccessful war with Greece, the king abandoned all plans of conquest, and gave himself over to the pleasures of his harem. Accordingly, such a second gathering of virgins would be readily devised to gratify both his vanity and lust. Mordecai sat in the king’s gate — He was one of the royal porters who guarded the doors of the great palace at Shushan. 20. Esther had not… showed — This verse should be regarded as a parenthesis, and is designed, as a circumstantial clause, to show that Esther was obedient to Mordecai as much after she became queen as before. It also shows that this second collection of virgins sprang from no prejudice against Esther as a Jewess. 21. Bigthan — Probably the same as Bigtha, Esther 1:10. Called Bigthana in Esther 6:2. Which kept the door — Literally, guards of the threshold. Being doorkeepers, like Mordecai, the latter was able the more readily to learn of their conspiracy. Such conspiracies among the officers of the court were common in the East, and many a monarch (and subsequently even Xerxes himself) fell by the hand of assassins. 89504e470d0a1a0a0000000d494844520000006c0000007f08030000003dfad7ca00000300504c5445000000010101020202 0303030404040505050606060707070808080909090a0a0a0b0b0b0c0c0c0d0d0d0e0e0e0f0f0f1010101111111212121313 131414141515151616161717171818181919191a1a1a1b1b1b1c1c1c1d1d1d1e1e1e1f1f1f20202020202022222223232324 24242424242626262727272828282828282a2a2a2b2b2b2c2c2c2c2c2c2e2e2e2f2f2f303030303030323232333333343434 3434343636363737373838383838383a3a3a3b3b3b3c3c3c3c3c3c3e3e3e3f3f3f4040404141414141414343434444444545 454646464747474848484949494949494b4b4b4c4c4c4d4d4d4e4e4e4f4f4f50505051515151515153535354545455555556 56565757575858585959595959595b5b5b5c5c5c5d5d5d5e5e5e5f5f5f606060616161616161636363646464656565666666 6767676868686969696969696b6b6b6c6c6c6d6d6d6e6e6e6f6f6f7070707171717171717373737474747575757676767777 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Hanged on a tree — This punishment was performed by the Persians by crucifying or impaling. Grecian writings and the Behistun inscription frequently mention this kind of execution. The criminal was sometimes first slain, but generally impaled alive. The book of the chronicles — Official records, made and kept by the royal scribes, and constituting a body of state papers or annals. See note on Ezra 4:15, 2 Samuel 8:17, and Introduction to Kings, on the sources. HAMAN’S , AND THE EDICT AGAINST THE JEWS, Esther 3:1-15. 1. Haman the son of Hammedatha — “The name Haman is probably the same which is found in the classical writers under the form of Omanes, and which in ancient Persian would have been Umana, or Umanish, an exact equivalent of the Greek Eumenes. Hammedatha is, perhaps, the same as Madata or Mahadata, (Madates of Q. Curtius,) an old Persian name signifying ‘given by (or to) the moon.’” — Rawlinson. The Agagite — Perhaps a descendant of Agag, the Amalekite. 1 Samuel 15:9; 1 Samuel 15:32. It was no impossible thing for a descendant of the royal family of Amalek to become an officer in the court of Persia. Some, however, suggest that the Agagite is an epithet which Jewish hatred has applied to Haman, with the design of associating him with the hated Amalekite. Set his seat above all the princes — Made him his chief favourite and prime minister. Thus Nebuchadnezzar and Darius honoured Daniel, who was also a foreigner.Daniel 2:48; Daniel 6:1-3. 2. The king’s servants… bowed — This was but a mark of respect to any officer of high rank, and is a common custom in all courts. Reverenced Haman — The Hebrew involves the idea of prostrate reverence as to a superior being — bowing on the knees, and touching the forehead to the ground. ξωׁ ?ϊηειν. Septuagint, προσεκυνουν, fell prostrate, worshipped. Vulgate, Flectebant genua et adorabant — bowed their knees and adored. The Chaldee paraphrase has it that they bowed down to a statue which had been set up in honour of Haman. This at once explains why Mordecai bowed not. Haman required worship like a god, and this would have been idolatry with a Jew. Mordecai is represented in the apocryphal Esther (xiii, 12) as praying: “Thou knowest, Lord, that it was neither in contempt nor pride that I did not bow down to Haman; for I would have been glad, for the salvation of Israel, to kiss the soles of his feet. But I did this that I might not glorify man more than God; neither would I worship any, O God, but thee.” 3. Why transgressest thou? — Mordecai answered this question, as we learn from the next verse, by confessing that he was a Jew, and the rules of his religion would not allow him to offer the semblance of divine honours to a mortal. 4. He hearkened not unto them — He would not be persuaded from his purpose to remain true to the principles of his religion. His course was dictated, not by obstinacy, but by firmness of religious principle. Herodotus (vii, 136) relates the case of certain Spartans who visited Shushan in the time of Xerxes, and, when ushered into the royal presence, refused to prostrate themselves and worship the king, on the ground that it was contrary to their customs to worship a man. They told Haman — Until they told him, Haman seems not to have noticed that Mordecai did not bow down to him. Whether Mordecai’s matters would stand — Whether the religious scruples of a Jew would be tolerated in opposition to Persian laws and customs. 6. He thought scorn — Literally, it was contemptible in his eyes. To punish Mordecai alone was too little a thing, in his estimation, to reconcile his offended honour. The whole nation or race of Mordecai must perish to make atonement for this his sole offence. Such wholesale massacres were not uncommon in the East. For the offence of the pseudo-Smerdis the Persians sought to destroy all the Magi, and even celebrated the event by a festival called Magophonia — “the slaughter of the Magi.” — Herod., 3:79. Such a tyrant as Xerxes, with such a minister as Haman were just the men to cause such slaughter upon slight provocation. 7. The first month… Nisan — Corresponding nearly with our April. It was the first month of the Jewish year, the month of the passover.Exodus 12:2. It was called also Abib. Exodus 13:4; Exodus 34:18. They cast Pur — Pur is a Persian word, and, according to our author, signifies the lot. Haman’s diviners cast lots before him in order to determine a favourable or lucky day for carrying out his fierce design against the Jews. “The practice of casting lots,” says Rawlinson, “to obtain a lucky day, remains still in the East, and is probably extremely ancient. Assyrian calendars note lucky and unlucky days as early as the eighth century B.C. Lots were in use both among the oriental and the classical nations from a remote antiquity. From day to day — We are not to understand that they spent a whole year in casting lots. On the first month they cast lots for each day of the month, and for each month of the year, and then, comparing all together, decided which was the most lucky day for their purpose. They fixed upon the thirteenth day of the twelfth month. Esther 3:13; Esther 8:12; Esther 9:1. To the twelfth month — Literally, from month to month the twelfth. The twelfth month was called Adar, and corresponds nearly with our March. We should not fail to observe the providence that so disposed the lot in this case (Proverbs 16:33) as to defer the execution of Haman’s bloody design for nearly a year, thus affording time for Mordecai and Esther to secure its defeat. 8. A certain people scattered abroad — Emphatically such were the Jews at this time. From the fall of Samaria, (2 Kings 17:6,) the tribes of Israel had become more and more dispersed among the people in all the provinces of the East, until their tribe divisions could be now but faintly recognised. Many had returned to Jerusalem, as the Book of Ezra shows, and others returned afterwards, but thousands more continued to dwell in the various countries whither they had become dispersed. Their laws are diverse from all people — The Jews were, unquestionably, “a peculiar people,” and adherence to their customs brought Mordecai and Haman into conflict. Neither keep they the king’s laws — Mordecai’s offence was not the first instance of a Jew’s refusal, from religions scruples, to keep the laws of the heathen kings. Instance the case of Daniel and his companions, (Daniel 1:8; Daniel 3:16-18; Daniel 6:10,) and compare the charge of the Samaritan chiefs, Ezra 4:12-16. 9. Ten thousand talents of silver — Nearly $1,700,000. Haman doubtless expected to pay this amount from the Jewish spoils. Compare Esther 3:13. 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The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 10. Took his ring… and gave it unto Haman — This was done for the purpose of sealing with irrevocable authority the letters which Haman designed (see Esther 3:12) to send to all the rulers of the provinces; “for the writing which is written in the king’s name, and sealed with the king’s ring may no man reverse.” Esther 8:8. Many ancient signet rings have been discovered, some made of gold, others of various kinds of stone. Those made of stone are usually cylindrical. The signet cylinder of Darius Hystaspes bears a trilingual inscription which reads, “Darius the Great King,” and also a picture of the king hunting lions in a palm grove. 11. The silver is given to thee — Instead of bringing the spoil of silver into the royal treasury, Haman is permitted to keep it for himself. Xerxes was the only Persian despot whose favouritism, vanity, and prodigality would readily allow such a loss from his own treasury. 12. The king’s scribes — See note on 2 Samuel 8:17. The thirteenth day — Having fixed on the thirteenth of Adar (Esther 3:13) for the execution of his bloody design, he seems to have purposely selected the corresponding day of the first month for the beginning of his work. Lieutenants — Satraps. See note on Ezra 8:36. Governors — Or prefects. On this word, which is rendered deputies in Esther 8:9; Esther 9:3, see notes, Ezra 5:3 and 2 Kings 18:24. Rulers — Or princes.The writing… their language — See note on chap. Esther 1:22. 13. Sent by posts — See note on Esther 1:22 for the Persian system of letter carrying. To destroy… in one day — Some have thought that eleven months’ previous notice of such a decree would have frustrated Ha-man’s design, since it would have afforded the Jews opportunity to escape from the dominions of Xerxes. But the procedure was by no means incredible. We know too little of the exact circumstances of the dispersed Jews of that time, and the extent of country through which they were dispersed, to form a positive judgment in the case. Multitudes may have been in such a state of bondage as to make it impossible for any great number of them to escape; and as for others, it may have been expected and desired that some of them would leave the kingdom. But such as Mordecai, whom Haman especially wished to destroy, could not leave the kingdom any more than Nehemiah (compare Nehemiah 2:6; Nehemiah 13:6) without permission from the king. It was also in keeping with Haman’s character to cause all the anguish and horror possible to the Jews in anticipation of the dreadful day of slaughter. Then we must remember, as observed above on Esther 3:7, that a wise Providence so overruled this whole procedure as to bring to naught the plans of the Jews’ enemy, and make his malignant hatred of the Jews the occasion of his ruin. 15. The king and Haman sat down to drink — Like the most cool and bloodthirsty tyrants. Shushan was perplexed — There were many Jews in Shushan, as we may infer from Esther 9:12, and these would at once be filled with horror and dismay. And with this feeling every thoughtful citizen would naturally sympathize, and wonder what would be the end of such a system of wholesale slaughter. No such massacre could be carried out without incalculable danger to many others besides the Jews. THE AND FASTING, Esther 4:1-17.“The plot seemed perfect. Everything had been well considered and as well devised. Swift messengers had been sent to all the provinces, directing the slaughter of the Jews on a given day, and even the selection by lot of an auspicious day had not been overlooked. What was wanting? Nothing that human calculation could have provided. Yet when the Lord blew upon this grand contrivance, it became as the desert sand before the wind, and overwhelmed the contriver.” — Kitto. 1. Mordecai rent his clothes — The customary sign of bitter grief. See 2 Samuel 1:11, note. A like sign was also the putting on of sackcloth sad sitting in ashes, (Job 2:8; Jonah 3:6,) or sprinkling ashes upon the head. Mordecai also, in expression of his most intense agony, cried with a loud and a bitter cry. Compare Genesis 27:34. Similar exhibitions of grief were customary with the Persians. When tidings of Xerxes’ defeat at Salamis reached Shushan all the people “rent their garments and uttered unbounded shouts and lamentations.” — Herod., 8:99. 2. None might enter… with sackcloth — For that would bear the semblance of an evil omen to the king. 4. Told it her — Told her of the grief of Mordecai and the Jews, but they seem not to have told her its cause. Grieved — She was grieved to learn of her cousin’s miserable appearance and bitter mourning. She sent raiment — Hoping to remove his sorrow, and to take away his reproach, for his sackcloth exposed him to the derision of the courtiers. He received it not — His sorrow was too deep to be thus removed. 5. What it was, and why it was — Literally, what this, and why this? She had not been informed of the terrible decree. 6. The street of the city — The broad open place before the palace. Compare Ezra 10:9; Ezra 7:1, notes. 7. The sum of the money — Rather, a statement of the silver. The word here rendered sum is ôøùׁ ?ú, and occurs again only at chap. Esther 10:2, where it is rendered declaration. It means a distinct or accurate statement. Mordecai told Hatach what had befallen him, and gave him also a statement of the silver Haman had promised to bring into the king’s treasury. 8. Charge her… to make supplication — A perilous undertaking to urge upon her. But Mordecai’s faith already began to discern a divine reason for her elevation in the kingdom at that time. See Esther 4:14. 11. The inner court — The court that faced the principal audience hall — the throne chamber — where alone it would be practicable for Esther to see the king on such a business. See on Esther 5:1. There is one law of his to put him to death — Literally, one is his law to put to death; that is, the king’s law or custom is one and unchangeable — to put such intruders to death. This law receives confirmation from Herodotus, 3:84, 118. Hold out the golden sceptre — “In all the numerous representations of Persian kings at Persepolis, there is not one in which the monarch does not hold a long, tapering staff in his right hand.” — Rawlinson. This was one of the emblems of royalty which he seems ever to have had about his person. But I have not been called… these thirty days — This was Esther’s greatest difficulty. At other times, when her intercourse with the king was frequent, she might have ventured, with little or no fear, unbidden into his presence. But not having been invited to go in to the king for a month, she had reason to fear that he did not wish to see her, and it would be specially perilous to approach him publicly in the great throne chamber.We have here a glimpse of female life in the harem of a Persian king. Days and months might elapse, and a wife not see her lord. How could it well be otherwise, where wives and concubines were numbered by hundreds? Herodotus says (iii, 79) that the Persian wives visited their husbands by turns, but this rule was probably not regularly followed. 13. Think not… that thou shalt escape — The fearful decree as surely included a Jewess in the royal harem, as a Jewish porter at the king’s gate. 14. Enlargement — øåç, breathing room; freedom from restraint. Compare the kindred word rendered respite in Exodus 8:15. Deliverance arise… another place — Note the faith of Mordecai. He is confident his nation cannot perish. Help will come from some quarter.Who knoweth? — Mordecai discerns a divine providence in Esther’s attaining to the royal dignity. God had elevated her to a position in which she might be the principal agent in effecting the salvation of her people, and hence she is warned that if she fails in the duty of that hour, Divine vengeance will most surely fall on her and all her father’s house. 16. Fast ye… three days — The perilous enterprise, in which she would be so liable to perish, was not to be undertaken without much fasting and prayer. Though prayer is not mentioned, it undoubtedly accompanied the fasting, as in the cases of Nehemiah (Nehemiah 1:4) and Daniel, (Daniel 9:3.) Night or day — Sometimes fasting was observed for many days, but intermitted at night. This special fast was to have no intermission. 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The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 3. The half of the kingdom — Compare Mark 6:23. Herodotus (ix, 109) relates that Xerxes, having fallen in love with a woman named Artayute, promised and swore to give her whatsoever she might ask of him. 4. The king and Haman — She would have Haman present with the king when she makes her accusation, that he may have no chance to turn the king’s mind from the view of his wicked plot which she proposes to present. This day unto the banquet that I have prepared — Great was her prudence and caution in not making known her request publicly, and equal wisdom was evinced by having the banquet already prepared, that with the least possible delay she might thoroughly commit the king to her wishes. These measures rendered more probable the desired accomplishment of her plans. 6. At the banquet of wine — This probably followed a banquet of meats. The Persians, says Herodotus, (i, 133,) are very moderate at their meals, but eat of many after dishes, and are much addicted to wine. The king understood, or suspected, that Esther had some petition or request besides the mere coming to her banquet, and so when he began to be “merry with wine,” he again called upon her to make her desire known, and again renewed his pledge. 8. To-morrow — Her heart seems to fail her when the decisive moment comes. She hopes, by another day, to be better prepared to present her case successfully. As the king hath said — That is, make known the request. HAMAN’S AT , Esther 5:9-14. 9. Joyful — At the thought of receiving such honour from the king and queen. Mordecai… stood not up, nor moved — From this it seems that after Mordecai knew Haman’s wicked plans against the Jews he purposely refused him all signs of respect. His inmost soul despised Haman, and he took no pains to conceal his feeling, but seems rather to have intentionally offended him. Full of indignation — A cloud suddenly covers his joy. The heart that is exceedingly proud and lifted up is easily offended, and he who “thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone” (Esther 3:6) finds all his honour of no avail from the mere lack of respect shown him by this one man. 10. His friends — His intimate associates and companions — diviners and wise men (Esther 3:7; Esther 6:13) — with whom he met in councils and in festivities. 11. The glory of his riches — That is, the extent and abundance of his riches. The multitude of his children — His ten sons are mentioned in Esther 9:10, and he had, probably, several grandsons. Herodotus says of the Persians, (i, 136,) “Next to bravery in battle, this is considered the greatest proof of manliness — to be able to exhibit many children; and to such as can exhibit the greatest number the king sends presents every year, for numbers are considered strength.” 14. Let a gallows — Hebrew, a tree, or wood: that is, a lofty beam or post for impalement; not a gallows, or gibbet, in the ordinary sense. Compare Genesis 40:19; Deuteronomy 21:22-23. Hanging with a rope by the neck seems not to have been a Persian mode of punishment, but impalement was common. See note on Esther 2:23. Haman’s wife and friends proposed to make the post of wood for Mordecai’s execution fifty cubits high — seventy-five feet — so as to make his impalement as conspicuous and as ignominious as possible. , Esther 6:1-14. 1. That night, which succeeded the events of the last chapter, settled with apparently a most ominous cloud upon the future of Mordecai, but it was the harbinger of a most auspicious day for him. God, who works in the darkness as in the light, caused sleep to flee from the king, and disposed him to beguile the wakeful hours, not with music or song, but by having one read to him from the book of records of the chronicles. His mind was in a mood to ruminate on the events of his own life, and the State annals (see on Esther 2:23) were called for to assist his memory. Rawlinson thinks that the Persian kings were, in most cases, unable to read. 3. What honour… to Mordecai — We have a life-picture here. We seem to see the excited monarch start up and raise this question, as if some great duty had been forgotten. “It was a settled principle of the Persian government that ‘royal benefactors’ were to receive adequate reward. The names of such persons were placed on a special roll, (Herod., 8:85,) and great care was taken that they should be properly recompensed. See Herod., 3:140; 5:11; 8:85; Thucyd., 1:138; Xen., ‘Hel.,’ iii; 1:6. It is a mistake, however, to suppose (Davidson) that they were always rewarded at once. Themistocles was inscribed on the list in B.C. 480, but did not obtain a reward until B.C. 465. Other benefactors waited for months, (Herod., Esther 5:11,) or perhaps years, (ib., 9:107,) before they were recompensed. Sometimes a benefactor seems to have received no reward at all. (Ib., 3:138.”) — Rawlinson. 4. Who is in the court — The king’s soul, after that sleepless night, was burdened with impatient desire to honour his benefactor. Haman, on the other hand, was equally impatient to see Mordecai hung upon the lofty stake he had erected. The king waits in the early morning for his chief prince to come and advise him how best to honour this loyal Jew, and Haman also is waiting to be called that he may speak unto the king to hang Mordecai — Mark the wonderful workings of Providence! 6. Haman thought in his heart — The proud and self-conceited heart always thinks, like Haman, that nothing so much deserves honour as itself. 8. Royal apparel… horse… the crown royal — This was a rare honour to be bestowed on any subject, even on a royal benefactor. Haman would hardly have proposed it had he not thought that he himself would be the favoured one. But Xerxes was just the man to bestow honour’s which would have been treasonable if self-assumed on the part of the subject. This same monarch, according to Herodotus, (vii, 17,) once ordered Artabanus, his uncle, to put on the royal apparel, sit on the royal throne, and then sleep in the royal bed. The crown royal… upon his head — That is, upon the horse’s head; for this is clearly the import of the Hebrew text. We translate literally: And a horse on which the king is wont to ride, and on whose head is set a royal crown. Most readers would naturally suppose that the crown would be placed on the head of the rider, not of the horse; but Esther 6:10-11, which make special mention of Mordecai’s array, say nothing of a crown. “We do not, indeed, find among the classical writers any testimony to such an adornment of the royal steed; but the circumstance is not at all improbable, and seems to be corroborated by ancient remains, certain Assyrian and ancient Persian sculptures representing the horses of the king, and apparently those of princes, with ornaments on their heads, terminating in three points, which may be regarded as a kind of crown.” — Keil. 10. Do even so to Mordecai — How must Haman’s countenance have fallen at these words, and with what chagrin must he have gone forth to execute the king’s command! This was the beginning of his fall. 12. Mordecai came again to the king’s gate — That is, resumed his position as one of the royal porters. His honour did not so puff him up that he could not cheerfully return again to his humble office. But the mortified Haman covered his head with a vail to hide, as he thought, his shame, and ran home crying, to tell his wife and friends his sorrow. 13. His wise men — His counsellors and advisers, among whom were the diviners who cast lots before him. Esther 3:7. These were the same as his friends. See note on Esther 5:10. Thou shalt not prevail against him — His diviners now hesitate not to predict his fall. If his enemy is of the seed of the Jews — a new and startling fact that seems suddenly to have impressed these wise men — then it is certain that the Providence which has ever been such a wondrous power in the Jewish nation, and which has now so strangely elevated Mordecai at the very moment when Haman thought to have slain him, will cause the Jew to triumph. 14. Hasted to bring Haman — The avenging fates seem to hurry him to his doom. HAMAN AND HANGED, Esther 7:1-10. 2. The king said again — Compare Esther 5:6, note. 3. My life… my people — Esther has had time to carefully prepare her words, and her earnest language rises to the emotionality of poetic parallelisms. We may throw her address into the following form: —If I have found favour in thine eyes, O king, And if to the king it seem good, Let my life be given me at my petition, And my people at my request.For we are sold —I and my people — To be destroyed, to be slain, and to perish.If, now, for slaves and for bondwomen we were sold I had been silent, For the enemy is not to be compared with the injury of the king. 4. We are sold — Allusion to Haman’s offer to pay into the king”s treasury ten thousand talents. Esther 3:9. Destroyed… slain… perish — She quotes the very words of the fearful edict, (Esther 3:13,) and thus gives a most telling point and emphasis to her plea. Although the enemy — This sentence is obscure, and, perhaps, Esther meant that it should be ambiguous. The common version conveys the meaning that if the Jews were all sold into slavery, their enemy, who brought that woe upon them, could not, by any payment into the king’s treasury, recompense him for the loss he would sustain. But the Hebrew seems to make this last sentence give a reason for Esther’s keeping silence; namely, because (λι) she does not consider the enemy worthy of the trouble and injury it must cost the king to punish him, and counteract the decree of death that has gone forth against the Jews. The enemy to whom she contemptuously refers is, of course, Haman. Countervail — ωׁ ?εδ, the Kal participal, meaning, to be equal with; to be compared with. πζχ, damage, may be here taken in the sense of injurious trouble, annoyance, vexation. 5. Who is he — If the king now suspected, as probably he did, who the guilty person was, he would naturally, first, express his emotion and surprise as here represented. “He affects to doubt,” says Rawlinson, “that he may express his anger at the act apart from all personal considerations.”Probably both Haman and the king now first learned, and were surprised to find, that Esther was a Jewess. Who… is he that durst presume — Literally, as the margin, whose heart has filled him to do thus. The evil and ambitious man is filled with foul thoughts and purposes from the corrupt fountain of his own wicked heart. Comp. Matthew 15:19. 6. This… Haman — With flashing eye and impassioned gesture the queen now boldly exposes the man whom yesterday her heart failed her to expose. 7. The palace garden — The adjoining park, where the great feast was held nine years before. Esther 1:5. Haman stood up — He rose from the banquet table, and besought Esther to shield him from the king’s fury. He knew that “the wrath of a king is as messengers of death.” Proverbs 16:14. 8. Haman was fallen upon the bed — In the wild emotion and alarm of the moment, he had thrown himself upon the couch or divan on which Esther reclined at the banquet, and was supplicating for his life. Will he force the queen — The enraged monarch quickly construes the attitude of Haman into the worst possible offence. As the word went — Not the words of the question just stated, but the word of judgment against Haman — the sentence to have him away at once to execution. Covered Haman’s face — Muffled his head with a cloth or vail, preliminary to his execution. When the death warrant went out of the king’s mouth, all was virtually over with Haman. The attendant chamberlains hurry him away to the more public executioners. 9. Harbonah… said — This eunuch had been many years in Xerxes’ service. Comp. Esther 1:10. Behold also the gallows — “We are not told that the king said, Who is in the court? and they answered, Mordecai is in the outer court; and he said, Let him come in: nor that the king said, What shall be done to the man who has dishonoured the king and sought the life of the queen? and Mordecai said, Let him be hanged on a gallows fifty cubits high. Nothing of this kind happened. Haman resented the conduct of Mordecai in refusing him the honours of which he was so covetous. But Mordecai never touched a hair of his head. It was not he, but one of those who had been most lavish of their adulations, and had fawned most servilely upon him, who moved his death, and pointed to the mode of its execution.” — M’Crie. In all the range of literature we find no more signal display of righteous retribution than in the death of Haman. ’S , AND EDICT IN BEHALF OF THE JEWS, Esther 8:1-17. 1. On that day — The very day of Haman’s execution. Give the house of Haman — By “the house of Haman” we are to understand not merely his residence, but all his property, including servants, attendants, and the various paraphernalia that pertained to a Persian noble. The confiscation of the property of one publicly executed followed as a matter of course. This was a universal custom in the East. And to whom could the goods of the Jews’ enemy be more appropriately transferred than unto Esther the queen? As yet the king did not know her relationship to Mordecai, but we naturally suppose that upon his giving her the house of Haman she made known to him that Mordecai was her cousin, and doubtless received his consent to consign her gift to his charge. See next verse. Mordecai came before the king — He was summoned by the king himself, who at once resolved to advance him to Haman’s place in his court. Mordecai’s loyalty and past service were fresh in the king’s mind, and now when he learns his relationship to Esther, he feels that no better man can be found to stand in Haman’s place. 2. Took off his ring — See note on Esther 3:10. Which he had taken from Haman — When Haman was led forth to execution he was, of course, stripped of all seals and emblems of his office and authority, and all such insignia returned to the king. Gave it unto Mordecai — Thus transferring to a Jew the authority and emoluments lately enjoyed by the Agagite. It was no strange thing for eastern kings thus to honour foreigners. And Esther set Mordecai — She felt she could make no better disposal of her present than to give it to the keeping and use of her venerated relative and friend. 3. Esther spake yet again — This was evidently on a subsequent day, and, as appears from the next verse, she again presented herself in the royal presence unsummoned, trusting to the favour of the king. Fell down at his feet — Her manner now showed more anxiety and feeling than when she appeared the first time in the court. Compare Esther 5:1-2. Besought him with tears — Literally, wept and made supplication to him. Before, she invited him to a private banquet to make her petition; now she makes it known publicly, and with crying and tears. The mischief of Haman — The wicked devices of that enemy had not perished with his death. The decree for the destruction of the Jews remained still. 4. Held out the golden sceptre — We understand that the queen first came and fell weeping before the king, but said nothing until he held out the sceptre. Then she arose, and stood before him, and made the request of which a mere summary is given in the preceding verse. The language of her address is given in the two following verses. 5. And said — We do well to present Esther’s address here, as at Esther 7:3, in poetical form: —If to the king it seem good, And if I have found favour before him, And the thing seem right before the king, And I be good in his eyes, Let it be written to return the letters, The device of Haman, the son of Hammedatha, the Agagite, Which he wrote to destroy the Jews, Who are in all the provinces of the king.For how can I see the evil that will find my people? And how can I see the destruction of my kindred?Perhaps Esther was not sufficiently acquainted with Persian law to know that no royal decree could be reversed. 7. Behold, I have given — The king, first of all, assures Esther and Mordecai of his kindly feeling towards the Jews, and points to the proofs of it. He felt, no doubt, that he was to blame for consenting to such a cruel edict, and now would convince Esther and her cousin that it sprang from no personal feelings of his own against the Jews. 8. Write ye… as it liketh you — He commits to them the task of devising some counter measure that will protect their people, and excuses himself from further action on the ground of the immutability of Persian law. No edict, however hasty and foolish, can be recalled, but there may be a most fearful conflict of laws. See note on Esther 1:19. 9. The third month… Sivan — Corresponding with our June: about two months after Haman’s letters had been sent. It was written according to all that Mordecai commanded — How signally has Mordecai risen to the power so recently wielded against himself and his kindred. Compare the language of Est 3:12. Deputies — Prefects or governors. 10. Posts on horseback — See notes on Esther 1:22; Esther 3:13. Riders on mules — Rather, on swift coursers. See note on 1 Kings 4:28. The word is here a collective. Camels — The word ΰηωׁ ?ϊψπιν is of Persian origin, and means royal, or pertaining to the government. The most probable meaning is royal steeds. The word occurs only here and in Esther 8:14. Young dromedaries — Hebrews sons of the rammachim. The word ψξλιν is found only here, and is of doubtful meaning. According to Gesenius and Furst, it means mares. But, as it has the masculine termination, others understand it to mean stallions. Rawlinson gives it the more general sense of highbred steeds. Perhaps the best version of all the words would be, riders of the swift coursers, the royal steeds, offspring of the thoroughbreds. 11. The king granted the Jews… to stand for their life — But would not the Jews have defended themselves without any such order from the king? They could expect nothing but death at the worst, and every human instinct would have prompted them to have fought with all energy for their lives and their families. True; but without special grant from the king they would not have been allowed to arm and prepare themselves for self-defence at all. Any movement looking to a general preparation to stand on the defensive would have been watched by the rulers of the provinces, and crushed at its very inception as an act of treason. A spasmodic defence with empty hands would have accomplished nothing; but the king’s decree gave the Jews authority to arm themselves with the sword. Esther 9:5. Observe, the Jews were not authorized by this second edict to take the offensive, and destroy whom they would, but only to defend themselves when any would assault them. There would be no slaughter at all if their enemies did not first attack the Jews. This again obviates the objection often urged against the credibility of this history, that no king would have authorized such a civil war throughout all his dominions. The probability was, that when the Jews were thus permitted to arm themselves and stand on the defensive, there would be no conflict at all. But the result showed that so bitter was the hatred of the heathen towards the Jews, that in many parts of the empire they endeavoured, in spite of all the danger, to destroy the Jewish population. The result was the slaughter of seventy-five thousand men, (Esther 9:16,) besides those that fell in Shushan. All arguments based on an assumption of what ordinary rulers would have done or would not have done are futile and foolish when dealing with such a king as Xerxes. Little ones and women — These would hardly be expected to assault the Jews, but Mordecai would make his letters as broad and comprehensive as those of Haman. Compare Esther 3:13. This clause authorized the Jews to carry their vengeance to the wives and children of those who assaulted them, for their enemies would not spare the Jewish wife and child. 14. That rode upon mules and camels — Rather, riders of the swift coursers, the royal steeds. See note on Esther 8:10. Being hastened — Though there were eight months yet before the month of Adar, it was important that this counter decree should be published throughout the empire as speedily as possible. Thus the enemies would be duly admonished not to attempt any assault, and the Jews would have time to prepare themselves for self-defence. 15. Mordecai went out from… the king — This verse relates back to Esther 8:1-2. Mordecai had been summoned into the royal presence, and there promoted to the high office made vacant by the fall of Haman.Having been invested with the insignia of office, and clothed with authority as chief minister, he went forth to attend to the duties of his new position. Royal apparel of blue and white — State garments, such as became the grand vizier; royal robes of royal colours. Compare note on Esther 1:6. A great crown of gold — The word here rendered crown is òùׂ ?øä, atarah, a coronet. Only a very exalted prince or courtier could go thus adorned. When Mordecai was honoured for his loyal service to the king, the horse on which he rode was decked with a royal crown. Note on Esther 6:7. Now Mordecai himself is made to wear a coronet. A garment of fine linen — Or, a mantle of byssus. Shushan rejoiced — As it had been previously “perplexed” and saddened. See Esther 3:15, note. It was now felt by the great majority of the people that a most wicked and pernicious edict was virtually frustrated. 16. The Jews had light — The light (àåøä) of hope and salvation broke in upon their dark prospects, filling them with gladness and joy, and securing them honour and respect from many of the heathen. 17. Many… became Jews — Divine Providence had so signally interposed that all thoughtful minds were profoundly impressed, and not a few became proselytes, and embraced Judaism as the true religion. Some of these proselytes may, perhaps, have been influenced more by the “fear of Mordecai,” (Esther 9:3,) than by profound religious convictions; but that a general fear of the Jews fell upon them is clearly stated. Many might naturally have feared that if they remained only ostensibly enemies of the Jews, the vengeance of the latter would be likely to come upon them. And so they thought to secure themselves by professing Judaism. THE TWO DAYS OF , Esther 9:1-19.The days, and weeks, and months passed swiftly by. The dreadful thirteenth of Adar was at hand. Those were days of most intense anxiety and suspense throughout the Persian empire. Two royal edicts were before the people — one authorizing a general massacre of the Jews, and the seizing of their property, the other empowering the Jews to take all needful measures for self-defence. These edicts were of equal authority. Strange spectacle! Possible only under that Medo-Persian government, where the foolish notion had become a law, that no decree signed by the royal signet can be reversed or changed. Meanwhile warlike preparations had been making, and in many cities it was evident there would be shedding of blood. For the Jews’ enemies were in many quarters so bitter in their hatred that they could not rest. They hesitated not to risk life and peace and property for the sake of being avenged on a race whose customs and religion they despised. Notable is the fact that men in whom such hatred dwells are not awed by admonitions. The fall of Haman, the elevation and growing influence of Mordecai, and the general “fear of the Jews” that began to prevail, only imbittered their rage, and seemed to urge them on with mad frenzy to deeds of violence and blood. 1. It was turned to the contrary — So the providence of God will ever overturn and bring to naught the counsels of the wicked. 2. No man could withstand them — One explanation of their power and success is given in the next sentence, for the fear of them fell upon all people. A general terror spread from a feeling that the Jews were the special favourites of the most high God; and while this feeling disheartened and unnerved their enemies, it gave inspiration and power to the Jews.Rawlinson thinks that the Jews did not remain wholly on the defensive, but sometimes commenced the attack. We may, indeed, very naturally suppose that Jewish antipathy and anger would, at least in some cases, lead them to assault their foes, but of this we have no evidence in this history. The nearest approach to it is Esther’s request in Esther 9:13, where see note. 3. The rulers of the provinces — Called princes in the common version of Est 1:3, though the Hebrew word is the same in each passage.Lieutenants — Satraps. See on Ezra 8:36. Deputies — Governors or prefects. See on Ezra 5:3. Officers of the king — Hebrew, Doers of the business that pertained to the king. See note on Esther 3:9. Helped the Jews — To what extent is not stated. They probably facilitated the Jews in their preparations to defend themselves. Because the fear of Mordecai fell upon them — They were men of artful policy, careful to keep in favour with the highest minister of the royal court; and because the prime minister was now a Jew, they feared to take sides with the Jews’ enemies. 4. Mordecai waxed greater and greater — This fact all the more commanded for him the respect and reverence of the various rulers of the empire. He was a wise statesman, a careful and prudent officer, and his manner combined such dignity and grace, and so won the confidence of the king, that his name became known through all the empire, and all thoughtful princes in the provinces at once concluded that it would not be safe or wise to place themselves in any kind of opposition to him. 5. The Jews smote… with… the sword — Hence we see that they had armed themselves with weapons of war, and were thus prepared, in case of attack, to retaliate with slaughter and destruction. No doubt when they were assailed they avenged themselves by a most fearful retaliation. Did what they would unto those that hated them — Carried their work of retaliation to whatsoever extent they desired. But it does not appear that in any city or province the Jews themselves began the work of war. The hatred of their enemies always commenced the slaughter by an attack upon them. 6. In Shushan the palace the Jews slew… five hundred — Shushan the palace is here evidently to be taken in the sense of the place or city of the palace, equivalent to in or at Shushan, as in Esther 9:15. It is not to be supposed that the work of slaughter was carried on within the palace itself. 7-9. Parshandatha… Vajezatha — These names of Haman’s ten sons are written in Hebrew MSS. in perpendicular columns, and it is said that the reader in the synagogue is required to pronounce them all at one breath. The Targum says they were all suspended, one above another, upon one cross, fifty cubits high, which Mordecai had prepared for the purpose. In the Masoretic text the letters úand ùׁ, in the names of Parshandatha and Parmashta, are written in smaller form than the rest, and in the last name, Vajezatha, the åis written large, and the æsmall — all which, perhaps, represents some mystic Rabbinical conceit. Most of these names are of Persian origin, a fact which has great weight in showing the genuineness of the Book of Esther. 10. On the spoil laid they not their hand — The king’s decree granted them, as it had done their enemies, the right to the spoils, (Esther 3:13; Esther 8:11,) but they showed that they had no desire to enrich themselves by the goods of their fallen foes. 12. What have they done in the rest of the king’s provinces — A question implying that much greater destruction must have prevailed elsewhere. Here in Shushan they have slain five hundred; what multitudes, then, are likely to have been slain in the provinces! 13. To do to-morrow also according unto this day’s decree — This request of Esther has been pronounced the offspring of a bloodthirsty vengeance, and desire to have another day for the butchery of enemies. But what was this day’s decree which the queen desired to be continued another day? Merely “to stand for their life” against all that would assault them. See note on Esther 9:2, and Esther 8:11. Hence we infer that the queen believed, or had reason to suspect, that the enemies of the Jews in Shushan would renew the attack upon the following day. So fearfully enraged were these enemies that they were likely to retaliate for their losses by an unauthorized continuance of the fight, and it was to secure her people against such an event Esther wisely made this request. This extension of the decree was to have effect only in Shushan, not in the provinces. Let Haman’s ten sons be hanged — They had been already slain, (Esther 9:10,) and now Esther would have their dead bodies impaled, in order to strike terror into the hearts of the Jews’ enemies, and thus, as far as possible, prevent further strife and bloodshed. 15. Slew three hundred men at Shushan — Making, with the five hundred of the previous day, eight hundred slain at this capital city. We understand that, as Esther suspected, there were in Shushan many desperate persons who had resolved not to let the matter stop with the thirteenth of Adar, and so recommenced the fight on the next day. The result was the death of these three hundred men. 16. And had rest from their enemies — The position of these words in the middle of the verse is noticeably strange. There maybe here some disarrangement of the text, or it may be, as Keil suggests, “that the narrator desired at once to point out how the matter ended.” Such apparent disorder of the text is not always to be regarded as evidence of corruption by transcribers. The Hebrew writers are not always the best models of accuracy and perfection of literary style. Seventy and five thousand — “The slaughter of these seventy-five thousand shows,” says Wordsworth, “that a very large number of their heathen enemies, who had been exasperated against the Jews, had prepared themselves for an attack upon them; and that, presuming upon their own numbers and forces, as compared with the Jews, they assaulted them in order to destroy and despoil them, and to enrich themselves with their property; and that the Jews made a vigorous resistance, and, by the help of God, routed their assailants with a great discomfiture. The slaughter was not the consequence of a vindictive spirit in the Jews, but of the bitter animosity of their enemies; and it proves that the Jews would have been extinguished, (as Haman’s decree intended that they should be,) if God had not interfered to rescue them from destruction.”The same writer also records the two following inferences from the history of this terrible slaughter: 1) “It shows the recklessness of human life, even of their own subjects, which then prevailed among the sovereigns of most celebrated nations of the Eastern world, and it displays the ruinous consequences which would have resulted to human civilization if Ahasuerus (Xerxes) had been victorious at Salamis. If Greece had not triumphed in that struggle with Asia, Oriental ruthlessness and Oriental polygamy might have become dominant in the West, and greater difficulties would have obstructed the progress of civilization and Christianity. The Book of Esther reveals to us that the hand of God wrought for the deliverance of mankind at the straits of Salamis, and on the banks of the Asopus, at Plataea, as well as for the preservation of the Jews in the provinces of Persia.” 2) “It also displays the unhappy consequences of that proud assumption of infallibility which was implied in the Medo-Persian maxim, that laws once enacted may never be repealed. Such a claim to the divine attribute of infallibility, whether it be made by Eastern potentates or Western pontiffs, shuts the door against repentance, and involves them in a perpetual necessity of erring, and is fraught with the most disastrous consequences to all who are under their sway.” 19. Therefore… the fourteenth day — Because the Jews outside of Shushan did all their fighting on the thirteenth, and rested on the fourteenth, as stated in Esther 9:17, therefore they made the latter day their day of feasting and joy; but the Jews in Shushan, having fought both on the thirteenth and fourteenth, made the fifteenth their feast day, Esther 9:18. See also Esther 9:21. Jews of the villages — Rather, of the country places, that is, as distinguished from those who dwelt at the capital, Shushan. They are further defined as those that dwelt in cities of the country, (not unwalled towns, as our version has it, for some of these country towns may have had walls.) The writer of this was evidently a citizen of Shushan, and seems to have regarded the whole Persian empire outside of this capital city as country. Sending portions — Comp. Nehemiah 8:10, note. 20. Mordecai wrote these things — Namely, the things or occurrences that transpired throughout the Persian empire on the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth of Adar. He wrote a report of the matter, as of something worthy to be chronicled for everlasting remembrance, and with this record he also sent letters unto all the Jews throughout the empire of Ahasuerus, proposing to them what is stated in the next two verses. Mordecai’s official position in the Persian court enabled him to establish this festival as no other Jew could have done. He could issue orders with royal authority, and use the posts and agents of the empire to facilitate his plans. The statement here made, that Mordecai chronicled these events, and wrote letters to all the Jews, will not warrant the conclusion that he was the author of this Book of Esther, but is sufficient to show that such a conclusion is not therefore improbable. 21. To establish this among them — That is, to establish or appoint the fourteenth and fifteenth days of Adar as an annual feast of joy and gladness. 23. Undertook to do as they had begun — They heartily accepted and adopted Mordecai’s proposal, and resolved to perpetuate what they had in fact already begun, namely, resting, feasting, and rejoicing on the fourteenth and fifteenth of Adar. Compare Esther 9:17-18. Thus it seems Mordecai’s letters (Esther 9:20) contained a proposal for the Jews of the empire either to adopt or reject. They at once adopted the proposal, and “ordained” (Esther 9:27) the observance of these two days; whereupon Esther and Mordecai issued a “second letter,” (Esther 9:29,) which was more of the nature of an authoritative proclamation, confirming and establishing the feast of Purim. 25. When Esther came before the king — As the word Esther is not in the Hebrew text, and is not mentioned in the context, it is better to translate, when it came before the king, that is, when Haman’s wicked device came before the king. 26. Wherefore — Namely, because Haman had cast Pur, or the lot, to fix on a lucky day for the destruction of the Jews. Esther 9:24. They called these days Purim — They evidently chose this name in ironical reference to the fact that Haman’s lucky day (designated by lot) was so fortunate for his enemies, and so unlucky for himself. The words of this letter — Mordecai’s letters mentioned in Esther 9:20. Which they had seen… and which had come unto them — That is, all that they had themselves experienced of this event by being eyewitnesses and participators. The sentiment is, Mordecai’s letters and their own personal knowledge of the matter prompted them to ordain the feast of Purim. 27. According to their writing — That is, according to the writing or letters which Mordecai had addressed to them. In his letter Mordecai had probably suggested some form for observing the days. 28. Nor the memorial of them perish — Great events are appropriately commemorated by significant monuments or institutions. Such memorials were the monumental stones and great altar at Jordan. Joshua 4:7-8; Joshua 22:10. But memorials of wood and stone will sooner or later perish, and those erected by the Jordan have long since disappeared. More permanent are such memorials as the Jewish Passover and Purim, and the Christian Eucharist. The continued observance of Purim to this day is a monumental proof of the truth of this history. 29. Wrote with all authority — With all the royal prestige and official dignity that would attach to a document proceeding from the queen and the grand vizier, and with all the binding force that it would also carry from being the written statement of what all the Jews had voluntarily decreed and enjoined upon themselves. Esther 9:27; Esther 9:31. To confirm this second letter — That is, to give it the authority and force of law. It is called the second letter in reference to the previous epistle of Mordecai, (Esther 9:20,) and letter of Purim, because it established the feast of this name. 31. The matters of the fastings and their cry — Here it incidentally comes out that fasting and lamentation were also to be connected with the observance of Purim. The modern Jews observe the thirteenth of Adar, the anniversary of the day of slaughter, as a day of fasting, and call it the fast of Esther. This day of fasting and supplication is preliminary to the two days’ feast that follows. It is not improbable that Esther herself may have proposed this fast, as a memorial of the grief that preceded their joy, and that the people approved and sanctioned it, and called it Esther’s fast. 32. The decree of Esther — This is to be understood as the same with the letter of authority respecting Purim which is mentioned in Esther 9:29, and was issued by both Esther and Mordecai. It was written in the book — The decree of Esther was recorded, and doubtless with it, also an account of the institution of the feast of Purim. The book referred to here is somewhat uncertain. Some have thought the Book of Esther is intended; but the author of that book would hardly have designated his own work in this way. Bertheau and Keil think it was a book or treatise on the feast of Purim, which our author used in preparing his work, but which has not come down to us. This, however, is purely conjectural. It seems most natural, since we have in several other passages of this history a mention of the book of the chronicles of Media and Persia, (Esther 2:23; Esther 6:1; Esther 10:2,) to understand the book of this verse as that same book of State annals. The documents issued by Esther and Mordecai, establishing the feast of Purim, and perhaps, also, describing its origin and mode of observance, may well have been registered among the national chronicles.The following account of the manner in which the feast of Purim is observed by the Jews of the present day is substantially from Smith’s Dictionary of the Bible: —The observance commences with the feast of Esther, (see note above on Esther 9:31,) on the thirteenth of Adar. If the thirteenth falls upon a sabbath the fast is placed upon the Thursday preceding. As soon as the evening preceding the fourteenth of the month arrives candles are lighted in token of rejoicing, and the people assemble at the synagogue. The Book of Esther, written on a roll called the Megillah, is produced, and, after a short prayer, the reader proceeds to read it in a histrionic manner, aiming to suit his tones and gestures to the sense. When he pronounces the name of Haman the congregation exclaim, “May his name be blotted out,” or, “Let the name of the ungodly perish,” and at the same time the children present make a great noise with their hands, or with pieces of wood and stone. The names of Haman’s ten sons are read with one breath, to signify that they were all hung at once. Comp. note on Esther 9:7-9. When the roll is read through the whole congregation exclaim, “Cursed be Haman; blessed be Mordecai; cursed be Zeresh, the wife of Haman; blessed be Esther; cursed be all idolaters; blessed be all Israelites, and blessed be Harbonah, who hanged Haman.” When this evening service is over all go home and partake of a simple repast. On the morning of the fourteenth all resort to the synagogue again; prayer is offered, and the passage of the law (Exodus 17:8-16) relating the destruction of the Amalekites is read, for the Jews regard Haman as a descendant of Agag the Amalekite. See note on Esther 3:1. The roll of Esther is again read, as on the preceding evening. When the synagogue service is ended, all give themselves over to feasting and joy. Presents are sent to and fro among friends and relations, and liberal gifts are bestowed upon the poor. Games, dramatical entertainments, dancing, and music are resorted to, and every effort is made to promote general merriment and joy. Such festivities and joy are continued through the fifteenth also, but any Jews who desire may carry on their usual business during the days of this festival.Josephus attests the observance of Purim in his day: “Even now all the Jews in the world celebrate these days with feasting, (εορταζουσι,) sending portions to one another.… They celebrate the forementioned days, calling them Phrouraim, (Φρουραιους.”) — Ant., 11:13. A number of Jewish proverbs also attest the high esteem in which this feast was held: “The temple may fail, but Purim never.” “The Prophets may fail, but not the Megillah.” It was even said that no books would survive in the Messiah’s kingdom but the Law and the Megillah. ’S . Esther 10:1-3.1. Ahasuerus laid a tribute — This verse seems at first to have no special relevancy to the subject of this book. But as this additional chapter is evidently designed to point out the power and greatness of Mordecai, the writer introduces the subject by the mention of a fact which showed the vast resources of the monarch whose prime minister Mordecai was. When and for what special purpose the king levied the tribute here referred to we are not told. It seems to have been done after Mordecai became his prime minister, that is, after the twelfth year of his reign, and many have thought that it was designed to replenish his exhausted treasury after his disastrous expedition against Greece. But a general tax for that purpose would have been taken before the twelfth year of his reign, and the king’s language in Esther 3:11, does not indicate a want of money. It is better, therefore, probably, to take the verb laid (åéùׂ ?í) as designating customary or habitual action — the king was accustomed to lay tribute, etc. Isles of the sea — It has been objected that Xerxes had no control of the islands of the Mediterranean after his war with Greece. This, however, is far from certain, for while many Greek islands revolted, Cyprus, Aradus, and the Isle of Tyre, and probably others, still remained in allegiance to the great king. But even had all his isles revolted, it would have been no strange thing for such a ruler as Xerxes to call for tribute where he had no power to collect it. 2. Declaration of the greatness of Mordecai — A distinct statement of the power and authority to which Mordecai had been advanced by the king. The Hebrew word rendered declaration occurs elsewhere only at Esther 4:7, where it is rendered sum. See note there. An accurate record of Mordecai’s elevation to power was made in the same book that contained the record of all the acts of the power and might of Ahasuerus, and this fact was no small tribute to the honour and glory of Mordecai. This book of records is here called the book of the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia, and was, probably, identical with that mentioned in Esther 2:23; Esther 6:1; Esther 9:32. This entry is longer than a Bible module can hold. The rest is at https://www.sermonindex.net/commentary/whedon/ 3. For — Introducing the reason why the acts of Mordecai and Ahasuerus were recorded in the same book. Next unto king Ahasuerus — His grand vizier, or prime minister. Comp. Esther 8:2; Esther 8:9; Esther 8:15; Esther 9:3-4. Great among the Jews — Greatly distinguished and honoured by them. Accepted of the multitude — Or, acceptable to the multitude. The great mass of his kindred were pleased with his acts and his honours. Seeking the wealth of his people — Literally, seeking the good of his people; that is, seeking in all practicable ways to promote their happiness and prosperity. Speaking peace to all his seed — That is, saluting with most cordial salutation all those of his race and nation whom he met. Mordecai was no proud and puffed up courtier, who disdained to mingle with or recognise his own race and kindred. Though made the prime minister of Persia, he was still known as the Jew, and he hesitated not to use his high office and power to promote, in all proper and lawful ways, the interests of the people of God.

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