Harvest. This implies punishment or felicity. The turn of Juda shall come, and he shall be chastised; but after the captivity, he shall enjoy plenty, chap. ii. 15., and Isaias ix. 3. (Calmet) CHAPTER VI. Israel. God divided the kingdom, that by this chastisement the people might be converted. But Jeroboam set up calves, and caused them to grow worse. (Worthington) --- How often did God send his prophets to reclaim them! --- Without. Most of the kings were of this stamp, while foreign nations invaded the land. Face. I do not search (Calmet) into their past lives; they sin publicly, and without ceasing. I have been too indulgent. (Haydock) Glad, &c. To please Jeroboam and their other kings, they have given themselves up to the worship of idols, which are mere falsehood and lies. (Challoner) --- We do not find one good king of Israel. (Calmet) --- But Jeroboam principally caused Israel to sin. (Haydock) --- His infernal policy changed the religion of his subjects. Leaven. Jeroboam invited the people simply to a feast, and used no violence to make them adopt his novelties. But they soon prevailed, and brought on ruin. The cake, or whole nation, was burnt, (ver. 8.) as well as the princes, ver. 7. (Calmet) Princes. The chief men joined in the schism and idolatry. (Worthington) --- Mad, with drinking at the king's coronation, or at his coming to the crown. (Calmet) --- Bacchus presents three cups to the wise; the fourth is the cup of petulance, the fifth of shouts, the sixth of debauchery, &c. (Atheneus Dipsc. ii. 1.) (Ecclesiasticus xxxi. 38.) --- Scorners. Septuagint, "pestilent people," who turn religion and piety to ridicule. Instead of repressing them, the king admits them to favour. Them. Jeroboam seduces the subjects of the house of David, by indulging the passions of the great and small. He may then sleep; the poison gains ground. (Calmet) --- But soon his own family will feel the direful effects of his policy. (Haydock) Judges, or rulers. Idolatry proved fatal to all, ver. 3. Mixed, like oil and flour. (Hebrew) --- Ashes. Thin cakes (Calmet) of this kind are used by the poor, in Spain, (Sanctius) and by the Arabs. (Thevenot. Levant. xxxii.) --- Turned. There was no time allowed by the enemy, who came and took the Israelites away. (Calmet) -- They became like other nations, and would not repent. (Worthington) Strangers: kings of Assyria, Damascus, &c. --- Hairs. He is grown old in misery, and yet is insensible of it, and sees not that he will shortly cease to be a people, Isaias vii. 8. Humbled. Hebrew, "answer," chap. v. 5. Pride is visible on his face, though he be so much reduced. (Calmet) --- For all these sins Israel shall be severely punished. (Worthington) CHAPTER VII. Decoyed. Hebrew, "stupid," chap. iv. 11. The dove is the only bird which is not grieved at the loss of its young. (St. Jerome) --- It returns to the same nest, though repeatedly robbed, forgetting past dangers. (Theodoret) --- Thus Israel is not reclaimed, though idolatry has so often proved its ruin. --- Egypt. Jeroboam had returned thither, and at his return brought about a division of the kingdom, 3 Kings xi. 40. Osee, the last king, applied to Sua, and this provoked the Assyrians to destroy the kingdom. They pretended that it was tributary to them, after Phul had been invited to assist Manahem for a thousand talents, 4 Kings xv. 19., and xvii. 4. Thus was a worldly policy confounded. Heard the menaces of Moses, (Deuteronomy xxvii.) and of the prophets, 4 Kings xxvii. 13. (Calmet) --- Septuagint, "I will instruct (or chastise) them by the hearing of their misery," (Haydock) when it shall become the subject of conversation throughout the world. Lies, attributing their deliverance to the golden calf, (3 Kings xii. 28.; Calmet; Exodus xxxii. 8.; Menochius) and always denying my justice and power. Thought: "ruminated." (Haydock) --- Hebrew, "assembled, or been afraid." Septuagint, "they were cut," (Calmet) in honour of idols, hoping to avert the famine. (St. Cyril) Arms. I gave them my laws and power to resist the enemy. (Menochius) Returned, imitating Apis, the folly of Egypt. They have repeatedly followed idols in Egypt, and in the desert, under Jeroboam, Achab, Jehu, &c. --- Deceitful. Septuagint, "bent." Theodoret reads, "unbent." It never hits the mark, (Calmet) but wounds the person who uses it. (St. Jerome) --- Derision. The Egyptians laugh at them; (Calmet) or thus they acted heretofore, in Egypt. (Chaldean) Eagle. It makes a noise like a trumpet. (Pliny, [Natural History?] x. 3.) --- Osee denounces judgments on the house of Israel, which, though schismatical, was not entirely abandoned by the Lord. Salmanasar overturned the kingdom, and may be compared to an eagle, as Nabuchodonosor is frequently, Ezechiel xvii. 3. But he is not here meant. (Calmet) --- The temple shall be destroyed by him; (St. Jerome) yet not so soon. (Worthington) --- Septuagint, "In their bosom like earth appears, like an eagle," &c. (Haydock) Know thee. They resemble those to whom our Saviour will reply, Not every one that saith, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven, Matthew vii. 22. (Calmet) Him. Septuagint, "they have pursued the enemy." But the former sense is better. (Haydock) --- The Assyrians prevailed. (St. Jerome) --- They carried Israel into captivity, before Juda, ver. 9. (Worthington) They. Jeroboam and Jehu were assured by the prophets that they should reign, yet this was not a sanction of their right. God condemned their ambition and wicked conduct. The successors of Zarharias had still less pretensions to the throne. God permits such things. The people had not consulted him in these changes. (Calmet) --- Kings were their own choice, 1 Kings xviii. Saul rose by their "error." (St. Jerome) --- Knew, or approved not, ver. 2., and Matthew xxv. 12. (Calmet) --- Perish. This was the effect, though contrary to their intention. (Haydock) Calf. The idol is broken in pieces, and carried away by the victorious enemy. Thus does the vanity of such gods appear. Their captivity is therefore often foretold, Jeremias xliii. 12. --- Cleansed. The physician is disgusted with the obstinacy of the sick. (Calmet) --- How long will Israel resist the Holy Ghost? (Acts vii. 51.) (Haydock) Israel. This enhances the crime. Can a people so highly favoured adore the work of an artist? --- Webs, such as appear on a fine day in autumn. St. Jerome's master suggested that this was the sense. Interpreters vary. (Calmet) --- Septuagint and Theodotion, "is delusive." Symmachus, &c., "instable;" shebabim. (Haydock) --- Some erroneously read v instead of i. "The Lord casts off the calves of heretics, ... and wonders that people should prefer heretical filth before the cleanliness of the Church." (St. Jerome) Whirlwind. They shall be punished for their folly, nor shall they reap any advantage from idols. --- In it, or in Israel. The seed which I have sown yields no fruit. If any come up, the mildew destroys it. Yea, though any should come to perfection, which is impossible, it should be given to strangers. My people perform no acts of religion; or at least they render them useless, by adoring idols. (Calmet) --- He speaks in general terms, as few continued faithful. Yet even in the worst of times, seven thousand were found, 3 Kings xix. 18. (Haydock) Vessel. The nations around despised them, after they had applied to the Assyrians, who were looked upon as enemies of all independent states. Israel was not yet in captivity: but this event may be spoken of as if already past. Wild ass. It is very jealous of liberty, (Job xi. 12.) and of its females, so that it prevents the young males from becoming its rivals. (Pliny, [Natural History?] viii. 30.; Solin xxx.) --- If this were true, the species would soon perish. (Haydock) --- The Israelites disdained subjection to strangers. They even rejected God, their king; for which reason he abandons them to servitude, in a foreign land. They had run furiously after idols, and had given presents to such lovers. Princes. Hebrew, "king of kings." This proud title was afterwards taken by the monarchs of Babylon and Persia. Israel ceased to pay taxes, having nothing left. They shall cease to be a people. (Calmet) --- Septuagint, "I will receive them, and they shall cease a little to anoint a king and princes." (Haydock) --- They had none during the captivity, as they would not consult God before in their appointment, ver. 4. He speaks ironically. I will conduct them beyond the Euphrates, where they shall have nothing to pay for some time. (Calmet) --- This wretched condition was of long continuance; (Tournemine) though short, if compared with their crimes. (Haydock) Foreign. Shall I give them laws again to despise? Septuagint, "I shall write down their number." It will be an easy task, they shall be so diminished. "His laws," &c., (Calmet) or, "I will describe to him a multitude, and his regulations: The beloved altars have been deemed foreign. (St. Jerome's and Grabe's editions.) (Haydock) Egypt, to escape the Assyrian, chap. ix. 3. (Calmet) --- They have imitated the Egyptian idols. (St. Jerome) --- Osee had applied to their king for aid, 4 Kings xvii. 4. Temples, or "palaces." (Calmet) --- Cities. The two tribes, witnessing the calamities of their brethren, will not avoid a similar conduct, but trust in their fortifications. (Worthington) --- Fire of war destroys both kingdoms. --- Thereof. Septuagint of St. Jerome adds, "and among the Assyrians they have eaten unclean things," which may be taken from chap. ix. 3. (Haydock) --- It is not found in the present Hebrew or Greek copies. (Calmet)